Amatea/grimberg Jv v. Secretary of the Navy

N OTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
AMATEA/GRIMBERG JV,
Appellant
v.
SECRETARY OF THE NAVY,
Appellee
______________________
2024-1006
______________________
Appeal from the Armed Services Board of Contract Ap-
peals in Nos. 60426, 60427, 60428, 60689, 60690, 60691,
61252, 61402, 61715, Administrative Judge J. Reid Prouty,
Administrative Judge Elizabeth Witwer, Administrative
Judge Richard Shackleford.
______________________
Decided: June 25, 2025
______________________
ARNIE MASON, Williams Mullen, PC, Tysons, VA, ar-
gued for appellant. Also represented by ZAHRA RIZVI SYED.
BRYAN MICHAEL BYRD, Commercial Litigation Branch,
Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Wash-
ington, DC, argued for appellee. Also represented by BRIAN
M. BOYNTON, STEVEN J OHN G ILLINGHAM , P ATRICIA M.
MCCARTHY .
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AMATEA/ GRIMBERG JV v. SECRETARY OF THE NAVY 2
______________________
Before M OORE, Chief Judge, P ROST and HUGHES , Circuit
Judges.
HUGHES , Circuit Judge.
Amatea/Grimberg Joint Venture appeals the decision
of the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals that de-
nied AGJV’s constructive acceleration claim and work
hours claim. Because we conclude that the Board applied
the correct legal standards and substantial evidence sup-
ports the Board’s conclusions, we affirm.
I
In July 2009, the Navy issued a request for proposals
seeking a contractor to design and build the Energetics
System and Technology Laboratory Complex for the Naval
Surface Warfare Center in Indian Head, Maryland.
J.A. 1–2. In September, the Navy awarded the contract to
AGJV with a contract completion date of March 31, 2011.
J.A. 3. In May 2010, the parties agreed to bilateral contract
modifications that provided for enhancements to increase
the building’s energy efficiency. J.A. 3. Because of this mod-
ification and other delays, the contract completion date was
changed from March 31, 2011, to March 29, 2012. J.A. 3–4,
39. But AGJV did not complete the project within this ex-
tended time frame. The Navy eventually found that the
project was ready for beneficial occupancy six months later,
on September 29, 2012. J.A. 62.
The contract contained the standard liquidated dam-
ages clause found in the Federal Acquisition Regulation
(FAR) at section 52.211-12 entitled “Liquidated Damages –
Construction (SEP 2000),” which, modified to include a spe-
cific dollar amount, provides in part that: “[i]f the Contrac-
tor fails to complete the work within the time specified by
the contract, the Contractor shall pay liquidated damages
to the government in the amount of $5,250 for each calen-
dar day of delay until the work is completed or accepted.”
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AMATEA/ GRIMBERG JV v. SECRETARY OF THE NAVY 3
J.A. 3. The Navy originally assessed liquidated damages
from March 29, 2012, until September 29, 2012, but later
released a portion of the damages. J.A. 36–38.
AGJV submitted a claim for constructive acceleration
costs because AGJV had to direct its subcontractors to
work overtime and add resources after its time extension
request was denied. AGJV contended that the government
demanded it complete additional work on an electronic se-
curity system (ESS) and fire sprinklers without extending
the performance period or granting it night or weekend
work, so AGJV had to “accelerate its work to minimize the
government’s imposition of liquidated damages.” J.A. 63.
The contracting officer (CO) denied this claim, and AGJV
appealed to the Board.
AGJV also submitted a claim to the CO seeking a deci-
sion that the Navy’s denial of AGJV’s request to work out-
side of regular work hours was a breach of contract. J.A. 23.
