Kazolias v. IBEW

13-4566
Kazolias v. IBEW
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 1
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 2
3
August Term, 2014 4
(Submitted: November 5, 2014 Decided: November 12, 2015) 5
Docket No. 13-4566 6
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A EYIOU P. K AZOLIAS , K EVIN H. ROXBY, and ROBERT C. SWINGLE, 8
Plaintiff-Appellants, 9
v. 10
IBEW LU 363 AND JOHN MARAIA, as Business Manager of IBEW LU 363, 11
Defendant-Appellees, and 12
L IGHTMORE E LECTRIC A SSOCIATES , I NC . AND A NDREW H. POPIK , as President of 13
L IGHTMORE E LECTRIC A SSOCIATES , I NC ., 14
Defendants. 15
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Before: LEVAL, LYNCH, and DRONEY, Circuit Judges: 17
Plaintiffs, who are three members of an electrical union, appeal from the grant of 18
summary judgment by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New 19
York (Owen, J.) in favor of the defendant union (and one of its officers) on a variety of 20
claims under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) and the 21
Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA), among others. We vacate 22
the judgment and remand on certain of Plaintiffs’ ADEA claims because the district court 23
erroneously held that a union official’s expressions of resentment against plaintiffs for 24
their administrative complaints against the union could not evince retaliatory intent prior 25
to the time of the resentful statements. We affirm the court’s judgment in all other 26
respects. 27
ROBERT N. FELIX, Law Offices of Robert N. 28
Felix, Esq., New York, NY, for Plaintiff- 29
Appellants. 30

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ROBERT T. MCGOVERN (Paula Clarity, on 1
the brief), Archer, Byington, Glennon & Levine 2
LLP, Melville, NY, for Defendant-Appellees. 3
LEVAL, Circuit Judge, 4
Plaintiffs Aeyiou Kazolias, Kevin Roxby, and Robert Swingle (“Plaintiffs”), 5
members of an electrical union, appeal from the judgment of the United States District 6
Court for the Southern District of New York (Owen, J.) dismissing a variety of claims 7
against Plaintiffs’ union (and one of its officers), which alleged age discrimination in 8
violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. 9
§§ 621 et seq., violations of the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 10
1959 (LMRDA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 411 et seq., the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, 11
29 U.S.C. §§ 141 et seq., and the union’s duty of fair representation (DFR), see 12
Breininger v. Sheet Metal Workers Int’l Ass’n Local Union No. 6, 493 U.S. 67, 79 (1989), 13
as well as unlawful retaliation for complaints. As for certain claims under the ADEA 14
alleging retaliation for complaints of age discrimination, we vacate the judgment and 15
remand because the district court erroneously ruled that a union official’s expressions of 16
resentment of Plaintiffs’ claims of age discrimination could not evince retaliatory animus 17
existing prior to the time the resentful statements were made. We affirm the district 18
court’s grant of summary judgment in all other respects. 19
20
21
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Kazolias v. IBEW
BACKGROUND 1
A. Facts 2
Plaintiffs are three journeymen wiremen who are members of the International 3
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local Union 363 (“the union”). The union refers its 4
members for jobs with employers who are parties to the union’s Collective Bargaining 5
Agreement (CBA) based on referral rules contained in the CBA and additional rules 6
promulgated by the union. Members who seek job referrals sign an out-of-work list to 7
indicate their availability for employment. With certain exceptions, members are referred 8
for job openings chronologically based on when they signed the out-of-work list. 9
In December 2007, Plaintiffs were referred for a job with Defendant Lightmore 10
Electric Associates, Inc. (“Lightmore”). Lightmore terminated Plaintiffs from the job in 11
January 2008. Plaintiffs filed a series of grievances with the union, asserting that 12
Lightmore failed to comply with safety protocols and with CBA provisions regarding age 13
discrimination. A union representative investigated the grievances and secured certain 14
concessions from Lightmore. 15
Plaintiffs, however, were unhappy with the outcome of the grievance procedure. In 16
June 2008, Plaintiff Roxby filed unfair labor practice charges with the National Labor 17
Relations Board (NLRB), alleging, in part, that (1) the union failed to respond adequately 18
to Plaintiffs’ safety-related grievances, and (2) the union retaliated against Plaintiffs by 19
threatening them with disciplinary action and denying them job referrals. The NLRB 20
dismissed the complaint. On September 15, 2008, Roxby and Kazolias filed charges of 21
3

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Kazolias v. IBEW
