Sweet Harvest Foods, Export Packers Company Ltd., Honey Holding I, Llp, Dba Honey… v. United States, American Honey Producers Association, Sioux Honey Association

United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
SWEET HARVEST FOODS, EXPORT PACKERS
COMPANY LTD., HONEY HOLDING I, LLP, DBA
HONEY SOLUTIONS, SUNLAND TRADING, INC.,
NATIONAL HONEY PACKERS & DEALERS
ASSOCIATION,
Plaintiffs-Appellants
v.
UNITED STATES, AMERICAN HONEY
PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION, SIOUX HONEY
ASSOCIATION,
Defendants-Appellees
______________________
2024-1370, 2024-1371
______________________
Appeals from the United States Court of International
Trade in Nos. 1:22-cv-00188-LMG, 1:22-cv-00189-LMG,
1:22-cv-00191-LMG, 1:22-cv-00192-LMG, 1:22-cv-00194-
LMG, Senior Judge Leo M. Gordon.
______________________
Decided: October 15, 2025
______________________
RON K ENDLER , White & Case LLP, Washington, DC,
argued for all plaintiffs-appellants. Plaintiff-appellant Na-
tional Honey Packers & Dealers Association also repre-
sented by J AY CHARLES CAMPBELL , G REGORY J. SPAK.
Plaintiffs-appellants Sweet Harvest Foods, Export Packers
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SWEET HARVEST FOODS v. US 2
Company Ltd., Honey Holding I, LLP, Sunland Trading,
Inc. also represented by G REGORY HUSISIAN , Foley & Lard-
ner LLP, Washington, DC.
MICHAEL HALDENSTEIN, Office of the General Counsel,
United States International Trade Commission, Washing-
ton, DC, argued for defendant-appellee United States. Also
represented by ANDREA C. CASSON.
MELISSA M. BREWER , Kelley Drye & Warren, LLP,
Washington, DC, argued for defendants-appellees Ameri-
can Honey Producers Association, Sioux Honey Associa-
tion. Also represented by K ATHLEEN CANNON, ROBERT
ALAN L UBERDA .
______________________
Before L OURIE, T ARANTO, and CUNNINGHAM , Circuit
Judges.
T ARANTO, Circuit Judge.
In April 2021, the American Honey Producers Associa-
tion and Sioux Honey Association (collectively, Petitioners)
petitioned the U.S. Department of Commerce and the In-
ternational Trade Commission under 19 U.S.C. §§ 1673–
1673h to impose antidumping duties on raw honey im-
ported from five countries, including the Socialist Republic
of Vietnam. In the investigation initiated in response, the
Commission and then Commerce made affirmative prelim-
inary determinations supporting imposition of such duties,
and the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (Customs)
suspended liquidation of entries of the covered merchan-
dise from Vietnam (and required associated cash deposits
or other security), while the investigation moved forward
to the final determinations, which were also affirmative.
In the ordinary case, the suspension date is when Com-
merce published its affirmative preliminary determina-
tion, and the ultimate antidumping duties apply
retroactively to entries made on or after that suspension
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SWEET HARVEST FOODS v. US 3
date. 19 U.S.C. § 1673e(b). But the statute provides for an
even earlier suspension and/or applicability date (up to 90
days earlier) if there are specified “critical circum-
stances”—as relevant here, a post-petition surge of imports
before the otherwise-governing suspension/applicability
date, which could lower demand from domestic suppliers
supposed to be protected by antidumping duties. See 19
U.S.C. §§ 1673b(e), 1673d(a)(3), (b)(4)(A), (c)(4). Commerce
and the Commission found such circumstances here and
backdated the suspension and ultimate imposition of du-
ties to entries made starting 90 days before Commerce pub-
lished its preliminary determination. See Raw Honey from
Argentina, Brazil, India, and the Socialist Republic of Vi-
etnam: Antidumping Duty Orders, 87 Fed. Reg. 35,501,
35,501–04 (Int’l Trade Comm’n June 10, 2022) (June 2022
Antidumping Duty Order). That backdating based on “crit-
ical circumstances” is at issue here.
