Phik Ha Lie; Pek Siong Lo v. Attorney General of the United States

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 06-3496
PHIK HA LIE;
PEK SIONG LO,
Petitioners
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES;
SECRETARY OF DEPARTMENT OF
HOMELAND SECURITY
PETITION FOR REVIEW OF A DECISION OF
THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS
Agency No. A95-148-823
Immigration Judge:
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
September 28, 2007
Before: McKEE, BARRY, and FISHER, Circuit Judges
(Filed: October 9, 2007)
OPINION
BARRY, Circuit Judge
Petitioners seek review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)

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dismissing their appeal from an Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) decision to deny their
applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against
Torture (“CAT”). For the reasons that follow, we will the deny the petition.
I.
Petitioners Phik Ha Lie and Pek Siong Lo are wife and husband, respectively, who
legally entered the United States from Indonesia on May 27, 2000. They overstayed their
visas and, on July 30, 2001, filed an application for asylum and withholding of removal
on the basis of alleged persecution due to their Chinese ethnicity and Christian religion.
Removability is conceded.
As part of the application for asylum, Lie submitted an affidavit, dated May 1,
2001, describing several “mistreatments” that she experienced from native Indonesians.
She cited anti-Chinese riots in 1966 that forced her parents to sell their shop and move to
a new location, as well as rioting in 1998 that was directed toward Chinese shop owners
and citizens. Lie also described two occasions on which her husband was robbed. On the
first occasion, a native Indonesian armed with a knife approached Lo in a train station and
stated, “Chink, your life is worthless, give me all you have or I will stab you.” (A.R.
631.) The second robbery occurred when Lo was delivering goods to a location outside
of town and three native Indonesians armed with “sharp weapons” robbed him of his car
radio. (A.R. at 632.) Finally, Lie claimed that around April 2000, her nephew was beaten
by native Indonesians and robbed of his car.
In advance of the asylum hearing, Lie filed a second affidavit, dated February 17,

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1 The hearing was originally scheduled for March 1, 2004. Lie testified on that date,
but the IJ adjourned the hearing when Lie complained that she was ill. The hearing
resumed on March 25, 2004, but was adjourned when Lie, again, complained of illness.
On January 6, 2005, the hearing resumed. When Petitioners’ attorney revealed that Lo
was experiencing back pain for which he had taken medication, however, the IJ adjourned
the hearing for a third time. On March 4, 2005, the hearing resumed, the IJ having
ordered that testimony would begin anew.
3
2004, “to correct errors and omissions” in her previous affidavit. (A.R. 619.) She now
claimed that her father’s store was “burned to the ground” in the 1966 riots, and that her
husband’s store was vandalized and her husband and son beaten during the 1998 riots.
(Id.) For the first time, she stated that in November 1998 she successfully converted a
Muslim woman named Endang Sri Rejeki to Christianity, and that Rejeki’s immediate
family converted soon thereafter. Lie stated that Rejeki, who “faced much criticism” for
her conversion, warned Lie not to let others know that she was converting Muslims
because her life would be in danger. (Id.) She also claimed that on July 12, 1998, a
group of Muslims confronted her and her daughter on their way to church. The Muslims
allegedly slapped Lie, threw her Bible to the ground, and threatened to kill her if she
continued to go to church. Finally, she stated that in 1999 her son and nephew each were
beaten by Muslims, and that in 2001 her church received a bomb threat.
The IJ held an asylum hearing on March 4, 2005.1 Lie testified that she is a citizen
of Indonesia who is of Chinese ethnicity and a Pentecostal Christian. As in her second
affidavit, Lie testified that in 1966, her father’s store was “burned to the ground” by
rioting Muslims. (A.R. at 244.) She also testified that she was active in evangelizing and