age discrimination and retaliation with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 1
(EEOC). 2
At the union’s monthly meeting on February 24, 2009, the union’s business 3
manager, John Maraia, complained about Plaintiffs’ charges. As recorded in the “Regular 4
Monthly Meeting Minutes,” he said, 5
I am tired of the 3 or 4 members trying to bring down this Local with their 6
petty claims of workmanship on jobs we are doing. . . . You will be brought 7
up on charges. I have fought too hard for these jobs that we are getting to 8
have a few assholes screw it up. . . . We are in terrible times - no work, 9
anti-union sentiment - and I am fighting all of these fights and will 10
continue. And do not be mistaken, I will fight the few members who are 11
trying to hurt this organization. I will use everything in the CBA, 12
Constitution and By-Laws to stop this vendetta. 13
. 14
Maraia made similar statements at a meeting in May 2009. 15
In May 2009, all three Plaintiffs filed further charges with the EEOC alleging age 16
discrimination and retaliation. Kazolias and Roxby were issued right-to-sue letters. 17
Swingle’s charges were rejected as untimely, but in July 2009, Swingle filed another 18
EEOC charge and, this time, was issued a right-to-sue letter. 19
Plaintiffs assert that throughout the relevant period they were improperly denied 20
job referrals by the union, and have identified numerous instances in which someone with 21
lower priority on the out-of-work list was referred for a job instead of Plaintiffs. The 22
union does not dispute that these referrals went to members who had signed the list after 23
Plaintiffs, but asserts that each referral was made pursuant to an established exception to 24
the chronological referral rule in accordance with union procedures. 25
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B. Procedural History 1
Proceeding pro se, Plaintiffs filed suit in August 2009 against the union and 2
Maraia (collectively, “Defendants”). Plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint on August 3
25, 2010. Plaintiffs later obtained counsel but did not further amend their complaint. 4
The Amended Complaint included a variety of charges. We concern ourselves in 5
this opinion with Plaintiffs’ allegations that Defendants (1) retaliated against Plaintiffs for 6
engaging in speech protected by the LMRDA; (2) retaliated against Plaintiffs in violation 7
of the ADEA for their filing of age-discrimination complaints with the EEOC; and (3) 8
breached the union’s duty of fair representation of its members. 9
Defendants moved for summary judgment in January 2012, after the close of 10
discovery. Along with their motion, Defendants submitted an affidavit of Rosario 11
Olivieri, the union’s referral agent. Olivieri’s affidavit describes the union’s job-referral 12
procedures and avers that each referral challenged by Plaintiffs was made in accordance 13
with established union procedures. For example, Olivieri explains that some referrals 14
were properly made out of order because the employer requested workers with a 15
particular certification or specialty that Plaintiffs did not have. 16
Magistrate Judge Lisa Margaret Smith issued a Report and Recommendation 17
(R&R) recommending that the district court grant judgment for Defendants on most 18
claims. Over Plaintiffs’ objections, the district court adopted most of the R&R but granted 19
summary judgment for Defendants on additional claims as well. Plaintiffs then 20
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voluntarily dismissed the surviving claims. The district court entered a final judgment for 1
Defendants, and Plaintiffs appealed. 2
DISCUSSION 3
A grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo, construing the facts in the light 4
most favorable to the non-moving party and drawing all reasonable inferences in that 5
party’s favor. Delaney v. Bank of Am. Corp., 766 F.3d 163, 167 (2d Cir. 2014). In this 6
appeal, Plaintiffs raise approximately twenty challenges to the district court’s judgment. 7
One, we believe, meritoriously points to an error in the district court’s reasoning, which 8
requires that we vacate a part of the judgment. Another raises a substantial issue as to the 9
scope of the free-speech protections provided by the LMRDA. The great majority of the 10
Plaintiffs’ numerous contentions, however, lack any substantial merit. In our discussion 11
below, we focus on the more reasonable contentions and give little or no attention to 12
manifestly insubstantial arguments. 13
A. ADEA Claims 14
Plaintiffs contend that the district court erred in dismissing claims based on alleged 15
retaliatory animus accruing prior to Maraia’s overtly retaliatory remarks at a February 16
2009 union meeting. We agree. 17
Plaintiffs allege that after they filed their ADEA-based age-discrimination 18
complaints with the EEOC, Defendants took various retaliatory actions, including 19
denying them job referrals. The magistrate judge acknowledged that Maraia’s comments 20