Sweet Harvest Foods, Export Packers Co., Honey Hold-
ing I, LLP, Sunland Trading, Inc., who import raw honey
from Vietnam, and the National Honey Packers & Dealers
Association—collectively, “Sweet Harvest”—filed an action
in the Court of International Trade (Trade Court) to chal-
lenge the Commission’s final affirmative critical-circum-
stances determination under 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(b)(4)(A).
The Trade Court sustained the Commission’s determina-
tion. Sweet Harvest Foods v. United States, 669 F. Supp.
3d 1346 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2023). We now affirm.
I
A
Under the general legal framework relevant here,
when an interested party submits a petition on behalf of an
industry alleging that “foreign merchandise is being, or is
likely to be, sold in the United States at less than its fair
value” and that a domestic industry is, or is threatened to
be, materially injured, 19 U.S.C. § 1673, Commerce must
evaluate within 20 days whether to initiate an
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SWEET HARVEST FOODS v. US 4
investigation, id. § 1673a(b), (c)(1)(A). During an investi-
gation, Commerce (the “administering authority”) is to de-
cide the issue of sale for less than fair value (dumping),
while the Commission is to decide the issue of material in-
jury. Id. §§ 1673b, 1673d. Each agency is assigned a role
at each of two stages: preliminary and final. At the prelim-
inary-determination stage, the Commission’s determina-
tion precedes any Commerce determination. Id. § 1673b.
At the final-determination stage, the sequence is reversed.
Id. § 1673d. If affirmative final determinations of dumping
and material injury are made, Commerce is to impose
dumping duties on the subject merchandise to offset the
underpricing. Id. §§ 1673, 1673e(a).
Each step of the process leading to an ultimate imposi-
tion of duties takes time. Many months may be required
for the Commission and Commerce to make their prelimi-
nary determinations. See id. § 1673b(a)–(c). Many addi-
tional months may be required for Commerce and the
Commission thereafter to make their final determinations.
See id. § 1673d(a)(1)–(2), (b)(2)–(3). During that process,
imports of the at-issue merchandise typically continue.
Congress has long provided for application of ulti-
mately imposed duties to many such imports that were
made during the investigation. In the ordinary situation,
if the agencies make affirmative preliminary determina-
tions, Commerce (which goes second at this stage) is to di-
rect Customs to suspend (i.e., postpone) the liquidation of
(i.e., the final determination of duties owed for) entries
made on or after the date of Commerce’s published affirm-
ative preliminary determination. See id. § 1673b(d)(2)(A);
see also 19 C.F.R. §§ 159.1, 159.51, 351.102(b)(50) (explain-
ing liquidation and suspension of liquidation). Commerce
also is to direct Customs to obtain a cash deposit, bond, or
other security for each entry, based on Commerce’s prelim-
inary estimates of the amount by which exporters have
been selling subject merchandise below fair value. 19
U.S.C. § 1673b(d)(1)(B). The suspension and security
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SWEET HARVEST FOODS v. US 5
reflect, and enable concrete enforcement of, the fundamen-
tal statutory rule that, if final determinations are affirma-
tive, the effective date of the ultimate duty requirement is
the suspension date: All entries on or after that date are
subject to the imposed duty. Id. § 1673e(b).
This case involves statutory provisions for an earlier
suspension and/or applicability date to address the poten-
tial for importers’ harming of domestic suppliers through a
surge of imports during the period of the investigation be-
fore Commerce published its preliminary determination—
imports that would not be subject to suspension, security,
or the ultimate duty under the ordinary rules just summa-
rized. These provisions address “critical circumstances”
justifying an earlier suspension and/or applicability date.
The provisions originated in the Trade Agreements Act of
1979, Pub. L. No. 96-39, § 101, 93 Stat. 144, 165, 170–71
(1979)—the version discussed in ICC Industries, Inc.
v. United States, 812 F.2d 694, 699–700 (Fed. Cir. 1987)—
and were modified in the Trade and Tariff Act of 1984, Pub.
