Norah R. Lewis, Sr. v. Denis McDonough, Secretary of Veterans Affairs

United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
NORAH R. LEWIS, SR.,
Claimant-Appellant
v.
DENIS MCDONOUGH, SECRETARY OF
VETERANS AFFAIRS,
Respondent-Appellee
______________________
2023-1298
______________________
Appeal from the United States Court of Appeals for
Veterans Claims in No. 21-2201, Judge Joseph L. Toth.
______________________
Decided: August 1, 2024
______________________
S EAN A. RAVIN, Miami, FL, argued for claimant-appel-
lant.
EVAN WISSER, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Di-
vision, United States Department of Justice, Washington,
DC, argued for respondent-appellee. Also represented by
BRIAN M. B OYNTON, MARTIN F. HOCKEY , J R., P ATRICIA M.
MCCARTHY ; EVAN SCOTT G RANT , Y. K EN L EE, Office of Gen-
eral Counsel, United States Department of Veterans Af-
fairs, Washington, DC.
______________________
Before L OURIE, SCHALL , and T ARANTO, Circuit Judges.
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LEWIS v. MCDONOUGH 2
SCHALL , Circuit Judge.
Norah R. Lewis, Sr. appeals the December 12, 2022 de-
cision of the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans
Claims (“Veterans Court”) in Lewis v. McDonough,
No. 21-2201, 2022 WL 17576398 (Vet. App. Dec. 12, 2022).
In that decision, the Veterans Court affirmed the
March 22, 2021 decision of the Board of Veterans’ Appeals
(“Board”) that sustained the decision of the Department of
Veterans Affairs (“VA”) Regional Office (“RO”) reducing
Mr. Lewis’s disability rating for post-traumatic stress dis-
order (“PTSD”) from 70 percent to 30 percent. For the rea-
sons stated below, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
I
Mr. Lewis is a U.S. Army veteran who receives service-
connected disability compensation for combat-related
PTSD, due to his experiences in the Korean War. In 2009,
the VA increased his disability rating for PTSD from
30 percent to 70 percent. Lewis, 2022 WL 17576398, at *1.
Subsequently, however, following a recommendation made
in July 2015, in a rating decision dated July 21, 2016, the
RO reduced his rating back to 30 percent. J.A. 162. In its
decision, the RO informed Mr. Lewis that, based upon evi-
dence from a rating decision dated July 9, 2015, a VA ex-
amination dated September 12, 2015, and VA outpatient
treatment records dated October 2, 2015, it had determined
that the severity of his disability most closely approxi-
mated the criteria for a 30 percent disability evaluation.
J.A. 163. Mr. Lewis timely appealed the RO decision to the
Board.
The Board issued a decision on Mr. Lewis’s appeal in
April of 2018, sustaining the RO’s decision. The Board’s
decision was vacated by the Veterans Court, however, and
the case remanded to the Board, after Mr. Lewis and the
VA Secretary (“Secretary”) agreed that the Board needed
to issue a new decision because it had failed to address ma-
terial evidence favorable to Mr. Lewis. Lewis, 2022 WL
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LEWIS v. MCDONOUGH 3
17576398, at *1. In November of 2019, the Board issued a
second decision. After Mr. Lewis again appealed to the
Veterans Court, though, the court again granted the par-
ties’ joint motion to vacate and remand, this time because
the Board had failed to comply with the prior remand or-
der. Id.
II
On remand to the Board for the second time, Mr. Lewis
raised an argument that he had not previously presented.
He contended that the July 2016 rating decision imple-
menting the reduction in his disability compensation from
70 percent to 30 percent was void ab initio. Id. According
to Mr. Lewis, this was so because, when the RO found im-
provement in his condition and reduced his compensation,
it had failed to make a finding required by 38 C.F.R.
§ 3.344(a). Section 3.344(a) provides that, for ratings that
have remained unchanged for five years or more, “though
material improvement in the physical or mental condition
is clearly reflected[,] the rating agency will consider
whether the evidence makes it reasonably certain that the
improvement will be maintained under the ordinary condi-
tions of life.” 38 C.F.R. § 3.344(a); see also id. § 3.344(c)
(indicating that § 3.344(a) applies to “ratings which have
continued for long periods at the same level (5 years or
more)” and not “disabilities which have not become stabi-
lized and are likely to improve”); Hanser v. McDonough,
56 F.4th 967, 971 (Fed. Cir. 2022) (interpreting the paren-
thetical phrase “(5 years or more)” in § 3.344(c) to be defi-
nitional). Mr. Lewis concluded his argument to the Board
on the July 2016 rating reduction with the following state-
ment:
[T]he question before the Board is not whether Mr.
