Paul Vernon v. Attorney General of the United States

* Honorable Joseph E. Irenas, United States District Court for the District of New
Jersey, sitting by designation.
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 05-2934
PAUL VERNON,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order
of the Board of Immigration Appeals
(BIA No. A35-501-072)
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
April 28, 2006
Before: AMBRO and FUENTES, Circuit Judges, and IRENAS, * District Judge.
(Filed: May 16, 2006)

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OPINION OF THE COURT
FUENTES, Circuit Judge.
Paul Vernon petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”)
decision affirming an Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) finding that Vernon is removable based
on his past criminal convictions. Although the action began in the United States District
Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania as a petition for a writ of habeas corpus
under 28 U.S.C. § 2241, the District Court transferred the petition to this Court pursuant
to the REAL ID Act of 2005. For the reasons the follow, we will deny Vernon’s petition
for review.
I. Facts and Procedural History
Vernon, a native and citizen of Jamaica, entered the United States as an immigrant
in 1975. Vernon served in the United States Army beginning in 1977 and, aside from a
two-year break in service, remained on either active duty or in reserve status until his
honorable discharge in 1985. Due to his honorable military service during hostilities,
Vernon was qualified for expeditious naturalization under 8 U.S.C. § 1440. On August 5,
1986, Vernon completed, signed, and mailed his naturalization application to the
Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”), and the application was stamped
“RECEIVED” by the INS on September 19, 1986. Vernon was scheduled for an
“examination appointment date” on January 8, 1987. According to Vernon, however, the

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INS never notified him of this appointment. On January 20, 1987, the INS closed
Vernon’s naturalization proceedings. According to Vernon, the INS neither notified him
of its action nor advised him of his right to seek review of the decision.
Beginning shortly after he submitted his naturalization application, Vernon
committed a number of crimes for which he was convicted. On August 26, 1986, Vernon
was convicted in Bronx Country Criminal Court, Bronx, New York, for criminal
possession of marijuana in violation of New York Penal Code 221.10. On December 19,
1986, Vernon was again convicted in Bronx County Criminal Court for criminal
possession of marijuana in violation of New York Penal Code 221.10. On January 9,
1991, Vernon was convicted in Bronx County Supreme Court, Bronx, New York, for
criminal possession of a weapon in violation of New York Penal Code 265.02, and he
was sentenced to six months in prison. On April 29, 2003, Vernon was convicted of the
offense of felon in possession of a firearm and ammunition in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1), and he was sentenced to 34 months in prison.
On August 27, 2003, based on his convictions, the INS commenced removal
proceedings against Vernon. The Notice to Appear charged (1) that Vernon’s convictions
rendered him removable from the United States pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii),
because he had been convicted of an aggravated felony relating to a firearms offense; and
(2) that Vernon’s conviction for illegally possessing a firearm, part, or accessory under 18
U.S.C. § 921(a) rendered him removable pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(C).
Following a hearing, an IJ ruled that Vernon was removable based on his firearms

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convictions. The IJ also denied Vernon’s request to terminate the removal proceedings
based on Vernon’s claim that he was eligible for naturalization. Finally, the IJ found that
Vernon’s aggravated felony conviction barred him from establishing that he was of good
moral character. The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision without opinion.
On or about February 11, 2005, Vernon filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241, arguing that he is statutorily eligible for naturalization. On
June 7, 2005, the District Court transferred Vernon’s petition to this Court, which
converted it into a petition for review pursuant to the REAL ID Act. This Court has
jurisdiction over petitions for review under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and venue is proper in this
Court because the proceedings before the IJ were completed in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
II. Discussion
Vernon does not dispute that he is ineligible for naturalization today on account of
his criminal convictions. Rather, Vernon contends that, because the INS failed to comply
with its own regulations governing the processing and adjudication of naturalization
applications submitted by lawful permanent residents who are eligible for citizenship, this
Court should either grant him citizenship or order the INS to complete his naturalization
adjudication nunc pro tunc under the laws and factual circumstances in existence at the
time he applied for naturalization in 1986.
We will deny Vernon’s petition for review. Nunc pro tunc, literally “now for
then,” allows a court sitting in equity to deem an action to have been taken as of a time

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when it should have been taken, but was not due to circumstances not attributable to the
unreasonable delay of the parties. Mitchell v. Overman, 103 U.S. 62, 65 (1881). Here,
Vernon offers no excuse or explanation as to why he never sought clarification or
reconsideration of his application for naturalization from the time he filed it in 1986 until
he raised it as an issue before the IJ seventeen years later. Even assuming part of this
delay was due to agency error, that the delay extended from 1986 until 2003 is directly
attributable to Vernon. Accordingly, this Court cannot order that Vernon’s naturalization
application be considered nunc pro tunc.
In view of the complete bar to naturalization of aliens convicted of aggravated
felonies at any time, 8 U.S.C. § 1101(f)(8), Vernon’s firearms conviction renders him
unable to establish that he is prima facie eligible for naturalization as a veteran of the
armed forces under 8 U.S.C. § 1440. Thus, this Court is unable to grant him citizenship.
III. Conclusion
Because Vernon has not established that he qualifies for naturalization and has not
established that his constitutional rights were violated, we will deny his petition for
review.

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