L. No. 98-573, § 605(b), 98 Stat. 2948, 3028–29 (1984), the
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, Pub. L.
No. 100-418, §§ 1323–24, 102 Stat. 1107, 1199–1201
(1988), and again in the Uruguay Round Agreements Act
(URAA), Pub. L. No. 103-465, §§ 214–15, 219, 108 Stat.
4809, 4850–53, 4857 (1994). See also Miscellaneous Trade
and Technical Corrections Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-295,
§ 20(b), 110 Stat. 3514, 3527 (1996). The current provi-
sions cited by the parties are codified at 19 U.S.C.
§ 1673b(e), which applies before final determinations, and
at 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(a)(3), (b)(4)(A), (c)(4), which apply to
final determinations.1
1 The parties do not discuss 19 U.S.C. § 1673a(e), en-
acted in 1988, see Pub. L. No. 100-418, § 1324(b)(1), 102
Stat. at 1199–1200, which authorizes Commerce, if it has
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SWEET HARVEST FOODS v. US 6
Under section 1673b(e), before a final determination,
Commerce, if presented with a timely request by a peti-
tioner, must make a determination whether “there is a rea-
sonable basis to believe or suspect” both (A) that either
“there is a history of dumping and material injury by rea-
son of dumped imports in the United States or elsewhere
of the subject merchandise” or certain actual or construc-
tive knowledge of dumping and injury, id. § 1673b(e)(1)(A),
and (B) that “there have been massive imports of the sub-
ject merchandise over a relatively short period,” id.
§ 1673b(e)(1)(B).2 If Commerce makes an affirmative de-
termination on that issue, it is to backdate any suspension
already ordered by 90 days (but no earlier than the date of
the Federal Register notice of initiation of the investiga-
tion). Id. § 1673b(e)(2).
Section 1673d addresses “critical circumstances” at the
stage of final determinations by Commerce and the Com-
mission. If Commerce makes an affirmative final determi-
nation of dumping, it must make findings about whether
both conditions identified in section 1673b(e)(1)(A)–(B) are
present (not just whether there is a reasonable basis to be-
lieve or suspect their presence). Id. § 1673d(a)(3). As rele-
vant here, it must determine if “there have been massive
imports of the subject merchandise over a relatively short
a reasonable basis to suspect certain facts that are part of
the later-identified “critical circumstances” inquiry, to ob-
tain information from Customs.
2 Commerce has promulgated regulations indicating
that the statutory “relatively short period” is “normally . . .
the period beginning on the date the proceeding begins and
ending at least three months later,” 19 C.F.R § 351.206(i),
and also listing factors that Commerce “normally” consid-
ers in determining the existence of “massive imports,” id.
§ 351.206(h). See also id. § 351.102(b)(40) (“proceeding” be-
gins with petition as relevant here).
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SWEET HARVEST FOODS v. US 7
period.” Id. § 1673d(a)(3)(B). If Commerce finds such pres-
ence under subsection (a)(3), then the Commission, in turn,
must make a finding as to
whether the imports subject to [Commerce’s] af-
firmative determination under subsection (a)(3)
are likely to undermine seriously the remedial ef-
fect of the antidumping duty order to be issued un-
der section 1673e of this title.
Id. § 1673d(b)(4)(A)(i). In making that finding, the Com-
mission
shall consider, among other factors it considers rel-
evant—
(I) the timing and the volume of the imports,
(II) a rapid increase in inventories of the imports,
and
(III) any other circumstances indicating that the
remedial effect of the antidumping order will be se-
riously undermined.
Id. § 1673d(b)(4)(A)(ii) (emphasis added as relevant for the
challenged interpretation).
