The AI workspace for legal professionals
- Legal research with access to more than 1 million sources
- Document automation
- Matter management
- Hosted in the EU and Switzerland
Try it free for 14 days (10 questions/day during trial)
The AI workspace for legal professionals
Try it free for 14 days (10 questions/day during trial)
01-1067•02a0188p.06
5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
)LOH 1DPH DS
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
)257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
52< &22/(< 0' 0 :
(/1$&+()0'
3ODLQWLIIV$SSHOODQWV
Y
-(11,)(5 *5$1+2/0
$WWRUQH\*HQHUDORIWKH6WDWH
RI0LFKLJDQ'28*/$6
0$&. 0'&KDLUSHUVRQ
0,&+,*$1 %2$5' 2)
0(',&,1(
'HIHQGDQWV$SSHOOHHV
;!
1
1R
$SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
IRUWKH(DVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI0LFKLJDQDW'HWURLW
1R²1DQF\*(GPXQGV'LVWULFW-XGJH
$UJXHG0D\
'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG0D\
%HIRUH0(55,7768+5+(,15,&+DQG*,/0$1
&LUFXLW-XGJHV
-- 1 of 4 --
&RROH\HWDOY*UDQKROPHWDO 1R
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&2816(/
$5*8(' 5REHUW $ 6HGOHU 'HWURLW 0LFKLJDQ IRU
$SSHOODQWV 7KRPDV 5 :KHHNHU 2)),&( 2) 7+(
$77251(<*(1(5$//DQVLQJ0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOOHHV
21%5,()5REHUW$6HGOHU'HWURLW0LFKLJDQ/LVD/
'Z\HU 'HWURLW 0LFKLJDQ IRU $SSHOODQWV 7KRPDV 5
:KHHNHU 2)),&( 2) 7+( $77251(< *(1(5$/
/DQVLQJ0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOOHHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
23,1,21
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
0(55,77 &LUFXLW -XGJH ,Q WKLV SK\VLFLDQDVVLVWHG
VXLFLGH RU HXWKDQDVLD FDVH TXHVWLRQV RI MXVWLFLDELOLW\ DQG
TXHVWLRQV RI WKH FRQVWLWXWLRQDOLW\ RI 0LFKLJDQ HXWKDQDVLD
OHJLVODWLRQDUHUDLVHG7KH'LVWULFW&RXUWKHOGWKDW0LFKLJDQ¶V
UHFHQWO\HQDFWHGDQWLHXWKDQDVLDVWDWXWHGRHVQRWYLRODWHWKH
VXEVWDQWLYHGXHSURFHVVFODXVHRIWKH)RXUWHHQWK$PHQGPHQW
7KH FDVH UDLVHV FDVHRUFRQWURYHUV\ TXHVWLRQV RI PRRWQHVV
DQGULSHQHVVIRUDGMXGLFDWLRQDQGRQWKHPHULWVDQLVVXHRI