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supported an inference that the union harbored retaliatory animus against Plaintiffs for 1
their EEOC age discrimination complaints after Maraia made his comments on February 2
24, 2009, but concluded that Maraia’s remarks “provide insufficient evidence of the 3
union’s intent” prior to the time Maraia made the remarks. The district court adopted this 4
reasoning. 5
This was error. Maraia’s remarks constituted evidence that, at the time he spoke, 6
he (and consequently the union) harbored retaliatory animus against Plaintiffs for their 7
complaints. A jury could reasonably infer that Maraia’s resentment against Kazolias and 8
Roxby was not born at the instant he expressed it, but had been brewing ever since they 9
brought their age discrimination charges in September 2008.1
10
The magistrate judge found inadequate several of the union’s explanations for 11
passing over Plaintiffs for job referrals between September 15, 2008 and February 24, 12
2009. To the extent that the magistrate judge’s only stated reason for her recommendation 13
of summary judgment was that the denials of referral occurred prior to Maraia’s 14
comments, we vacate the judgment and remand for further consideration.2
15
1 On appeal, Swingle challenges only referrals made in 2008, prior to his EEOC
complaint, which he made in 2009, and in 2011, which were not identified in the Amended
Complaint, but were first raised in Plaintiffs’ opposition to Defendants’ motion for summary
judgment. Our ruling does not touch the district court’s dismissal of these claims. The first
category could not have been in retaliation for Swingle’s complaints as he had made no
complaint. The 2011 referrals are not properly a part of this case, as they were not pleaded.
2 This ruling does not affect referrals prior to the February 2009 union meeting for which
the magistrate judge gave additional reasons justifying the grant of summary judgment. As to
these, Plaintiffs have failed to show a basis for rejecting the magistrate judge’s additional
reasons.
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Kazolias v. IBEW
Kazolias also contests the district court’s grant of summary judgment on some of 1
his ADEA claims that do not involve job referrals. See Appellants’ Br. 61-62. The 2
magistrate judge gave reasoned analyses why these claims should be dismissed. 3
Kazolias’s objections in the district court consisted of only recitations of facts without 4
explanation why those facts undermined the magistrate judge’s conclusions. The district 5
court adopted the magistrate’s recommendation in the absence of any real argumentation 6
to the contrary. Plaintiffs repeat their error here, insisting that their claims are “jury 7
issues” without explanation of how their arguments would undermine the judgment. Id. at 8
62. We affirm the judgment on these claims. 9
B. LMRDA Claims 10
Plaintiffs allege that Defendants violated Title I of the LMRDA by denying them 11
equal access to job referrals in retaliation for their exercise of free-speech rights 12
guaranteed by that statute. Title I of the LMRDA, titled “Bill of Rights of Members of 13
Labor Organizations,” guarantees union members certain rights, including rights to 14
freedom of speech and assembly in the context of union membership. Title I states, in 15
relevant part: 16
(1) Equal rights 17
Every member of a labor organization shall have equal rights and privileges 18
within such organization to nominate candidates, to vote in elections or 19
referendums of the labor organization, to attend membership meetings, and to 20
participate in the deliberations and voting upon the business of such meetings, 21
subject to reasonable rules and regulations in such organization's constitution 22
and bylaws. 23
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Kazolias v. IBEW
(2) Freedom of speech and assembly 1
Every member of any labor organization shall have the right to meet and 2
assemble freely with other members; and to express any views, arguments, or 3
opinions; and to express at meetings of the labor organization his views, upon 4
candidates in an election of the labor organization or upon any business 5
properly before the meeting, subject to the organization’s established and 6
reasonable rules pertaining to the conduct of meetings: Provided, That nothing 7
herein shall be construed to impair the right of a labor organization to adopt 8
and enforce reasonable rules as to the responsibility of every member toward 9
the organization as an institution and to his refraining from conduct that would 10
interfere with its performance of its legal or contractual obligations. 11
29 U.S.C. § 411(a)(1)-(2) (first emphasis added). The LMRDA creates a private right 12
of action for “[a]ny person whose rights secured by [Title I] have been infringed by 13
any violation of [Title I].” Id. § 412. 14
Plaintiffs allege that Defendants violated these provisions by denying them job 15