B
1
On April 21, 2021, petitioners filed a petition under 19
U.S.C. § 1673a(b) seeking initiation of an antidumping-
duty investigation of imports of raw honey from Vietnam
and other countries, as reflected in the Commission’s pub-
lication of April 27, 2021. See Raw Honey from Argentina,
Brazil, India, Ukraine, and Vietnam; Institution of Anti-
dumping Duty Investigations and Scheduling of Prelimi-
nary Phase Investigations, 86 Fed. Reg. 22,265, 22,265–66
(Int’l Trade Comm’n Apr. 27, 2021); J.A. 564. On May 11,
2021, Commerce initiated the requested investigation un-
der 19 U.S.C. § 1673a(c). Raw Honey from Argentina,
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SWEET HARVEST FOODS v. US 8
Brazil, India, Ukraine, and the Socialist Republic of Vi-
etnam: Initiation of Less-Than-Fair-Value Investigations,
86 Fed. Reg. 26,897, 26,897–26,902 (Dep’t of Commerce
May 18, 2021) (Commerce Initiating Investigation). “Raw
honey is honey as it exists in the beehive or as obtained by
extraction, settling and skimming, or coarse straining,”
from which most of the pollen has been removed. Id. at
26,902.
The Commission made an affirmative preliminary de-
termination of material injury under 19 U.S.C. § 1673b(a)
on June 7, 2021, publishing it in the Federal Register three
days later. Raw Honey from Argentina, Brazil, India,
Ukraine, and Vietnam, 86 Fed. Reg. 30,980, 30,980–81
(Dep’t of Commerce June 10, 2021). More than five months
later, on November 17, 2021, Commerce made—and on No-
vember 23 published—an affirmative preliminary determi-
nation of dumping of raw honey from Vietnam under 19
U.S.C. § 1673b(b)–(c), while also granting itself a 135-day
extension for its final determination under 19 U.S.C.
§ 1673d(a)(2). Raw Honey from the Socialist Republic of
Vietnam: Preliminary Affirmative Determination of Sales
at Less than Fair Value, Postponement of Final Determina-
tion, and Extension of Provisional Measures, 86 Fed. Reg.
66,526, 66,526-28 (Dep’t of Commerce Nov. 23, 2021) (Com-
merce Prelim. Dumping Determination). As a result of the
two affirmative preliminary determinations, Commerce di-
rected Customs under 19 U.S.C. § 1673b(d), effective No-
vember 23, 2021, to suspend liquidation of entries of the
covered merchandise from Vietnam and to require cash de-
posits based on Commerce’s estimates of the margin by
which the dumped merchandise was being undersold. Id.
at 66,526–27.
Shortly thereafter, on December 3, 2021, petitioners
amended their petition to allege, under 19 U.S.C.
§ 1673b(e), the existence of critical circumstances concern-
ing imports of raw honey from Vietnam. See Raw Honey
from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Preliminary
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Affirmative Determination of Critical Circumstances in the
Less-Than-Fair-Value Investigation, 87 Fed. Reg. 2,127,
2,127–28, 2,127 n.2 (Dep’t of Commerce Jan. 13, 2022)
(Commerce Prelim. Critical Circumstances Determination).
On December 30, 2021, Commerce made—and on January
13, 2022, published—an affirmative preliminary critical-
circumstances determination under 19 U.S.C.
§ 1673b(e)(1)(A)–(B), finding constructive knowledge of
dumping and material injury and massive imports over a
relatively short period shown by comparing imports be-
tween October 2020 and April 2021 with imports between
May 2021 and November 2021. Prelim. Commerce Critical
Circumstances Determination, 87 Fed. Reg. at 2,128–30.
Those periods correspond to the six months before the April
21, 2021 petition and the six months between the filing of
the petition and Commerce publishing its affirmative pre-
liminary dumping determination in late November 2021—
consistent with a Commerce practice of using six-month pe-
riods for analysis. See, e.g., Zhejiang Native Produce & An-
imal By-Products Import & Export Corp. v. United States,
432 F.3d 1363, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Commerce Prelim.
Critical Circumstances Determination, 87 Fed. Reg. at
2,129 & n.17 (explaining choice of comparison period and
collecting cases). Commerce thus directed Customs under
19 U.S.C. § 1673b(e)(2) to suspend liquidation of unliqui-
dated entries retroactively to 90 days before the November
23, 2021 publication of Commerce’s preliminary dumping
determination, thus covering any unliquidated entries (or
withdrawals from a warehouse) made on or after August
25, 2021, Commerce Prelim. Critical Circumstances Deter-
mination, 87 Fed. Reg. at 2,130, and to require a cash de-
posit on that merchandise, Raw Honey from the Socialist
Republic of Vietnam: Preliminary Affirmative Determina-
tion of Critical Circumstances in the Less-Than-Fair-Value
Investigation; Correction, 87 Fed. Reg. 7,800, 7,800 (Dep’t
of Commerce Feb. 10, 2022).