ZKHWKHU DQG XQGHU ZKDW FLUFXPVWDQFHV D SK\VLFLDQ PD\
DGPLQLVWHUOHWKDOPHGLFDWLRQVWRWHUPLQDOO\LOOSDWLHQWVZKR
DUHVXEMHFWWR³XQEHDUDEOHDQGLUUHPHGLDEOHVXIIHULQJ´
7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO W\SHV RI HXWKDQDVLD LQFOXGLQJ WKH
UHIXVDO RI PHGLFDO WUHDWPHQW WKDW ZRXOG SURORQJ OLIH E\ D
FRPSHWHQW WHUPLQDOO\ LOO SDWLHQW D ULJKW SURWHFWHG E\
VXEVWDQWLYH GXH SURFHVV UHFRJQL]HG LQ &UX]DQ Y 'LUHFWRU
0LVVRXUL'HSDUWPHQWRI+HDOWK86 KROGLQJ
WKDW QR VXFK FRQVWLWXWLRQDO ULJKW H[LVWV IRU DQ LQFRPSHWHQW
UDWKHUWKDQDFRPSHWHQWSDWLHQW VRFDOOHG³GRXEOHHIIHFW´
HXWKDQDVLD ZKHUH D WHUPLQDOO\ LOO SDWLHQW LQ VHYHUH SDLQ LV
JLYHQSDLQPHGLFDWLRQZKLFKUHOLHYHVSDLQEXWDOVRFXWVVKRUW
WKHSDWLHQW¶VOLIHDQG ³SK\VLFLDQDVVLVWHGVXLFLGH´ZKLFK
NLOOVWKHSDWLHQWWKURXJKPHDQVRWKHUWKDQWKHZLWKGUDZDORI
1R &RROH\HWDOY*UDQKROPHWDO
$FFRUGLQJO\ RQ JURXQGV RI PRRWQHVV DQG ULSHQHVV ZH
FRQFOXGH WKDW WKH LVVXHV SUHVHQWHG DUH QRW MXVWLFLDEOH DQG
YDFDWHWKHMXGJPHQWEHORZ
-- 2 of 4 --
&RROH\HWDOY*UDQKROPHWDO 1R
SHUPLVVLEOHXQGHU0LFKLJDQODZ²ZLWKGUDZDORIOLIHVXSSRUW
DQG³GRXEOHHIIHFW´HXWKDQDVLD²DUHXQZRUNDEOHIRUVXFK
SDWLHQWVDQGGRQRWDOORZWKHSK\VLFLDQVXIILFLHQWOHHZD\WR
FDUU\RXWWKHSDWLHQW¶VHXWKDQDVLDUHTXHVW
,WLVFRQFHLYDEOHWKDWVXFKDVLWXDWLRQFRXOGSHUKDSVDULVH
6HH&DVHRI3UHWW\Y8QLWHG.LQJGRP$SSOLFDWLRQ
$SULO GHFLGHGE\WKH(XURSHDQ&RXUWRI+XPDQ
5LJKWV DQ LQWHUHVWLQJ FDVH KROGLQJ WKDW D WHUPLQDOO\ LOO
PHQWDOO\FRPSHWHQWZRPDQVXIIHULQJLUUHPHGLDEOHSDLQZLWK
PRWRUQHXURQGLVHDVHKDVQRFRQVWLWXWLRQDOULJKWWRDVVLVWHG
VXLFLGHXQGHUWKH(XURSHDQ&RQYHQWLRQIRUWKH3URWHFWLRQRI
+XPDQ5LJKWVDQG)XQGDPHQWDO)UHHGRPV 1HYHUWKHOHVV
ZLWKRXWDFXUUHQWSDWLHQWZLWKVXFKFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZHKHVLWDWH
WROD\GRZQDEVWUDFWSULQFLSOHVJRYHUQLQJHXWKDQDVLD
,Q2KLR)RUHVWU\$VVRFLDWLRQ,QFY6LHUUD&OXE86
WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW KHOG WKDW D FKDOOHQJH WR D
IHGHUDOUHJXODWLRQZDVQRWULSH7KH&RXUWUHYLHZHG³ZKHWKHU
GHOD\HG UHYLHZ ZRXOG FDXVH KDUGVKLS´ DQG ³ZKHWKHU WKH
