United States of America v. Juan Rolando Rubio Lopez

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 07-2845
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
JUAN ROLANDO RUBIO LOPEZ,
Appellant
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
District Court No. 05-cr-00593-1
District Judge: The Honorable Legrome D. Davis
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
December 9, 2008
Before: MCKEE, SMITH, and ROTH, Circuit Judges
(Filed: December 24, 2008 )
OPINION
SMITH, Circuit Judge.
Appellant Juan Rolando Rubio Lopez appeals his conviction and sentence for
certain federal drug crimes. Lopez asserts that the United States District Court for the

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As the vehicle’s owner, Lopez can challenge the traffic stop even though he was1
not present at the time. United States v. Schaefer, Michael and Clairton Slag, Inc., 637
F.2d 200, 203 (3d Cir. 1980).
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Eastern District of Pennsylvania erred in denying his motion to suppress physical
evidence obtained and derived from an allegedly improper seizure following a traffic stop
in Ohio. The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231, and we have1
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742. Since the officer who
initiated the traffic stop had adequate reasonable suspicion to extend the scope of the stop
and to detain the tractor trailor and its occupants for further investigation, we will affirm.
Lopez accepts that the officer properly stopped the tractor trailor after the officer
watched it cross outside of marked lanes of travel. Lopez, however, claims that the
officer ran afoul of the Fourth Amendment when he extended the scope of the traffic stop
and called for a drug detection dog. We disagree.
“After a traffic stop that was justified at its inception, an officer who develops a
reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity may expand the scope of an inquiry
beyond the reason for the stop and detain the vehicle and its occupants for further
investigation.” United States v. Givan, 320 F.3d 452, 458 (3d Cir. 2003). In order to
have reasonable suspicion, the officer must be able to “articulate some minimal, objective
justification for an investigatory stop.” Id. In evaluating the officer’s basis for
reasonable suspicion, we “must consider the totality of the circumstances, in light of the
officer’s experience.” Id. Here, the officer, who had 16 years of highway patrol

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experience, pointed to no less than seven factors he took into account during the initial
stop and that he believed to be unusual in the trucking industry and/or consistent with the
transportation of illegal drugs: 1) the tractor trailer’s load originated from Ontario, CA., a
known source city for illegal drugs; 2) the driver flew from Phoenix, AZ., to pick up the
truck; 3) the driver drove three hours, then stopped for nine, despite transporting
perishable produce that usually needs to arrive at its destination as soon as possible; 4) the
driver had been off duty for seven days prior to picking up the truck; 5) the tractor trailor
had a high Department of Transportation number; 6) the passenger in the truck was
awake, instead of asleep; and 7) the truck contained numerous religious symbols.
Viewing the totality of the circumstances in light of the officer’s experience, we
agree with the District Court that the officer had the reasonable suspicion necessary to
“expand the scope of an inquiry beyond the reason for the stop and detain the vehicle and
its occupants for further investigation.” Id. Since the officer had ample reason to call for
a drug detection dog and to detain the tractor trailer and its occupants until the dog
arrived, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.

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