No. 07-2462 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. Norvel Vas

The Honorable Marvin J. Garbis, District Judge for the United States District Court*
for the District of Maryland, sitting by designation.
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 06-4932
No. 07-1803
No. 07-2462
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v.
NORVEL VAS,
Appellant
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On Appeal from United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. No.: 04-cr-00489)
District Judge: Honorable Cynthia M. Rufe
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Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
January 6, 2009
Before: CHAGARES, and HARDIMAN, Circuit Judges and GARBIS, District Judge*
(Filed: January 29, 2009)
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OPINION OF THE COURT
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HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge.
A jury convicted Norval Vas, a convicted felon, of possessing a firearm in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Vas argues that the Government failed to prove its
case beyond a reasonable doubt and that the District Court erred by denying his motion to
suppress evidence. We will affirm.
I.
Because we write exclusively for the parties, we recount only the essential facts.
In October 2002, three law enforcement officers in plain clothes spotted Vas while
patrolling a high crime area of Philadelphia in an unmarked car at approximately 8:00
p.m. Vas immediately ducked behind a parked car and peered over his sunglasses at the
officers. Officer Eric Riddick then alighted from the car and Vas ran. After checking the
area near the car, Riddick walked in the direction that Vas had run, and saw him in a
nearby driveway, placing a gun in the wheel well of a vehicle. After Riddick was joined
by another officer, they identified themselves and told Vas they wanted to talk to him.
Vas ran again, the officers retrieved the gun, and Vas was arrested at a nearby residence.
II.
Vas first argues that his conviction should be vacated because the Government
presented insufficient evidence to connect him to the gun that was found.
It is axiomatic that “a conviction must be supported by sufficient evidence.” See,
e.g., Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 16-17 (1978). We apply “a particularly

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deferential standard of review when deciding whether a jury verdict rests on legally
sufficient evidence.” United States v. Dent, 149 F.3d 180, 187 (3d Cir. 1998). We view
the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, and will affirm if “any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Id. This is, of course, a rather minimal burden. Id.
In support of his first claim, Vas relies heavily on the timeline of events. He
claims it would have been impossible for Riddick to have seen him hide the gun because
Riddick testified that he walked after Vas had run from where Vas was originally spotted.
According to Vas, this physical impossibility led to a jury verdict based on speculation,
conjecture, or surmise that the officer had seen Vas place the gun in the wheel well.
This argument plainly fails because it requires us to disbelieve Riddick’s testimony
that he witnessed Vas place the gun in the wheel well of the vehicle. The verdict
demonstrates that the jury credited Riddick’s testimony and it would be improper to
weigh this evidence on appeal. United States v. Carr, 25 F.3d 1194, 1201 (3d Cir. 1994).
Contrary to Vas’s argument, the jury’s verdict was neither conjectural nor irrational.
When he saw the police, Vas fled. Vas then changed his clothes and abandoned part of
his attire, along with his sunglasses and cap, in a different location than where the gun
was found. Finally, Vas gave a false name after he was eventually arrested on a nearby
porch. Taking all of these facts in the light most favorable to the Government, it is clear
that the evidence was sufficient to sustain the jury’s verdict.

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III.
Vas next argues that the District Court erred when it denied his motion to suppress
the firearm recovered by Riddick. We review the “denial of a suppression motion for
clear error as to the underlying facts, but exercise plenary review as to its legality in light
of the district court’s properly found facts.” United States v. Coles, 437 F.3d 361, 365
(3d Cir. 2006). Vas claims that the firearm was seized without a warrant, without
probable cause, and in the absence of exigent circumstances. Vas’s contentions, even if
true, are irrelevant because the Fourth Amendment affords him no protection as he was
never seized.
“The word ‘seizure’ readily bears the meaning of a laying on of hands or
application of physical force to restrain movement, even when it is ultimately
unsuccessful. . . . It does not remotely apply, however, to the prospect of a policeman
yelling ‘Stop, in the name of the law!’ at a fleeing form that continues to flee. That is no
seizure.” California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 626 (1991).
In Hodari D., the defendant threw cocaine in an alley while running from police.
The Supreme Court held that Hodari D. was not seized when the officers chased him, and
therefore the Fourth Amendment did not apply. Because he abandoned the cocaine
before being seized, the officers legally took control of it. Here, the officers were free to
exit their car and walk about the public streets. They were merely walking in Vas’s
direction and had not even told him to stop when he abandoned the firearm. Thus,

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because Vas was not seized, the police were free to recover any evidence he abandoned.
Vas was eventually seized and arrested on the porch of a nearby house. By that
time, the police had seen him lay down the firearm and discovered its obliterated serial
number, and thus had probable cause to arrest him.
In sum, because the evidence was sufficient to support Vas’s conviction and his
motion to suppress was not well-founded, we will affirm the judgment of the District
Court.

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