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converted Rejeki, her Muslim neighbor, and Rejeki’s family to Christianity. She testified
that Rejeki had “received some criticism” and “heard some threats” toward Lie for
Rejeki’s conversion. (A.R. at 248.) Lie described walking to church with her daughter
on July 12, 1998, and encountering a group of Muslims, who slapped her, threw her Bible
to the ground, and threatened to kill her if she continued to attend church. She also
testified that her son and nephew suffered beatings at the hands of Muslims, and that her
church received a bomb threat in 2001.
Lo testified that he, like his wife, was of Chinese ethnicity and a Pentecostal
Christian. He stated that on May 15, 1998, ten Muslims entered his store, shouted an
ethnic slur, and beat him and his son with iron bars. When asked why his son, in a
supporting affidavit submitted from Indonesia, did not mention being beaten in the store,
Lo stated that his son simply “forgot.” (A.R. at 271.) Apart from being mocked by
natives, the only other incident that Lo could recall was an occasion when three men
robbed him of his wristwatch and wallet as he was riding his motorcycle.
At the close of the hearing, the IJ issued an oral decision. She found that
Petitioners’ application for asylum was untimely, and that Petitioners failed to establish
the extraordinary circumstances or changed country conditions necessary for there to be
an exception to the one-year filing deadline. With respect to withholding of removal and
CAT relief, the IJ found that Lie’s testimony was not credible in material respects.
Specifically, the IJ noted inconsistencies as to whether Lie’s father’s store was burned
down in 1966, her failure to mention the conversion of Rejeki in the first affidavit, and

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her lack of a persuasive explanation for this and other significant omissions in that
affidavit. The IJ found Petitioners credible in testifying that Lo’s store was attacked
during the May 1998 riots, but found that neither this event nor individual acts of robbery
rose to the level of persecution. She also found that, although Indonesia had internal
conflict, its government had taken steps to ensure that churches operated openly and
freely and that persons of Chinese ethnicity did not suffer discrimination. Accordingly,
the IJ denied withholding of removal and CAT relief.
Petitioners appealed to the BIA. In an opinion dated June 23, 2006, the BIA
reversed the IJ’s denial of asylum on the statutory ground, finding that Petitioners had
established extraordinary circumstances for failing to meet the one-year filing deadline.
The BIA affirmed, however, the IJ’s denial of relief. “[A]ssuming the facts as presented”
by Petitioners without addressing the IJ’s adverse credibility finding (A.R. at 3), the BIA
concluded that the incidents described were not so severe as to rise to the level of
persecution. It further found that Petitioners had not established a well-founded fear of
future persecution because U.S. State Department reports from 2002 and 2003 indicated
that attacks on Christians, while still known to occur in parts of Indonesia such as Bali
and the Malukus, were rare or nonexistent elsewhere. The BIA also found that there was
no ongoing violence against ethnic Chinese in Indonesia, and that Third Circuit caselaw
had not recognized a pattern or practice of persecution of Chinese Christians in Indonesia.
This petition followed.
II.

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2 Because we deny the petition for review accepting either Lie’s or Lo’s version of the
facts, we leave for another day the quandary of deciding which of two credible, yet
conflicting, versions of the facts to credit, or whether, under such circumstances, an
assumption of credibility is even warranted.
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We have jurisdiction to review a final order of removal pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §
1252. Because the BIA did not expressly adopt the IJ’s adverse credibility findings, those
findings are not before us for review. Jarbough v. Attorney Gen., 483 F.3d 184, 191 (3d
Cir. 2007); Kayembe v. Ashcroft, 334 F.3d 231, 234-35 (3d Cir. 2003). We assume,
therefore, Petitioners’ credibility.2 Jarbough, 483 F.3d at 191; Kayembe, 334 F.3d at 235.
Where, as here, the BIA made independent findings without adopting or expressly
deferring to the IJ’s opinion, we review only the BIA’s decision. Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239
F.3d 542, 549 & n.2 (3d Cir. 2001).
The Attorney General may grant asylum to an applicant who demonstrates past
persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. 8 U.S.C. §§
1101(a)(42), 1158(b)(1); Lie v. Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 530, 534-35 (3d Cir. 2005). To
establish a well-founded fear of future persecution, the applicant must demonstrate both a
subjective fear of persecution and an objectively reasonable possibility of persecution.
Zubeda v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 463, 469 (3d Cir. 2003). The objective prong is satisfied
either by showing that the applicant would be individually singled out for persecution, or
that “‘there is a pattern or practice in his or her country of nationality . . . of persecution
of a group of persons similarly situated to the applicant on account of race, religion,