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SWEET HARVEST FOODS v. US 10
On April 7, 2022, Commerce made—and on April 14
published—its affirmative final determination of dumping
under 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(a)(1). Raw Honey from the Social-
ist Republic of Vietnam: Final Affirmative Determination of
Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Final Affirmative De-
termination of Critical Circumstances, 87 Fed. Reg. 22,184,
22,184–85 (Dep’t of Commerce Apr. 14, 2022) (Commerce
Final Determinations). In the same document, Commerce
made an affirmative final determination of critical circum-
stances under 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(a)(3), using the same pe-
riods for analysis as those it had used in its preliminary
determination. Id. at 22,185.
The Commission made its final determination of mate-
rial injury under 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(b)(1)–(2) on May 27,
2022, publishing it in the Federal Register on June 3, 2022.
Raw Honey from Argentina, Brazil, India, and Vietnam, 87
Fed. Reg. 33,831, 33,831 (Int’l Trade Comm’n June 3, 2022)
(Commission Final Determinations). In the same docu-
ment, the Commission made an affirmative final determi-
nation of critical circumstances under 19 U.S.C.
§ 1673d(b)(4)(A). Commission Final Determinations, 87
Fed. Reg. at 33,831 & n.3. The Commmission’s determina-
tions, together with Commerce’s final determination, re-
sulted in a June 2022 antidumping-duty order against raw
honey imports from Vietnam, applicable to merchandise
entered or withdrawn from a warehouse on or after August
25, 2021, under 19 U.S.C. § 1673e(a), (b)(1). June 2022 An-
tidumping Duty Order, 87 Fed. Reg. at 35,501–02.
2
In the Views of the Commission (articulated by the ma-
jority), the Commission reported the analysis underlying
its affirmative critical-circumstances determination. Raw
Honey from Argentina, Brazil, India, and Vietnam, Inv.
Nos. 731-TA-1560, 731-TA-1561, 731-TA-1562, 731-TA-
1564 (Final), USITC Pub. 5327, 2022 WL 2072551, at *25–
30 (May 1, 2022) (Views). The Commission selected its
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SWEET HARVEST FOODS v. US 11
period of investigation as the “post-petition period” of May
2021 through October 2021 following the April 21, 2021 pe-
tition and a “pre-petition period” of November 2020 to April
2021, consistent with the Commission’s typical practice of
using post-petition periods that are no more than six
months and setting Commerce’s date of suspension as close
as possible to the outer bound of that period. Id. at *27.
The Commission found that neither petitioners nor Sweet
Harvest had challenged that choice of periods. Id. at
*27 n.280.
The Commission addressed all three factors expressly
identified in 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(b)(4)(A)(ii). Views, at *25.
First, the Commission determined that the timing and vol-
ume of imports favored an affirmative determination,
based on analyses of monthly data during the period of in-
vestigation. Id. at *28–29. Second, the Commission found
a rapid increase in the “inventories of the imports,” 19
U.S.C. § 1673d(b)(4)(A)(ii)(II), favoring an affirmative de-
termination. Views, at *29. The Commission found, for ex-
ample, that aggregate inventories nearly tripled in volume
from April 30, 2021, to October 31, 2021. Id. It also found
that demand for raw honey is “relatively inelastic,” so it is
“likely that the increased imports and inventories of sub-
ject imports from Vietnam remained in inventory some-
where in the supply chain and were not immediately
consumed.” Id. at *29 n.305. For those reasons, the Com-
mission determined that inventories of the imports were
“large and increased substantially in the post-petition pe-
riod” even if “importers” themselves “ha[d] . . . sold off
much of their inventory,” while adding that the large in-
ventories were “likely to place downward pressure on
prices until [they were] consumed by end users,” Views, at
*30, and noting evidentiary problems with petitioners’ evi-
dence, J.A. 542 n.306; see Sweet Harvest, 669 F. Supp. 3d
at 1357–58 (quoting much of the footnote). Third, the Com-
mission determined that the circumstances found a serious
undermining of the remedial effect of the antidumping-
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SWEET HARVEST FOODS v. US 12
duty order, noting that monthly price data demonstrated
that imports from Vietnam continued to undersell domestic
raw honey during the second and third quarters of 2021.