Lewis’[s] PTSD has improved or whether any pur-
ported improvement would be sustained under the
ordinary conditions of life. Rather, the question be-
fore the Board is whether the [RO], in its July 2016
decision reducing benefits made a finding that any
purported improvement would be sustained under
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LEWIS v. MCDONOUGH 4
the ordinary conditions of life. Here, it is clear that
the [RO] made no such finding, and nothing in its
decision could be reasonably read as such a finding.
Because of this, regardless of the relative merit one
may ascribe to a finding of improvement in
Mr. Lewis’[s] condition, because the [RO] did not
make the required finding, its decision is void ab
initio and must be reversed. Once benefits are re-
stored, the VA remains free to initiate new proceed-
ings aimed at reducing Mr. Lewis’[s] benefits, but
it must do so within the confines of the strict pro-
cedural safeguards that have been established in
law.
J.A. 47.
In its March 2021 decision, the Board began by stating
that the record showed that Mr. Lewis’s PTSD “materially
improved under the ordinary conditions of life so as to war-
rant a reduction from 70 percent to 30 percent for [his] ser-
vice-connected disability.” J.A. 21. Next, the Board
examined and summarized the October 2009 private exam-
ination that led to Mr. Lewis’s 70 precent rating and the
seven medical examinations of Mr. Lewis that were con-
ducted by the VA thereafter in April 2011, September 2011,
December 2014, May 2015, September 2015, November
2015, and April 2016. J.A. 22–26. Stating that the issue
before it was whether the RO was proper in reducing Mr.
Lewis’s evaluation at the time the RO proposed to reduce
the evaluation in July 2015 and at the time the RO reduced
the evaluation in July 2016, the Board found that the rec-
ord of multiple VA examinations and VA treatment records
from 2011 to 2016 showed improvement in Mr. Lewis’s con-
dition. The Board concluded:
Thus, by the time of the April 2016 VA examina-
tion, the improved symptoms had been shown for
five years, which the Board finds is indicative of
sustained improvement under the ordinary condi-
tions of life, as the improved symptoms were main-
tained during this five-year period of time, which
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LEWIS v. MCDONOUGH 5
the Board finds would be indicative of a disability
being maintained under the ordinary conditions of
life.
J.A. 32–33.
Accordingly, the Board found that the disability rating
reduction to 30 percent, which was effectuated by the rat-
ing decision of July 2016, was in accordance with the re-
quirements of 38 C.F.R. § 3.344(a). It therefore refused to
restore the 70 percent evaluation. J.A. 33.
III
On appeal to the Veterans Court, Mr. Lewis repeated
the argument that he had made to the Board—that the
July 2016 rating decision was procedurally deficient. Mr.
Lewis stated: “Although the [RO] found that Mr. Lewis’s
condition had improved, it did not find, as required by
[38 C.F.R.] § 3.344(a) that there had been ‘material im-
provement’ that was ‘reasonably certain . . . [to] be main-
tained under the ordinary conditions of life.’” J.A. 425
(third alteration in original).
The Veterans Court rejected Mr. Lewis’s argument and
affirmed the decision of the Board. The court stated that
“[n]othing in the text of § 3.344 suggests that the RO has a
requirement to issue certain findings in reduction cases.”
Lewis, 2022 WL 17576398, at *2. The court explained that
§ 3.344 “guides the Agency as to how to approach a rating
reduction case,” in that it tells the VA what to review in the
record, limits the types of evidence it may use in making a
decision and provides for certain considerations to be taken
into account (“whether the evidence makes it reasonably
certain that the improvement will be maintained under the
ordinary conditions of life”). Id. “But,” the court stated,
“there is no language in § 3.344 commanding the RO to is-
sue those findings first lest the reduction have no effect.”
Id. Finding that the Board had made the required findings
in its decision, the Veterans Court affirmed the Board’s de-
cision. Id. at *3. Mr. Lewis timely appealed.
