02a0291p.06

02-1437Court of Appeals for the Sixth CircuitAug 26, 2002

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to sustain its burden of proof in a case involving the overstay
of legally admitted non-citizens, the government need only
establish that the non-citizen was admitted for particular and
set time period, that period has elapsed, and that the non-
citizen has failed to depart.").
Here, the Government has detained Haddad and instituted
removal proceedings based on his overstay of a tourist visa.
Thus, the Government need only establish that Haddad
obtained a visa, the visa has expired, and that he is still in the
country. Very little information is required. The fact that the
Government may have to contest the non-citizen’s application
for discretionary relief is similarly unavailing. At oral
argument, it was brought to our attention that Haddad intends
to apply for asylum, a form of discretionary relief available to
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