referrals in retaliation for filing grievances with the union and complaints with the 16
NLRB, EEOC, and the federal court. Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have failed to 17
state a viable claim under the LMRDA because Plaintiffs’ complaints do not fall 18
within the ambit of speech protected by the LMRDA. We agree. 19
The LMRDA was enacted “to encourage democratic self-governance in 20
unions” as well as “to correct widespread abuses of power and instances of corruption 21
by union officials.” See Franza v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Local 671, 869 F.2d 41, 44 22
(2d Cir. 1989). In interpreting Title I’s protections, the Supreme Court has 23
emphasized Title I’s concern with safeguarding union democracy. See, e.g., Sheet 24
Metal Workers’ Int’l Ass’n v. Lynn, 488 U.S. 347, 354 (1989) (“LMRDA’s basic 25
9

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objective [is] ‘to ensure that unions are democratically governed, and responsive to 1
the will of the union membership as expressed in open, periodic elections.’” (internal 2
alterations omitted) (quoting Finnegan v. Leu, 456 U.S. 431, 456 (1982))); United 3
Steelworkers of Am., AFL-CIO-CLC v. Sadlowski, 457 U.S. 102, 112 (1982) 4
(“Congress adopted the freedom of speech and assembly provision in order to 5
promote union democracy. It recognized that democracy would be assured only if 6
union members are free to discuss union policies and criticize the leadership without 7
fear of reprisal.” (internal citations omitted)). 8
Plaintiffs point to the broad language of Title I, which states that union 9
members have the right “to express any views, arguments, or opinions.” 29 U.S.C. 10
§ 411(a)(2) (emphasis added). But the surrounding clauses of the provision plainly 11
reflect a focus on union governance. See id. (establishing members’ rights “to meet 12
and assemble freely with other members,” and “to express at meetings of the labor 13
organization [one’s] views, upon candidates in an election of the labor organization or 14
upon any business properly before the meeting”). Accordingly, this court has 15
interpreted Title I to protect speech that concerns union governance and union affairs. 16
See Maddalone v. Local 17, United Bhd. of Carpenters & Joiners of Am., 152 F.3d 17
178, 183 (2d Cir. 1998) (explaining that “Title I . . . guarantees to union members the 18
right to . . . express any views, arguments, or opinions concerning candidates and 19
union policies,” and “protects union members from direct interference with union 20
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membership rights in retaliation for their expression of opinions concerning union 1
activities” (internal quotation marks omitted)). 2
Relying on the text and purpose of the LMRDA, and drawing an analogy to 3
First Amendment retaliation claims by government employees, the Fourth Circuit has 4
recently described the test of Title I’s coverage terms as “whether the speech touches 5
in some way the Act’s overarching concern for union democracy, or whether it is of 6
purely tangential import to union governance.” Trail v. Local 2850 UAW United Def. 7
Workers of Am., 710 F.3d 541, 547 (4th Cir. 2013). The plaintiff in that case alleged 8
that her union violated the free speech provisions of the LMRDA by, inter alia, failing 9
to support her in her employment dispute in retaliation for her having reported an 10
incident in which she observed union officers viewing pornography on union 11
computers in the union office on union time. Id. at 544, 547. The Fourth Circuit ruled 12
against her, concluding that her speech was beyond the coverage of the Act. Id. at 13
547. Noting that the plaintiff did not address her complaints to the general 14
membership or “raise[] issues with respect to union policies,” the court reasoned in 15
part that such an instance of minor misconduct by union officers was not of sufficient 16
concern to the union membership that her reporting it constituted speech protected by 17
the LMRDA. Id. at 547-48. 18
Similarly, in Hylla v. Transportation Communications International Union, the 19
Eighth Circuit expressed the view that “[Title I’s] protection is limited to speech that 20
relates to the general interests of the union membership at large.” 536 F.3d 911, 917 21
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(8th Cir. 2008). The plaintiff in Hylla claimed he had been dismissed from his 1
position as an officer in the union primarily in retaliation for his having expressed 2
resentment of conduct towards him by a superior in the union hierarchy. Id. at 916. 3
The court ruled against him. Contrasting the personal nature of his grievance with the 4
circumstance in Lynn, in which a union officer was removed from his post by reason 5
of his outspoken opposition to a proposed increase in union dues, the Eighth Circuit 6
ruled that Hylla’s speech was not of sufficient concern to the union membership as a 7
whole to come within the protection of the LMRDA. Id. at 920. 8
