Ardian Rezhdo v. Attorney General of the United States

The Honorable Arthur L. Alarcón, United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Judicial*
Circuit, sitting by designation.
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 05-2895
ARDIAN REZHDO,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
Respondent
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
BIA No. A78-698-676
(U.S. Immigration Judge: Honorable Donald Vincent Ferlise)
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
April 27, 2006
Before: SCIRICA, Chief Judge, NYGAARD and ALARCÓN , Circuit Judges*
(Filed June 30, 2006 )
OPINION OF THE COURT

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SCIRICA, Chief Judge.
Ardian Rezhdo petitions for a writ of habeas corpus, contesting the Board of
Immigration Appeals’ order denying him asylum, withholding of removal, and protection
under the Convention Against Torture. We will grant the petition, vacate the removal
order, and remand for a new hearing.
I.
Petitioner Rezhdo, a native and citizen of Albania, entered the United States in
May 2000 without proper documentation. He was placed into removal proceedings under
8 U.S.C. § 1229a. The Immigration and Naturalization Service issued a Notice to
Appear, which Rezho conceded. He requested relief from removal by applying for
asylum, withholding of removal, and withholding under the CAT, alleging persecution
because of his sexual orientation. The IJ made an adverse credibility determination and
denied all of Rezhdo’s applications for relief, issuing an order on April 23, 2001, which
the Board summarily affirmed. In July 2003, the Board denied Rezhdo’s motion to
reconsider, on alternative grounds that it was untimely filed and that it failed to
demonstrate reconsideration was warranted. Rezhdo filed a petition for writ of habeas
corpus with the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania,
which transferred the petition to this Court pursuant to the REAL ID Act, Pub. L. No.
109-13, 119 Stat. 231 (2005). We convert the petition for a writ of habeas corpus to a

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petition for review. 8 U.S.C. § 1252; see Bonhometre v. Gonzales, 414 F.3d 442, 446 (3d
Cir. 2005).
Rezhdo’s application is based on his homosexual relationship with Pellum Berberi,
whose brother Genc Berberi was a bodyguard for former Albanian Prime Minster
Bashkim Fino. Rezhdo contends that Genc Berberi, upon discovering the relationship,
began a course of brutal treatment against Rezhdo that led to Genc Berberi and two others
beating Rezhdo on a public street. Rezhdo filed a private criminal complaint against
Genc Berberi. Before the court hearing, Rezhdo and Pellum Berberi applied for a
marriage license, which the government denied because Albanian law does not extend
marriage to homosexual couples. Rezhdo contends Genc Berberi became so angry upon
learning of the marriage attempt that he burned down a store Rezhdo owned. Rezhdo
testified he told the police but no arrest issued. Rezhdo and Pellum Berberi fled to Italy
during the pendency of the legal proceeding on the assault, but not before, he claims, the
judge in the case told him he should drop the complaint. After the two spent several
months in Italy illegally, Pellum Berberi was fatally shot in their apartment. Rezhdo
fingers Genc Berberi as the murderer, and now fears for his life. Rezdho fled to the
United States, entering illegally.
II.
Because the Board summarily affirmed, we review the opinion of the IJ. Dia v.
Ashcroft, 353 F.3d 228, 245 (3d Cir. 2003) (en banc). We review an immigration judge’s

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Rezhdo testified that when he suspected Pellum Berberi had been shot at their shared1
apartment in Italy, he waited for hours at a public bar across the square from his
apartment, keeping watch over the apartment and waiting for news.
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findings of fact and credibility determinations under a substantial evidence standard. INS
v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992).
The IJ based his adverse credibility finding on several factors. First, the IJ
criticized Rezhdo for confused dates. For example, Rezhdo testified that the hearing on
his private criminal complaint took place in August 1998 but on cross he claimed it
occurred in March 1998. Second, the IJ found it incredible that a person would wait in a
public square across from his apartment if he were afraid of being murdered in that
apartment. Third was Rezhdo’s claim that Genc Berberi had asked Rezhdo’s family1
permission to kill Rezhdo while Rezhdo was in Italy. Finally, the IJ found Rezhdo’s
demeanor demonstrated he was lying. The IJ noted he was sweating profusely and
appeared extremely nervous.
Adverse credibility findings must be grounded in the record and must be based on
inconsistencies or improbabilities crucial to the claim. Zheng v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 379,
381 (3d Cir. 2005). In general, “minor inconsistencies and minor admissions that ‘reveal
nothing about an asylum applicant’s fear for his safety are not an adequate basis for an
adverse credibility finding.’” Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d 266, 272 (3d Cir. 2002) (quoting
Vilorio-Lopez v. INS, 852 F.2d 1137, 1142 (9th Cir. 1988)). Most of the supposed
inconsistencies here were minor, soon corrected, and either do not go “to the heart of the

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asylum claim,” Zheng, 417 F.3d at 381, or resulted from the IJ’s improper conjecture. We
conclude that substantial evidence does not support the’s IJ determination that Rezdho
was not credible.
As for the first “inconsistency,” the discrepancy in date was a misplaced month
(March for August) and the date was not nearly as important to Rezdho’s narrative as the
IJ made it seem. Regarding the second finding, the IJ’s discussion on this point is
conjecture—Rezhdo might have stayed in the bar, for example, to keep an eye on the
comings and goings from his apartment. There is nothing inherently implausible about
his story. See Jishiashvili v. Att’y Gen., 402 F.3d 386, 393 (3d Cir. 2005) (“Where the IJ
rejects an applicant’s testimony, the IJ must provide a specific, cogent reason for doing
so, rather than relying on speculation, conjecture, or an otherwise unsupported personal
opinion.” (quotations and citation omitted)). As for the third finding, Rezhdo explained
that his homosexuality caused his family deep shame. That his family might be involved
in his attempted murder or that Genc Berberi might have sought and found support from
them is in line with Rezhdo’s testimony on how homosexuals are treated in Albania. As
for the final finding, his sweating, nervousness, and minor testimonial inaccuracies might
have resulted from Rezhdo’s hypertension, a condition to which Rezhdo testified and to
which he offered proof, though it does not appear the IJ viewed or accepted the evidence.