Views, at *25, 29. The Commission summarized:
Given the volume and timing of imports, including
the sharp increase in the volume of post-petition
imports prior to the retroactive liability period un-
der the critical circumstances provision, the rapid
increase in and size of inventories, and the contin-
ued underselling of the domestic like product by
wide margins, we find that the remedial effect of
the antidumping duty order with respect to subject
imports from Vietnam will likely be seriously un-
dermined. We therefore make an affirmative criti-
cal circumstances finding with respect to subject
imports from Vietnam subject to Commerce’s af-
firmative determination of critical circumstances.
Id. at *30.
Commissioner Johanson dissented from the critical-
circumstances determination. Views, at *30 (Johanson, C.,
dissenting). He focused on the consumption of imports af-
ter November 2021 and the growth in the U.S. economy,
including the U.S. raw honey industry, since the petition
was filed in April 2021. Id. He also reasoned that the
“likely to undermine seriously” standard in 19 U.S.C.
§ 1673d(b)(4)(A) was not satisfied because, in his view, the
increase in imports following the petition had been “largely
if not entirely eliminated” by the time of the May 2022 an-
tidumping-duty order. Id.
Sweet Harvest sought review of the Commission’s crit-
ical-circumstances determination in the Trade Court.
Sweet Harvest, 669 F. Supp. 3d at 1348. The “fundamental
theme” of Sweet Harvest’s challenge was that “the [Com-
mission] focused on the incorrect period to evaluate
whether critical circumstances existed” because “the [Com-
mission] failed to consider or afford adequate weight to the
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SWEET HARVEST FOODS v. US 13
most recent data on the record[.]” Id. at 1350. The Trade
Court rejected Sweet Harvest’s challenge, concluding that
the Commission’s affirmative critical-circumstances deter-
mination was in accordance with law, id. at 1356, and sup-
ported by substantial evidence, id. at 1363.
Sweet Harvest timely appealed, challenging the Trade
Court’s upholding of the Commission’s critical-circum-
stances determination. We have jurisdiction pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(5).
II
We review decisions of the Trade Court by “apply[ing]
anew the same standard used” by the Trade Court. Ad Hoc
Shrimp Trade Action Committee v. United States, 802 F.3d
1339, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (alteration in original) (quoting
Mittal Steel Point Lisas Ltd. v. United States, 548 F.3d
1375, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2008)). We uphold the Commission’s
determination unless it is “unsupported by substantial ev-
idence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with
law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i); see also Union Steel
v. United States, 713 F.3d 1101, 1106 (Fed. Cir. 2013). We
resolve questions of statutory interpretation by determin-
ing the “best reading” of the statute. Loper Bright Enter-
prises v. Raimondo, 603 U.S. 369, 400 (2024). “Substantial
evidence means ‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable
mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.’”
China Manufacturers Alliance, LLC v. United States, 1
F.4th 1028, 1035 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (quoting Universal Cam-
era Corp. v. National Labor Relations Board, 340 U.S. 474,
477 (1951)).