We agree with the Fourth and Eighth Circuits that Title I’s protections are 9
limited to speech of significant concern to the union membership as a whole. We 10
believe that whether the speech comes within the protections of Title I turns in part on 11
the subject matter of the speech and in part on the nature of the speech and what it 12
seeks. The more the speech relates to matters of significant interest to the 13
membership as a whole, and the more it seeks to influence union policies or actions 14
with respect to such issues, the more such speech is likely to come within the scope of 15
Title I. In contrast, the more the speech is limited to asserting a personal grievance of 16
the plaintiff and the more it seeks merely personal relief for the plaintiff, as opposed 17
to advocacy for changes that would affect the membership as a whole, the less likely 18
that the particular speech comes within the scope of protection of Title I. 19
We have no doubt that the administration of a union’s hiring hall is a subject of 20
vital interest to the full membership, and that in certain circumstances complaints 21
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about the improper administration of the hiring hall can constitute speech that is 1
protected from retaliation by Title I. On the other hand, we do not think that every 2
personal grievance premised on an allegation of an inappropriate job referral 3
necessarily qualifies as protected speech under Title I. In this case, in making their 4
complaints to the NLRB and the EEOC, Plaintiffs sought only redress for their 5
personal grievances and made no attempt to publicize their grievances among the 6
membership in an effort to change union practices. They sought only individualized 7
personal relief. There is no indication in the record that an offer of personal 8
compensation would not have been sufficient to satisfy Plaintiffs entirely, without any 9
effect on union practices. The LMRDA was designed to protect the integrity of union 10
governance, not to turn “nearly every criticism by a union member regarding an 11
official’s conduct . . . into a federal case.” Trail, 710 F.3d at 548. 3
12
For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment with respect to 13
Plaintiffs’ claims of retaliation in violation of the LMRDA. 14
C. Duty of Fair Representation Claims 15
Plaintiffs contend that the district court erred in granting summary judgment 16
against them on claims that the union violated its duty of fair representation (DFR) in 17
denying them job referrals. They argue that the district court should have applied the 18
rule of the D.C. and Ninth Circuit Courts of Appeals, which holds that unions 19
3 In any event, if Plaintiffs can show that the union’s actions toward them violated the
ADEA because the actions constituted retaliation for their age discrimination claims, they are
entitled to relief on that ground.
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operating an exclusive hiring hall are under a heightened duty of fair representation. 1
See Lucas v. NLRB, 333 F.3d 927 (9th Cir. 2003); Plumbers & Pipe Fitters Local 2
Union No. 32 v. NLRB, 50 F.3d 29 (D.C. Cir. 1995). 3
The district court rejected many of Plaintiffs’ claims that denials of job 4
referrals constituted breaches of the union’s DFR, based on the conclusion that those 5
denials were consistent with the union’s ordinary operating rules. Plaintiffs contend 6
that, if the district court had applied the heightened duty standard espoused by the 7
D.C. and Ninth Circuits for hiring hall referrals, it would have ruled in Plaintiffs’ 8
favor. They have, however, neither identified which referrals, nor offered 9
explanations why use of that standard would have affected the district court’s 10
conclusion that, in each particular instance, the union acted in accordance with its 11
rules. We therefore have no need to decide whether courts in this Circuit should 12
employ the “heightened duty” standard. Plaintiffs have not shown that use of that 13
standard would have made a difference. 14
Plaintiffs also challenge the district court’s rejection of many job-referral based 15
DFR claims as untimely under the applicable statute of limitations. They argue that all 16
of their DFR job referral claims should be found timely under a “continuing violation” 17
theory, because the “DFR violations have been repeated continuously for nearly four 18
years.” Appellants’ Br. at 36. We disagree. The magistrate judge correctly concluded 19
that, even assuming that a continuing violation theory can apply in the DFR context, 20
each improper job referral is properly characterized as a “discrete act” under the 21
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Supreme Court’s decision in National Railroad Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 1
101, 113-14 (2002). Denials of job referrals do not present the problems of a hostile 2
work environment claim, as to which, even though individual acts of hostility do not 3