FRXUWVZRXOGEHQHILWIURPIXUWKHUIDFWXDOGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH
LVVXHV´7KHFDVHZDVSUHPDWXUHEHFDXVHWKHSODLQWLII³ZLOO
KDYHDQDPSOHRSSRUWXQLW\ODWHUWREULQJLWVOHJDOFKDOOHQJHDW
D WLPH ZKHQ KDUP LV PRUH LPPLQHQW DQG PRUH FHUWDLQ´
/LNHZLVHKHUHZLWKRXWWKHIRFXVWKDWDSDUWLFXODUSDWLHQW¶V
VLWXDWLRQSURYLGHVZHFDQQRWEHVXUHZKHWKHUWKHMXVWLILFDWLRQ
RIHXWKDQDVLDEDVHGRQZLWKGUDZLQJOLIHVXSSRUWDQG³GRXEOH
HIIHFW´PHGLFDWLRQLVSUHVHQWDQGZRXOGSURYLGHDOHJDOEDVLV
IRUHXWKDQDVLDXQGHUWKH0LFKLJDQODZ1HLWKHUFDQZHEH
VXUHZKHWKHURXWVLGHSUHVVXUHVKDYHEHHQEURXJKWWREHDURU
VRPHRWKHUDEXVHLVSUHVHQW$VWKH&RXUWVDLGLQ7H[DVY
8QLWHG6WDWHV86 LQZKLFKLWFRQFOXGHGWKDW
D9RWLQJ5LJKWV$FWFODLPZDVQRWULSH³DFODLPLVQRWULSH
IRUDGMXGLFDWLRQLILWUHVWVXSRQμFRQWLQJHQWIXWXUHHYHQWVWKDW
PD\QRWRFFXUDVDQWLFLSDWHGRULQGHHGPD\QRWRFFXUDWDOO¶´
4XRWLQJ 7KRPDV Y 8QLRQ &DUELGH 86
1R &RROH\HWDOY*UDQKROPHWDO
OLIH VXSSRUW RU ³GRXEOH HIIHFW´ HXWKDQDVLD 0LFKLJDQ ODZ
DOORZVWKHILUVWWZRIRUPVRIHXWKDQDVLDEXWRXWODZVWKHWKLUG
7KHWZRSODLQWLIIV&RROH\DQG(O1DFKHIDUHSK\VLFLDQV
ZKR FODLPHG WKDW WKH\ ZHUH KDUPHG E\ WKH QHZ 0LFKLJDQ
VWDWXWHHQDFWHGLQUHVSRQVHWRZLGHVSUHDGSXEOLFLW\JHQHUDWHG
E\ VHYHUDO LQVWDQFHV RI SK\VLFLDQDVVLVWHG VXLFLGH LQ
0LFKLJDQ6HHHJ3HRSOHY.HYRUNLDQ1:G
0LFK 7KH OHJLVODWXUH DPHQGHG 0LFKLJDQ ODZ WR
FULPLQDOL]HWKHDFWLRQRIDQ\SHUVRQZKR
$ 3URYLGHV WKH PHDQV E\ ZKLFK WKH LQGLYLGXDO
DWWHPSWV WR NLOO KLPVHOI RU KHUVHOI RU NLOOV KLPVHOI RU
KHUVHOI
% 3DUWLFLSDWHV LQ DQ DFW E\ ZKLFK WKH LQGLYLGXDO
DWWHPSWV WR NLOO KLPVHOI RU KHUVHOI RU NLOOV KLPVHOI RU
KHUVHOI
& +HOSVWKHLQGLYLGXDOSODQRUDWWHPSWWRNLOOKLPVHOI
RUKHUVHOIRUNLOOVKLPVHOIRUKHUVHOI
0LFK&RPS/DZV$QQ D HIIHFWLYH6HSWHPEHU
7KHSODLQWLIIVDUJXHWKDWZHVKRXOGLQYDOLGDWHWKLVVWDWXWHDV
LWDSSOLHVWRGRFWRUVZKRKHOSSDWLHQWVNLOOWKHPVHOYHVLIWKH
SDWLHQWLV PHQWDOO\FRPSHWHQW WHUPLQDOO\LOODQG
³VXIIHULQJXQEHDUDEOHDQGLUUHPHGLDEOHSDLQ´
7KH'LVWULFW&RXUWFRQFOXGHGDQGWKHSDUWLHVGRQRWDSSHDU
WR FRQWHVW WKH IDFW WKDW 0LFKLJDQ ODZ SHUPLWV VRFDOOHG
³GRXEOHHIIHFW´HXWKDQDVLD7KH'LVWULFW&RXUWPDGHWKHSRLQW
DVIROORZV
0LFKLJDQ ODZ GRHV QRW SURKLELW GRFWRUV IURP