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In two recent cases, we granted petitions arising from decisions by Donald V. Ferlise,2
the same IJ who handled this case. See Shah v. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 429, 437 (3d Cir.
2006) (granting a petition for review based on failure to credit corroborating evidence and
on hostile questioning, under the substantial evidence standard); Cham v. Att’y Gen., 445
F.3d 683, 690–92 (3d Cir. 2006) (granting a petition for review on due process grounds
because the IJ’s “belligeren[t]” questions that led to his adverse credibility finding
“prejudiced both Cham’s ability to present his claims and the appropriate resolution of
those claims”). We decide this case on its own facts alone, but we note the similarity
between this case and Shah and Cham. In all three cases, the IJ made erroneous or
conjectural credibility findings. While we note the similarities, our review of the hearing
transcript does not reveal errors rising to the level of a due process violation.
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(App. 202.) Accordingly, substantial evidence does not support this adverse credibility
finding.2
III.
The IJ made two alternative holdings “[a]ssuming arguendo that the Court had
found the Respondent credible.” (App. 22). The IJ held first that Rezdho “has not
produced a scintilla of evidence to reflect that he would be persecuted in Albania, or has
been persecuted in Albania . . . ” (Id.) Second, the IJ held Rezdho could avoid future
persecution by relocating to another part of Albania, “where no one knew of his past
homosexual activity and where Genc was not present.” (App. 22–23.) On their face,
these holdings might be sufficient to show Rezhdo was not entitled to the relief he sought.
See Chen v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 212, 221–222 (3d Cir. 2005) (“If the IJ’s decision in this
case is supported by substantial evidence in the record, then his failure to make a valid
credibility determination would not bar this Court’s denial of the petition for review
without a remand.”). However, we are not convinced these were truly alternative

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holdings that assumed Rezdho’s credibility. Cf. Gui Cun Liu v. Ashcroft, 372 F.3d 529,
534 (3d Cir. 2004) (“[R]emand is appropriate where, as here, we have made a legal
determination (e.g., regarding admissibility of evidence) that fundamentally upsets the
balancing of facts and evidence upon which an agency’s decision is based.”).
Additionally, the IJ’s explanation of his alternative holdings is terse and undeveloped, so
that it is difficult for us to gauge what parts of Rezdho’s testimony, if any, the IJ relied
on. See Toure v. Att’y Gen., 443 F.3d 310, 325 (reaffirming in light of the REAL ID Act
that “(1) an IJ has a duty to develop an applicant’s testimony, especially regarding an
issue that she may find dispositive, and (2) as a logical predicate to appellate review, the
BIA must adequately explain the reasons for its decisions” (internal citations omitted)).
Remand is therefore necessary.
Regarding past and future persecution, had the IJ properly credited Rezdho’s
evidence, Rezdho might have shown more than that Genc Berberi, as a private criminal,
threatened his safety. See Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477, 494 (3d Cir. 2001)
(“Ordinary criminal activity does not rise to the level of persecution necessary to establish
eligibility for asylum.”). Genc Berberi was a bodyguard for the former prime minister,
and, if we believe Rezhdo’s testimony, Rezhdo made several attempts to pursue police
and court assistance, to no avail. Rezhdo also testified that the judge—adjudicating his
private criminal complaint against Genc Berberi—told him on the courthouse steps to
drop the case. It appears the IJ did not properly credit this testimony, as he should have if

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We hold only that the IJ’s “alternative” holdings do not insulate the opinion from a3
remand for a new hearing (based on the erroneous credibility finding), not that Rezdho
qualified for the relief he sought. At the new hearing, a different IJ will be able to
determine Rezdho’s eligibility, and, in the absence of an erroneous credibility
determination, Rezhdo might or might not carry his burden.
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this were truly an alternative holding that assumed Rezdho’s credibility. In any event
there was much more than “a scintilla of evidence” of persecution. (App. 22.)
Regarding the IJ’s finding that under 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1)(B) Rezhdo could
relocate to another part of Albania where his homosexual activities are not known, this is
also not a true alternative holding. Rezhdo testified that Genc Berberi traveled to Italy to
murder Pellum Berberi and to attempt to murder Rezdho; if an IJ credited Rezdho’s
testimony, Albania could not be safer than Italy. This “alternative” holding does not
foreclose remand.3
Rezhdo also applied for restriction on removal and for protection under the
Convention Against Torture. Restriction on removal has a higher standard of proof than
does asylum, e.g., Guo v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 556, 561 n.4 (3d Cir. 2004), but Rezhdo
should have another opportunity to press this claim for the reasons stated. We will not,
however, remand his claim for CAT relief. Rezdho presented no evidence that he will
“more likely than not” be tortured upon return to Albania. Wang v. Ashcroft, 368 F.3d
347, 349 (3d Cir. 2004) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2)). Substantial evidence supports
the IJ’s denial of CAT relief.

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Finally, Rezhdo appeals the Board’s July 2003 denial of his motion to reconsider.
We review for abuse of discretion. Sevoian v. Ashcroft, 290 F.3d 166, 170 (3d Cir. 2002).
Because we grant the petition and vacate the removal order, a holding on this issue is not
necessary. In any event, the Board did not appear to err in finding the motion untimely.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we will grant the petition for review (arising as it does
as a petition for habeas), vacate the order of removal, and remand for new hearing before
a different IJ.

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