give grounds for relief, the cumulative effect of a series of acts creates an actionable 4
harm. Because each job referral wrongfully denied in violation of the DFR is 5
individually actionable, there is no basis for extending the statute of limitations to 6
cover denials of referral for which the time for suit has expired. 4
7
D. Procedural Contentions 8
1) Plaintiffs argue that the district court erred in denying their request, pursuant 9
to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d), to reopen discovery to allow them to depose 10
Rosario Olivieri, the union’s referral agent. Their contention has no merit. Although 11
explicitly invited by the magistrate judge to do so, Plaintiffs failed to make an 12
application supported “by affidavit or declaration” that they could not “present facts 13
essential to justify their opposition” as required by Rule 56(d). 14
In support of summary judgment, Defendants submitted an affidavit of Olivieri 15
in which Olivieri described the union’s referral procedures and discussed Plaintiffs’ 16
challenged job referrals. In Plaintiffs’ statement of disputed and undisputed facts 17
submitted in opposition to Defendants’ motion, they said they could neither confirm 18
4 This is not to say that a denial of referral no longer within the statute of limitations
cannot serve as “background evidence” of the sort described in Federal Rule of Evidence
404(b)(2) supporting a timely hostile work environment claim or a timely claim relating to a
later denial. Morgan, 536 U.S. at 113. We express no views on this question beyond noting that
Plaintiffs have not argued it.
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nor deny Defendants’ assertions made on the basis of Olivieri’s affidavit, and 1
requested a continuance in order to depose Olivieri. The magistrate judge denied 2
Plaintiffs’ request on the ground, inter alia, that they had not supported their request 3
as Rule 56(d) requires. The magistrate judge, however, specified that the denial was 4
without prejudice to renewal in proper form, and gave Plaintiffs more than two 5
months to do so. Plaintiffs took no further action before the magistrate judge to secure 6
this relief. Instead, after the magistrate judge submitted her Report and 7
Recommendation to the district court recommending a partial grant of summary 8
judgment for Defendants, Plaintiffs objected to it based on the magistrate judge’s 9
denial of their request. 10
Rule 56(d) expressly requires the nonmoving party who seeks further discovery 11
in these circumstances to make a “show[ing] by affidavit or declaration” of the 12
reasons for needing the relief. “[T]he failure to file an affidavit under Rule [56(d)] is 13
itself sufficient grounds to reject a claim that the opportunity for discovery was 14
inadequate.” Paddington Partners v. Bouchard, 34 F.3d 1132, 1137 (2d Cir. 1994). 15
Here, the magistrate judge gave Plaintiffs fully adequate opportunity to meet the 16
requirements of the Rule by submitting their request in proper form. The district court 17
did not abuse its discretion in rejecting Plaintiffs’ objection to the magistrate’s 18
recommendation and refusing to reopen discovery. 19
2) Plaintiffs also contend that the district court erred in allowing Defendants to 20
submit additional evidence in support of their objections to portions of the R&R that 21
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recommended denial of summary judgment as to certain claims. With their objections 1
to the R&R, Defendants submitted an additional affidavit of Olivieri that further 2
discussed the job referrals. Plaintiffs contend that the district court erred by 3
considering new evidence not submitted to the magistrate judge. 4
While Plaintiffs cite instances in which district courts have declined to receive 5
new evidence in similar circumstances, they cite no authority for the proposition that 6
a district court may not receive new evidence. To the contrary, the governing statute, 7
28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), expressly provides that the district court in these circumstances 8
“may also receive further evidence.” See also Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3) (“The district 9
judge may . . . receive further evidence . . . .”); Hynes v. Squillace, 143 F.3d 653, 656 10
(2d Cir. 1998) (“The district court ha[s] discretion to consider evidence that ha[s] not 11
been submitted to the Magistrate Judge.”). There is no merit to Plaintiffs’ contention. 12
*** 13
We have considered the Plaintiffs’ other arguments and find them meritless. 14
CONCLUSION 15
The judgment is VACATED and the matter REMANDED with respect to the 16
ADEA claims to which the magistrate judge’s recommendation of dismissal was 17
based solely on the fact that the referral occurred prior to the February 2009 union 18
meeting. In all other respects the judgment is AFFIRMED. 19
20
17

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