A
Sweet Harvest’s principal argument, perhaps even its
entire challenge, rests on an assertion about statutory in-
terpretation. In particular, Sweet Harvest argues that the
Commission’s critical-circumstances analysis was tempo-
rally misfocused. According to Sweet Harvest, the
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SWEET HARVEST FOODS v. US 14
statutorily required standard requires an identified import
surge to have an adverse impact after issuance of the final
antidumping-duty order, and it is not enough to find an ad-
verse impact (of an import surge) starting on the date as of
which the ultimately imposed duties would apply without
a critical-circumstances determination, namely, the date of
suspension of liquidation (and cash deposit or other secu-
rity requirements) triggered by publication of Commerce’s
affirmative preliminary dumping determination. For this
case, Sweet Harvest’s argument is that the statute requires
a determination about undermining the June 2022 Anti-
dumping Duty Order effect after that order issued and that
a determination of undermining the duties as of the initial
November 23, 2021 suspension date is legally insufficient.
On this basis, Sweet Harvest faults the Commission for not
attending to evidence of facts, particularly of inventory lev-
els, from the time just before the June 2022 order. Sweet
Harvest Opening Br. at 20–33; see also id. at 36 (seemingly
making same assertion as the basis for its substantial-evi-
dence challenge). We reject Sweet Harvest’s statutory-in-
terpretation position.
The pertinent statutory provision, 19 U.S.C.
§ 1673d(b)(4)(A)(i), kicks in if Commerce has made an af-
firmative determination of critical circumstances under
subsection (a)(3) of section 1673d, as Commerce did here,
finding in particular that “there have been massive imports
of the subject merchandise over a relatively short period,”
id. § 1673d(a)(3)(B). If Commerce has made that determi-
nation, then the Commission is to determine whether “the
imports subject to the affirmative determination under
subsection (a)(3) are likely to undermine seriously the re-
medial effect of the antidumping duty order to be issued
under section 1673e.” Id. § 1673d(b)(4)(A)(i). Contrary to
Sweet Harvest’s position, that provision does not demand
a determination focused on the time after the antidumping-
duty order issues.
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The “imports subject to” the subsection (a)(3) determi-
nation are the “massive imports of the subject merchan-
dise” that have occurred “over a relatively short period.”
The Commission is to determine whether they are likely to
undermine seriously “the remedial effect of” the antidump-
ing-duty order. The identified remedial effect starts with
the date specified by statute for when entries are subject to
the eventually imposed duties—which Congress has de-
clared is the earlier suspension date when, as in this case,
there has been a suspension based on a published affirma-
tive preliminary dumping determination. 19 U.S.C.
§ 1673e(b). Here, that was initially November 23, 2021 (be-
fore the suspension date was itself backdated in January
2022).
Domestic suppliers are to be protected from dumped
imports as of that date. And a surge of imports before that
date plainly could undermine that protection by diminish-
ing demand for their goods, whether because imported
merchandise (not subject to the duty) has been stockpiled
for sale after that date or because such merchandise has
already been sold (and is in purchasers’ inventories) so as
to diminish demand for new merchandise after that date.
Sweet Harvest’s position, requiring that the analysis focus
on the publication date of the eventual antidumping-duty
order, is contrary to this straightforward reading of the key
statutory language. And nothing in the additional factor-
identification language of section 1673d(b)(4)(A)(ii) says or
suggests anything different about the relevant date for the
inquiry into increases of imports or inventories.
This reading is supported by the Statement of Admin-
istrative Action (SAA) for the URAA, which enacted the
current language of the pertinent critical-circumstances
provisions. The SAA is “an authoritative expression by the
United States concerning the interpretation and applica-
tion of the [URAA] in any judicial proceeding in which a
question arises concerning such interpretation or applica-
tion.” 19 U.S.C. § 3512(d). The SAA states that a
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SWEET HARVEST FOODS v. US 16
“relatively short period of time” in assessing critical cir-
cumstances is a period “prior to the suspension of liquida-
tion.” Statement of Administrative Action, H.R. Doc. No.
103–316, vol. 1 at 876 (1994).
Our reading is also supported by our 1987 decision in
ICC Industries, 812 F.2d 694, which addressed the original
1979 version of 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(a)(3) and (b)(4)(A). We
quoted the statement in the House Report that section
1673d(b)(4)(A) was designed to
deter exporters whose merchandise is subject to an
investigation from circumventing the intent of the
law by increasing their exports to the United States
during the period between initiation of an investi-
gation and a preliminary [dumping] determination
by [Commerce].