SUHVFULELQJPHGLFDWLRQZKLFKKDVWKH³GRXEOHHIIHFW´RI
UHOLHYLQJSDLQZKLOHDOVRKDVWHQLQJGHDWKRUVXEVWDQWLDOO\
LQFUHDVLQJ WKH ULVN RI GHDWK 7KH 0LFKLJDQ 'LJQLILHG
'HDWK$FW0LFK&RPS/DZV$QQ
H[SUHVVO\SURYLGHVWKDWDSK\VLFLDQLVLPPXQHIURPFLYLO
-- 3 of 4 --
&RROH\HWDOY*UDQKROPHWDO 1R
RUDGPLQLVWUDWLYHOLDELOLW\IRUSUHVFULELQJDQDUFRWLFGUXJ
LQ JRRG IDLWK DQG ZLWK WKH LQWHQWLRQ WR DOOHYLDWH D
SDWLHQW¶V SDLQ 0LFK &RPS /DZV $QQ
7KH$FWVHWVIRUWKWKHLQWHQWRIWKH/HJLVODWXUHDVIROORZV
>7@KHOHJLVODWXUHUHFRJQL]HVWKDWDZHOOFRQVLGHUHG
ERG\ RI FRPPRQ ODZ H[LVWV GHWDLOLQJ WKH
UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQKHDOWKFDUHSURYLGHUVDQGWKHLU
SDWLHQWV7KLVDFWLVQRWLQWHQGHGWRDEURJDWHDQ\
SDUW RI WKDW ODZ 7KLV DFW LV LQWHQGHG WR LQFUHDVH
WHUPLQDOO\LOOSDWLHQWV¶DZDUHQHVVRIWKHLUULJKWWR
PDNHGHFLVLRQVWRUHFHLYHFRQWLQXHGLVFRQWLQXHRU
UHIXVHPHGLFDOWUHDWPHQW,WLVKRSHGWKDWE\GRLQJ
VR WKH OHJLVODWXUH ZLOO HQFRXUDJH EHWWHU
FRPPXQLFDWLRQEHWZHHQWHUPLQDOO\LOOSDWLHQWVDQG
KHDOWKFDUHSURYLGHUVWRHQVXUHWKDWDWHUPLQDOO\LOO
SDWLHQW¶VILQDOGD\VDUHPHDQLQJIXODQGGLJQLILHG
,G HPSKDVLV DGGHG 7KXV WKH $FW
H[SUHVVO\SURWHFWVWKHULJKWWRUHFHLYHPHGLFDOWUHDWPHQW
LQFOXGLQJWKHULJKWWRSDLQUHOLHIPHGLFDWLRQ)XUWKHU
SDOOLDWLYH FDUH ZKLFK PD\ KDYH WKH IRUHVHHQ EXW
XQLQWHQGHGHIIHFWRIKDVWHQLQJDSDWLHQW¶VGHDWKGRHVQRW
FRQVWLWXWHFULPLQDODVVLVWDQFHWRVXLFLGH7KH0LFKLJDQ
VWDWXWHFULPLQDOL]LQJDVVLVWHGVXLFLGHDSSOLHVRQO\ZKHQ
WKHUHLVDQLQWHQWWRNLOOQRWZKHQWKHUHLVDQLQWHQWWR
UHOLHYHSDLQ0LFK&RPS/DZV$QQD
'LVWULFW&RXUWRSLQSS
,Q WKH SUHVHQW FDVH WKH WZR GRFWRUV KDYH QRW FOHDUO\
LGHQWLILHG DQ\ FXUUHQW SDWLHQW RU DQ\ IXWXUH SDWLHQW ZKR LV
WHUPLQDOO\LOODQG³VXIIHULQJLUUHPHGLDEOHSDLQ´DQGZKRVH
GHDWKPD\QRWEHKDVWHQHGOHJDOO\E\ZLWKGUDZLQJDUWLILFLDO
OLIH VXSSRUW RU E\ DGPLQLVWHULQJ PRUSKLQH RU RWKHU SDLQ
PHGLFDWLRQ,WLVXQFOHDUIURPWKHUHFRUGKRZRULQZKDW
FDVHV 0LFKLJDQ ODZ ZRXOG GLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ
ZLWKGUDZDO RI OLIH VXSSRUW DQG ³GRXEOH HIIHFW´ HXWKDQDVLD
WKURXJKSDLQPHGLFDWLRQIRUSDWLHQWVVXIIHULQJ³LUUHPHGLDEOH