The contract stated that regular working hours on the pro-
ject would be from 7:00 am to 3:30 pm, Monday through
Friday, and that work outside of regular hours required CO
approval. J.A. 17. In pertinent part, the contract stated,
“[b]ased on the justification provided, the Contracting Of-
ficer may approve work outside regular hours . . . .” J.A. 17
(emphasis added). Because AGJV was running behind
schedule, it requested approval to work outside of regular
hours. J.A. 16. The Navy denied AGJV’s request to work
every Saturday until the end of the job, but it did extend
the work hours on Monday through Friday to 6:30 am to
6:30 pm and granted AGJV’s request to work on three Sat-
urdays to resolve utilities issues. J.A. 20–21. The Navy did
not decide this breach of contract claim within 60 days, so
it was deemed denied, and AGJV appealed to the Board.
The Board denied this claim.
AGJV timely filed its notice of appeal. We have juris-
diction under 41 U.S.C. § 7107(a)(1) and 28 U.S.C
§ 1295(a)(10).
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AMATEA/ GRIMBERG JV v. SECRETARY OF THE NAVY 4
II
We review the Board’s determinations on questions of
law, including questions of contract interpretation, de
novo. Reliable Contracting Grp., LLC v. Dep’t of Veterans
Affs., 779 F.3d 1329, 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2015). The Board’s fac-
tual determinations may not be set aside unless they are
“(A) fraudulent, arbitrary or capricious; (B) so grossly erro-
neous as to necessarily imply bad faith; or (C) not sup-
ported by substantial evidence.” 41 U.S.C. § 7107(b)(2); see
also Rockies Express Pipeline LLC v. Salazar, 730 F.3d
1330, 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2013). “Substantial evidence is such
relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as ad-
equate to support a conclusion.” Braun v. Dep’t of Health &
Hum. Servs., 983 F.3d 1295, 1301 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted).
III
AGJV appeals two issues: (1) the denial of its construc-
tive acceleration appeal and (2) the denial of its work hours
appeal. We discuss each issue in turn.
A
“Constructive acceleration often occurs when the gov-
ernment demands compliance with an original contract
deadline, despite excusable delay by the contractor.” Zafer
Taahhut Insaat ve Ticaret A.S. v. United States, 833 F.3d
1356, 1562 (Fed. Cir. 2016). The five elements of construc-
tive acceleration are: (1) the contractor encountered an ex-
cusable delay; (2) the contractor made a timely request for
an extension of time to complete the contract; (3) the gov-
ernment denied the request or did not act on it in a reason-
able period of time; (4) the government insisted on
completion of the contract in a lesser period of time than
the excusable delay would have permitted; and (5) the con-
tractor incurred added expense to compensate for the lost
time and remain on schedule. Id. at 1362 (citing Fraser
Constr. Co. v. United States, 384 F.3d 1534, 1360–61
(Fed. Cir. 2004)). An excusable delay results from
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AMATEA/ GRIMBERG JV v. SECRETARY OF THE NAVY 5
“unforeseeable causes beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the Contractor.” FAR 52.249-10(b)(1).
The unforeseeable cause must also affect the “critical path
of performance,” delaying contract completion. Sauer Inc.
v. Danzig, 224 F.3d 1340, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
The Board denied AGJV’s constructive acceleration
claim because “there was no excusable delay for most of the
work on the project (e.g., the roof, the HVAC system, and
the windows), and that was the work that dragged comple-
tion of the project out to September 18, 2012.” J.A. 64. The
Board underscored that AGJV did not provide an expert’s
critical path analysis, stating “there has been zero evidence
presented by AGJV that work on the ESS or the fire sprin-
klers caused a delay in the critical path to project comple-
tion and certainly nothing on the order of the amount of
time that the Navy ultimately granted.” J.A. 64. The Board
noted that, even accounting for the extension associated
with the ESS, AGJV was still almost four weeks late in
completing the project. J.A. 64. Thus, the Board found that
AGJV failed to prove the first element of a constructive ac-
celeration claim: excusable delay.
AGJV first argues that, because the CO granted AGJV
a time extension and released liquidated damages, the CO
must have found excusable delay. Appellant’s Opening
Br. 28. We disagree. We have clearly rejected a presump-
tion that the government is at fault for delay when the con-
tracting officer grants a time extension. See Eng. v.