H.R. Rep. No. 96-317, at 63 (1979) (emphasis added); see
ICC Industries, 812 F.2d at 699–700. We added: “The im-
position of retroactive antidumping duties is to prevent the
injury from recurring or continuing and inhibits injury by
importers who attempt to circumvent the antidumping
laws by shipping in massive imports after an antidumping
petition is filed . . . but before suspension of liquidation can
occur.” ICC Industries, 812 F.2d at 700. The URAA refined
the language of section 1673d(b)(4)(A) that was at issue in
ICC Industries—which directed the Commission to make a
finding “whether the material injury is by reason of mas-
sive imports” as described “to an extent that, in order to
prevent such material injury from recurring, it is necessary
to impose the duty imposed by section 1673 of this title ret-
roactively on those imports.” Pub. L. No. 96-39, 93 Stat. at
171, quoted in ICC Industries, 812 F.2d at 696. But noth-
ing in the now-governing language alters the evident and
recognized purpose.
We therefore reject the proposed statutory interpreta-
tion on which Sweet Harvest rests the bulk, perhaps all, of
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SWEET HARVEST FOODS v. US 17
its challenge to the Trade Court’s affirmance of the Com-
mission.
B
Sweet Harvest argues that the Commission’s critical-
circumstances determination is not supported by substan-
tial evidence. Sweet Harvest Opening Br. at 34–44. It is
not clear whether Sweet Harvest intends the substantial-
evidence challenge itself to rest on the statutory-interpre-
tation position as to timing that we have rejected. See id.
at 36 (evidence needed to determine “what impact [im-
ports] are likely to have at the time the [antidumping-duty]
order is issued”). In any event, with the statutory-inter-
pretation position rejected, we see no lack of substantial
evidence for the Commission’s determination. Sweet Har-
vest challenges only the Commission’s determination that
the surge in imports (before Commerce published its pre-
liminary determination) was likely to place downward
pressure on prices regardless of where imports were in the
supply chain. Id. at 37–41; see Views, at *30. That finding
was a reasonable one on the record evidence. See Consolo
v. Federal Maritime Commission, 383 U.S. 607, 620 (1966)
(“[T]he possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions
from the evidence does not prevent an administrative
agency’s finding from being supported by substantial evi-
dence.”) (citations omitted).
Since its post-hearing brief before the Commission,
Sweet Harvest has rested its position on this issue on the
assertion that “importers . . . sold off much of their inven-
tory” obtained during the post-petition period after suspen-
sion. Sweet Harvest Opening Br. at 37; Views, at *30. But,
as the Trade Court recognized, the Commission found sig-
nificant deficiencies even in Sweet Harvest’s evidence on
this point. Views, at *30 n.306; J.A. 542 n.306; see Sweet
Harvest, 669 F. Supp. 3d at 1357–58 (quoting much of
n.306). The Commission also made clear that Sweet Har-
vest’s focus just on the inventory of “importers” was too
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SWEET HARVEST FOODS v. US 18
narrow, as inventories by purchasers mattered too, and the
overall “large” inventories would diminish demand for new
purchases, especially given the Commission’s finding that
demand for raw honey was “relatively inelastic.” Views, at
*29 & n.305.
In light of what the Commission said and cited, we do
not find this to be a case in which there is a failure to dis-
cuss evidence of such critical importance to the fact in dis-
pute that we cannot discern the agency’s reasoning or
cannot find the agency’s findings of fact to be reasonable
without more explanation. That is so even as to the sole
statutory factor on which Sweet Harvest presents an argu-
ment—a “rapid increase in inventories of the imports.” 19
U.S.C. § 1673d(b)(4)(A)(ii). And it is even more so given
that this is only one factor in the overall analysis in support
of the finding of likely serious undermining of the remedial
effect of the antidumping-duty order at issue.
We conclude that the Commission had and identified
reasonable bases in the record for the findings challenged
by Sweet Harvest. Substantial evidence thus supports the
Commission’s critical-circumstances determination.
III
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Court of Inter-
national Trade’s decision.
AFFIRMED
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