United States of America v. Kourtney Dwayne Kama

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 06-2693
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
KOURTNEY DWAYNE KAMA,
Appellant
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
D.C. Criminal No. 02-cr-00403
(Honorable R. Barclay Surrick)
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
September 10, 2007
Before: SCIRICA, Chief Judge, RENDELL and FUENTES, Circuit Judges.
(Filed October 19, 2007)
OPINION OF THE COURT
SCIRICA, Chief Judge.
Following a jury trial, Kourtney Dwayne Kama was convicted of distribution of
cocaine base (“crack”), in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (Count 1), conspiracy to
engage in the business of dealing firearms without a license, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
922(a)(1)(A) (Count 2), and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of

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18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g) and 924(e) (Count 3). He challenges his conviction and sentence.
We will affirm both.
Because we write for parties familiar with the facts, we set forth the necessary
facts within the discussion.
I.
When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence, although the scope of
review is plenary, United States v. Rieger, 942 F.2d 230, 232 (3d Cir. 1991), we apply a
“particularly deferential standard of review.” United States v. Dent, 149 F.3d 180, 187
(3d Cir. 1998). We review the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and
uphold the conviction “if any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements
of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Gibbs, 190 F.3d 188, 197 (3d
Cir. 1999); see also Rieger, 942 F.2d at 232 (“We ‘must sustain the verdict if there is
substantial evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the [g]overnment, to uphold
the jury’s decision.’” (quoting Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 17 (1978))); United
States v. Pungitore, 910 F.2d 1084, 1129 (3d Cir. 1990) (“The evidence need not
unequivocally point to the defendant’s guilt as long as it permits the jury to find the
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”).
Kama was convicted of conspiracy to willingly engage in the business of dealing
in firearms without a license, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(1)(A). He contends the
government failed to identify any co-conspirator who agreed to participate with him in
the unlawful dealing of firearms. Additionally, Kama argues that, independent of his own

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1 “The evidence presented at trial consisted of the testimony of four undercover police
officers from the Reading Police Department, videotape surveillance of the contacts
between the undercover police officers and Defendant, tape-recorded telephone
conversations between Defendant and the undercover officers, and the testimony of a
confidential informant who was working for the Reading Police Department . . . .”
(continued...)
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statements, no evidence was presented to show any agreement with or overt act by the
unknown co-conspirators. Therefore, Kama concludes, since he cannot conspire with
himself or a government informant, the jury had insufficient grounds to convict him on
Count 2.
In order to obtain a conviction for conspiracy, the government must show a “unity
of purpose [between the alleged conspirators], the intent to achieve a common goal, and
an agreement to work together toward that goal.” Dent, 149 F.3d at 188. “The
government must prove each element beyond a reasonable doubt, but may do so solely by
circumstantial evidence.” Id. (citing United States v. Barrow, 363 F.2d 62, 64 (3d Cir.
1966)). Additionally, one can be convicted of conspiracy even though the identities of
the co-conspirators are unknown. See United States v. Obialo, 23 F.3d 69, 72 (3d Cir.
1994) (“The failure of the government to be able to name and personally identify the
other conspirator is not fatal to a conspiracy conviction.”); United States v. Allen, 613
F.2d 1248, 1253 (3d Cir. 1980) (“[T]he identity of the other members of the conspiracy is
not needed, inasmuch as one person can be convicted of conspiring with persons whose
names are unknown.” (quoting Rogers v. United States, 340 U.S. 367, 375 (1951))).
The evidence presented1 provides a substantial basis for a rational trier of fact to

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(...continued)
United States v. Kama, No. 02-403, 2005 WL 3433718, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 12, 2005).
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conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Kama engaged in conspiracy with one or more
persons other than the undercover officers and the confidential informant. The evidence
clearly established that Kama sold .58 grams of crack cocaine to the officers, sold the
officers a .357 Magnum and ammunition, and offered to sell the officers additional
firearms.
Further, in discussions with the undercover officers involving the sale of firearms,
Kama referred to unidentified co-conspirators on multiple occasions. On June 22, 2001,
Kama told undercover Officer Leporace that “his man” had a .357 Magnum and a .44
Magnum for sale. On July 17, 2001, Kama told undercover Detective Gonbar that he had
a Tech-9 and two sawed-off shotguns to sell and attempted to act as a broker between his
“main man” and the undercover officers. Detective Gonbar sent Officers Mateo and
Santiago to conduct the firearm transaction. Upon meeting at a bar, Kama explained that
his “main man” was upset that Kama had brought Mateo and Santiago into the area.
While talking to the officers, Kama identified a Hispanic male who had entered the bar as
the “main man.” When the “main man” left the bar, Kama followed and upon returning
explained he could not make a deal because he was only a “middle man” and the “main
man” did not feel comfortable entering into a firearm transaction with Mateo and
Santiago. Finally, in recorded conversations between Kama and Detective Gonbar, Kama
referred to his “people” on multiple occasions and when discussing the other people

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involved in the firearm transactions Kama stated: “I’m like 50% middle and 50%
myself.”
Kama contends that his statements were mere puffing and without corroborating
evidence identifying another person working with him, the government has failed to meet
its burden of proof. But, “[a] defendant’s admissions provide acceptable evidence of
others’ participation; no specific evidence, such as the identity of the coconspirators and
proof of their acts, is required. To hold otherwise would be to contradict the rule of Allen
and other cases that one may be found guilty of conspiring with ‘persons unknown.’”
Government of the Virgin Islands v. Hoheb, 777 F.2d 138, 141 (3d Cir. 1985). Such
admissions of conspiracy “made before the crime occurred need not be corroborated.” Id.
at 142.
When viewed in the light most favorable to the government, substantial evidence
exists for a rational jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Kama knowingly and
purposefully entered into an agreement to sell firearms with one or more person or
persons other than the undercover officers and the confidential informant and at least one
overt act was done in furtherance of the conspiracy.
II.
During sentencing, the district court determined that Kama was an armed career
criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). Kama contends that the Sixth Amendment requires
the fact of prior convictions to be submitted and proven to the jury and seeks a remand for
re-sentencing. In United States v. Ordaz, we rejected an analogous challenge. 398 F.3d