Sherman R. Smoot Corp., 388 F.3d 844, 856 (Fed. Cir.
2004) (concluding that a rebuttable presumption that the
government is at fault for delay when the government ex-
tended the period of contract performance is at odds with
the Contract Disputes Act). We have also held that “when
suit is brought following a contracting officer’s decision, the
findings of fact in that decision are not binding upon the
parties and are not entitled to any deference.” Id. at 854
(quoting Wilner v. U.S., 24 F.3d 1397, 1401 (Fed. Cir.
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AMATEA/ GRIMBERG JV v. SECRETARY OF THE NAVY 6
1994)). We conclude that the Board applied the correct le-
gal standard.
AGJV next argues that, even if the Board did apply the
correct legal standard, the Navy’s expert’s analysis was
“riddled with flaws.” Appellant’s Opening Br. 31. But
AGJV did not provide its own expert to contest the Navy’s
expert’s critical path analysis. J.A. 61–62. Moreover, AGJV
primarily contests the testimony about the ESS and sprin-
kler work, which the Board determined “were not the prob-
lems that held up contract completion.” J.A. 64. We thus
conclude that the Board appropriately credited the Navy’s
expert’s testimony and substantial evidence supports the
Board’s finding that AGJV failed to prove excusable delay
and therefore failed to establish a constructive acceleration
claim.
B
AGJV argues that the government breached the im-
plied duty of good faith and fair dealing by providing “blan-
ket denial[s]” of AGJV’s requests to work outside of regular
hours. Appellant’s Opening Br. 37; see Metcalf Constr. Co.
v. United States, 742 F.3d 984, 990 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (“Every
contract imposes upon each party a duty of good faith and
fair dealing in its performance and enforcement.”) (quoting
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF C ONTS . § 205 (AM . L. I NST .
1981)). AGJV contends that the government should have
granted at least some of the requests or granted extended
time, and that the CO’s failure to do so effectively “caused
a wholesale modification of the Contract” that deprived
AGJV of the right “to have requests to work outside regular
hours considered based upon the justification provided.”
Appellant’s Opening Br. 46.
The contract used discretionary language to character-
ize the CO’s approvals, specifying that the CO “may ap-
prove” the request “[b]ased on the justification provided.”
J.A. 52. The Board concluded that the CO reasonably exer-
cised her discretion in denying AGJV’s requests for
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AMATEA/ GRIMBERG JV v. SECRETARY OF THE NAVY 7
additional work hours. J.A. 55. The Board determined that
AGJV’s blanket request to work “every Saturday from Jan-
uary through July of 2012 would have imposed significant
costs upon the government,” and that the CO reasonably
denied the request because she observed the job site and
concluded that the grant of blanket requests would not be
well-used. J.A. 55–56; see also J.A. 22 (discussing the CO’s
visit to the contract site, where she saw “no work going on
at all when she arrived”). We conclude that substantial ev-
idence supports the factual findings underlying the Board’s
denial of AGJV’s work hours claim.
Further, the CO’s denial of AGJV’s requests for ex-
tended hours was not arbitrary. AGJV’s blanket requests
lacked any sort of specific justification beyond stating that
AGJV was behind on project timelines. See, e.g., J.A. 938
(discussing AGJV’s “standing request to work Saturdays”
and mentioning that the Navy’s denial of these requests
“effectively denies [AGJV] the ability to recover project de-
lay by working these additional hours.”). The justification
that AGJV needed to work outside of regular hours because
it was behind on project completion is simply insufficient,
as agreeing with AGJV would essentially mean that a CO
could never exercise discretion with respect to work hours
requests as long as the contractor says, “we’re behind.” And
the fact that the CO did grant extended hours during busi-
ness days and allowed AGJV to work on three Saturdays
further underscores that the CO’s denials were not arbi-
trary.
IV
We have considered the remainder of AGJV’s argu-
ments and find no reversible error. Because the Board ap-
plied the correct legal analysis, and its findings were
supported by substantial evidence, we affirm.
AFFIRMED
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