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nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.’” Sukwanputra
v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 627, 637 (3d Cir. 2006) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(iii)(A)).
We review the BIA’s conclusions relating to past persecution and an objectively well-
founded fear of future persecution for substantial evidence. Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d
266, 272 (3d Cir. 2002).
“[P]ersecution connotes extreme behavior, including ‘threats to life, confinement,
torture, and economic restrictions so severe that they constitute a threat to life or
freedom.’” Ahmed v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 214, 217 (3d Cir. 2003) (quoting Fatin v. I.N.S.,
12 F.3d 1233, 1240 (3d Cir. 1993)). Here, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s
conclusion that the incidents described by Petitioners did not rise to the level of past
persecution. More than thirty years separated the 1966 and 1998 riots, and there is
nothing to suggest that these acts of civil unrest were government sanctioned or related in
any way. As for Lie’s testimony that Muslims harassed and threatened her on her way to
church with her daughter, and attacked her son on his way to Bible study, these incidents,
“perpetrated by unknown assailants” and resulting in, at most, “minor injury,” were “not
sufficiently severe to be considered persecution.” Lie, 396 F.3d at 536. Similarly, there
is substantial evidence to conclude that the beating of Lie’s nephew and theft of his car by
unidentified assailants with unknown motives, as well as the mugging of Lo, were
nothing more than random criminal acts. See Gormley v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1172, 1177
(9th Cir. 2004). Finally, second-hand accounts of “criticism” of Rejeki and vague
“threats” against Lie for Rejeki’s conversion do not rise to the level of past persecution

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where there is no evidence that Lie has ever been directly threatened for her evangelizing.
There is, in sum, substantial evidence to support the BIA’s conclusion that Petitioners
failed to established past persecution.
Substantial evidence likewise supports the BIA’s conclusion that Petitioners failed
to establish a well-founded fear of future persecution were they to return to Indonesia.
According to the U.S. State Department’s 2003 International Religious Freedom Report,
ongoing violence against Christians in Indonesia is localized in certain provinces, such as
Maluku and Central Sulawesi. In other areas, such as Petitioners’ home province of East
Java, violence against Christians is nonexistent or has fallen sharply due to aggressive
government security measures, supporting the BIA’s conclusion that Petitioners could
avoid future persecution by living in peaceful areas. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(2). The
U.S. State Department’s 2002 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Indonesia
also reports no ongoing violence against ethnic Chinese Christians in Indonesia. Indeed,
Petitioners’ three grown children, all Chinese Christians who are active in their church,
continue to live in Surabaya, East Java, and there is no evidence that they have suffered
any violence since Petitioners left Indonesia. See Lie, 396 F.3d at 537. We see no reason,
therefore, to depart from our conclusion in Lie that there is no “pattern or practice” of
persecution of Chinese Christians in Indonesia. Id. at 537-38. Nothing in our decision in
Sukwanputra, we note, persuades us otherwise.
Having found substantial evidence to support the BIA’s conclusion that Petitioners
failed to establish a well-founded fear of future persecution, we conclude that they also

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failed to satisfy the higher standard for withholding of removal. Kibinda v. Attorney
Gen., 477 F.3d 113, 123 (3d Cir. 2007). Because Petitioners have abandoned their CAT
claim, and there is, in any event, no evidence that they would more likely than not suffer
torture if returned to Indonesia, see Ghebrehiwot v. Attorney Gen., 467 F.3d 344, 352 (3d
Cir. 2006), we conclude that substantial evidence also supports the BIA’s denial of relief
under the CAT.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we will deny the Petitioners’ joint petition for review.

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