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236, 240-41 (3d Cir. 2005). A district court’s determination regarding facts of a
defendant’s prior convictions does not violate the Sixth Amendment, “notwithstanding
that the sentence was based, in part, on facts found by a judge rather than a jury.” Id. at
241 (relying upon Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998)).
Kama contends that Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), Blakely v.
Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004), and United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005) call
into question the authority of Almendarez-Torres. However, in response to a similar
argument by Ordaz, we held that Almendarez-Torres “remains binding law, and nothing
in Blakely or Booker holds otherwise.” Ordaz, 398 F.3d at 241. “[A]s an inferior federal
court, we have the responsibility to follow directly applicable Supreme Court decisions.”
Id.
The District Court’s determination of the facts of Kama’s prior convictions does
not violate the Sixth Amendment. Accordingly, we will affirm Kama’s sentence.
III.
The District Court denied Kama’s motion for a new trial under Rule 33 of the
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. On appeal, Kama contends he is entitled to a new
trial under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), because the government failed to
disclose all information concerning the confidential informant, Warren Mayo.
In order to establish a Brady violation, “it must be shown that (1) evidence was
suppressed; (2) the evidence was favorable to the defense; and (3) the evidence was
material to guilt or punishment.” United States v. Risha, 445 F.3d 298, 303 (3d Cir.

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2 Specifically, Kama contends that the government knew that Mayo would testify to
Kama’s intent to “ripoff” the police officers.
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2006). “Evidence is ‘material’ if there is a reasonable probability that pretrial disclosure
would have produced a different result at trial. The question is not whether disclosure
would have resulted in a different verdict, but whether suppression of evidence
‘undermined confidence in the outcome of the trial.’” Id. at 303 n.5 (quoting Kyles v.
Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 434-35 (1995)). Determination of a reasonable probability
“requires consideration of the totality of the circumstances, including possible effects of
non-disclosure on the defense’s trial preparation.” United States v. Perdomo, 929 F.2d
967, 971 (3d Cir. 1991). “Evidence that tends to impeach prosecution witnesses may be
material under this standard.” Slutzker v. Johnson, 393 F.3d 373, 387 (3d Cir. 2004).
Kama asserts two violations of Brady. First, he claims the government withheld
favorable evidence by failing to inform defense counsel of the full content of Mayo’s
testimony.2 Kama points to the actual trial testimony of Mayo as evidence of the
government’s knowledge. This claim fails the suppression prong of the Brady test. At
trial, the parties stipulated that neither the undercover officers nor the prosecutor spoke to
Mayo about a “ripoff.” Since the government was unaware of the existence of such
evidence, Kama cannot reasonably argue that the government suppressed evidence. See
Hollman v. Wilson, 158 F.3d 177, 180 (3d Cir. 1998) (“Where the prosecutor had no
actual or constructive possession of information, there can be no Brady violation for
failure to disclose it.”).

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3 Risha is distinguishable from the present case. In Risha, the government failed to
disclose an informant’s “expectation of leniency” in future proceedings against him.
Risha, 445 F.3d at 303 n.5. Such an expectation of future benefit in exchange for the
present testimony was material impeachment evidence. Id. Additionally, since the
informant was the “‘sole witness’ to offer incriminating evidence,” information tending to
impeach him was deemed essential to the defense. Id. However, in the present case,
Kama was informed of all benefits Mayo received or would receive for cooperating in
Kama’s case. The undisclosed information solely concerns past benefits provided to
Mayo for work on an unrelated case approximately twenty years earlier. Further, in
addition to Mayo’s testimony, the government presented substantial evidence of Kama’s
guilt through the testimony of several other witnesses.
4 Mayo’s prior convictions consisted of, among others, drug possession, forgery, and
retail theft.
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Second, Kama notes the government failed to disclose Mayo’s prior actions as a
cooperating witness approximately 20 years prior to the events in question. Kama learned
about Mayo’s past involvement with the government for the first time while cross-
examining Mayo. Citing Risha, Kama claims that he was denied the opportunity to
impeach Mayo because he was unable to fully investigate the nature of Mayo’s prior
involvement with the police and prosecuting authorities.3 This evidence is not material
under Brady.
Prior to trial, the government provided Kama with information concerning Mayo’s
cooperation in this case, including the cash paid to Mayo and the letter written by the
prosecutor to the State Parole Board on Mayo’s behalf. Based upon that information and
knowledge of Mayo’s criminal history, Kama’s attorney thoroughly cross-examined
Mayo. As a result, the jury was well aware of Mayo’s arrest and conviction history,4 his
prior drug use, and all benefits he received for working as an informant in Kama’s case.

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Any further questioning about Mayo’s past involvement with the government would not
have affected the outcome of the trial. There is no reasonable probability that Kama
would have been found not guilty had the government disclosed this information to
Kama’s counsel.
We find no violation of Brady here. Accordingly, Kama is not entitled to a new
trial.
IV.
We will affirm both Kama’s judgment of conviction and his sentence.

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