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99-5615; 99-5852; 99-5850; 99-5853; 99-6248; 99-6249•02a0288p.06
99-5615; 99-5852; 99-5850; 99-5853; 99-6248; 99-6249Court of Appeals for the Sixth CircuitAug 23, 2002
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