SDLQ´²ZKLFKDUHSHUPLWWHG²DQG HXWKDQDVLDIRUVXFK
SDWLHQWVWKURXJKLOOHJDOSK\VLFLDQDVVLVWHGVXLFLGH
1R &RROH\HWDOY*UDQKROPHWDO
&RXQVHOIRUWKHWZRGRFWRUVQRZDGYLVHXVWKDW'U&RROH\
KDVUHWLUHGDQGFRQFHGHWKDWWKHFDVHLVPRRWDVWRKLP7KH\
SRLQWRXWWKDW'U(O1DFKHIKDVPRYHGWR&DOLIRUQLDEXWZLOO
UHWXUQWR0LFKLJDQWRSUDFWLFHVRPHWLPHLQWKHIXWXUHLIKHFDQ
ILQGDVXLWDEOHMRE&RXQVHOGRHVQRWFRQFHGHPRRWQHVVLQ
'U(O1DFKHI¶VFDVH
,QOLJKWRIWKLVVLWXDWLRQWKHFDVHLVERWKPRRWDQGQRWULSH
IRUFRQVLGHUDWLRQEHFDXVHQHLWKHUGRFWRU KDVDQLPPHGLDWH
FRQFUHWHLQWHUHVWLQWKHRXWFRPHRIWKHFDVHRUDSDWLHQWZKR
LVVXIIHULQJ³XQEHDUDEOHDQGLUUHPHGLDEOHSDLQ´:LWKUHVSHFW
WRPRRWQHVVWKHFXUUHQWVLWXDWLRQVLQZKLFKWKHGRFWRUVILQG
WKHPVHOYHV ² QHLWKHU SUDFWLFHV PHGLFLQH LQ 0LFKLJDQ DQ\
ORQJHU ² PHDQV WKDW WKH FDVH KDV FRPSOHWHO\ ORVW ³LWV
FKDUDFWHUDVDSUHVHQWOLYHFRQWURYHUV\RIWKHNLQGWKDWPXVW
H[LVWLI>WKH&RXUWLV@WRDYRLGDGYLVRU\RSLQLRQVRQDEVWUDFW
SURSRVLWLRQVRIODZ´+DOOY%HDOV86
7KH\KDYHQR³OHJDOO\FRJQL]DEOHLQWHUHVWLQWKHRXWFRPH´
3RZHOOY0F&RUPDFN86
,QDGGLWLRQHYHQLIWKHFDVHZHUHQRWPRRWEHFDXVHRIWKH
VWDWXV RI WKH GRFWRUV LW LV GRXEWIXO WKDW LW FRXOG SDVV WKH
ULSHQHVV WHVW 7KH UHFRUG GRHV QRW FOHDUO\ GHVFULEH DQ\
FRPSHWHQWWHUPLQDOO\LOOSDWLHQW³VXIIHULQJLUUHPHGLDEOHSDLQ´
ZKRVHHXWKDQDVLDUHTXHVWFRXOGQRWEHPHWE\ZLWKGUDZDORI
OLIHVXSSRUWRUSDLQPHGLFDWLRQRUVRPHFRPELQDWLRQRIWKH
WZR7KHFDVHLVSUHVHQWO\K\SRWKHWLFDODQGDVWKH6XSUHPH
&RXUWREVHUYHGLQ&UX]DQDERXWHXWKDQDVLD³LWLVWKHEHWWHU
SDUWRIZLVGRPQRWWRDWWHPSWE\DQ\JHQHUDOVWDWHPHQWWR
FRYHUHYHU\SRVVLEOHSKDVHRIWKHVXEMHFW´86
7KH WZR GRFWRUV FRQWHQG WKDW WKHUH DUH XQXVXDO SDWLHQWV
ZLWK/RX*HKULJ¶VGLVHDVHDQGFHUWDLQFDQFHUVZKRDUH
PHQWDOO\ FRPSHWHQW WHUPLQDOO\ LOO DQG HQGXULQJ
³XQEHDUDEOHVXIIHULQJZLWKLUUHPHGLDEOHSDLQ´7KH\DUJXH
WKDWWKRVHSDWLHQWVVKRXOGEHHQWLWOHGWRFKRRVHHXWKDQDVLDDV
DFRQVWLWXWLRQDOULJKWXQGHUVXEVWDQWLYHGXHSURFHVV7KH\
DUJXHWKDWWKHUHFHQW0LFKLJDQODZFULPLQDOL]LQJSK\VLFLDQ
DVVLVWHGVXLFLGHLVXQFRQVWLWXWLRQDODVDSSOLHGWRVXFKSDWLHQWV
7KH\ IXUWKHU DUJXH WKDW WKH WZR IRUPV RI HXWKDQDVLD
-- 4 of 4 --
Connect Omnilex to search the legal corpus from your AI assistant.