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LEWIS v. MCDONOUGH 6
D ISCUSSION
I
On appeal, as he did before the Board and the Veterans
Court, Mr. Lewis argues that the July 2016 rating decision
was void ab initio. Mr. Lewis posits that the plain lan-
guage of 38 C.F.R. § 3.344 makes it clear that a rating de-
cision in effect for five or more years at the same level, like
his 70 percent rating, can only be reduced if certain proce-
dural safeguards are met. Among these and relevant to
this case, he states, is the requirement of 38 C.F.R. § 3.344
that a “rating agency will consider whether the evidence
makes it reasonably certain that the improvement will be
maintained under the ordinary conditions of life.” Appel-
lant’s Br. 15 (quoting 38 C.F.R. § 3.344(a) (emphasis
added)).1 Mr. Lewis continues that the plain language of
the regulation requires that the rating agency “will con-
sider,” and that consideration can only be demonstrated by
making the necessary finding in a rating decision. “Requir-
ing that the rating agency consider a factor without requir-
ing that agency to make that finding on the record would
render the regulatory command meaningless.” Id. In mak-
ing this argument, Mr. Lewis relies on Brown v. Brown,
5 Vet. App. 413, 417–19, 421–22 (1993), and Stern v.
McDonough, 34 Vet. App. 51, 59 (2021), which he argues
stand for the proposition that an RO decision can be
1 It is undisputed that the term “rating agency” in
38 C.F.R. § 3.344 refers to a VA regional office. See
38 C.F.R. § 3.104(a) (“A decision of a VA rating agency is
binding on all VA field offices as to conclusions based on
the evidence on file at the time VA issues written notifica-
tion in accordance with 38 U.S.C. [§] 5104. A binding
agency decision is not subject to revision except by the
Board of Veterans’ Appeals, by Federal court order, or as
provided in §§ 3.105, 3.2500, and 3.2600.”); see also Oral
arg. at 15:02–16:00 (May 8, 2024) (counsel for the govern-
ment acknowledging that “rating agency” refers to the RO).
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LEWIS v. MCDONOUGH 7
rendered void ab initio for failure to make specific findings
pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 3.344.
The Secretary argues that nothing in the text of § 3.344
or any related regulation requires that a rating decision be
based exclusively on statements in the RO’s decision with-
out reference to the Board’s subsequent findings and deci-
sion. The Secretary acknowledges that 38 C.F.R. § 3.105(e)
requires that a rating decision reducing a disability evalu-
ation for a service-connected disability set forth “all mate-
rial facts and reasons” and that the VA notify the veteran
of the proposed reduction in evaluation. The Secretary also
acknowledges that § 3.344 sets forth certain requirements
regarding stabilization of disability evaluations. The Sec-
retary states, however, that “Mr. Lewis cites no authority
suggesting that, if the RO’s proposed notice and reduction
decision are deficient, a subsequent decision by the [B]oard
that affirms the reduction and provides adequate reasons
and bases would not be sufficient to cure such a defect.”
Appellee’s Br. 11. The Secretary therefore urges us to af-
firm the decision of the Board.
II
Our jurisdiction to review decisions of the Veterans
Court is limited. We may review the validity of a decision
with respect to a rule of law or interpretation of a statute
or regulation that was relied upon by the Veterans Court
in making its decision. 38 U.S.C. § 7292(a). However, ex-
cept with respect to constitutional issues, we may not re-
view challenges to factual determinations or challenges to
the application of a law or regulation to the facts of a case.
Id. § 7292(d)(2). In reviewing a Veterans Court decision,
we decide “all relevant questions of law, including inter-
preting constitutional and statutory provisions,” and we
set aside any interpretation thereof “other than a determi-
nation as to a factual matter” relied upon by the Veterans
Court that we find to be “(A) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse
of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law;
(B) contrary to constitutional right, power, privilege, or im-
munity; (C) in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or
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LEWIS v. MCDONOUGH 8
limitations, or in violation of a statutory right; or (D) with-
out observance of procedure required by law.” Id.
§ 7292(d)(1).
We have jurisdiction over Mr. Lewis’s appeal because
it raises an issue of regulatory interpretation. We review
questions of regulatory interpretation de novo. Cavaciuti
v. McDonough, 75 F.4th 1363, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2023).
III
Two regulations are at issue in this case. The first is
38 C.F.R. § 3.105(e). It provides in relevant part as follows:
Where the reduction in evaluation of a service-con-
nected disability or employability status is consid-
ered warranted and the lower evaluation would
result in a reduction or discontinuance of compen-
sation payments currently being made, a rating
proposing the reduction or discontinuance will be
prepared setting forth all material facts and rea-
sons.
The second regulation at issue is 38 C.F.R. § 3.344(a).
It sets forth certain requirements that must be met before
the VA reduces a disability rating. As noted above, as rel-
evant to this appeal, § 3.344(a) states that “though mate-
rial improvement in the physical or mental condition is
clearly reflected[,] the rating agency will consider whether
the evidence makes it reasonably certain that the improve-
ment will be maintained under the ordinary conditions of
life.” 38 C.F.R. § 3.344(a).
Thus, in its decision reducing Mr. Lewis’s disability
rating for PTSD from 70 percent to 30 percent, pursuant to
§ 3.105(e) the RO was required to set forth “all material
facts and reasons” for the reduction. See Breland v.
McDonough, 22 F.4th 1347, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2022) (“Section
3.105(e) plainly states that prior to implementing a disa-
bility rating reduction that would ‘result in a reduction or
discontinuance of compensation payments currently being
made,’ all material facts and reasons for such a reduction
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LEWIS v. MCDONOUGH 9
must be laid out.”) (quoting 38 C.F.R. § 3.105(e)). This in-
cluded “all material facts and reasons” bearing on the re-
quirement in § 3.344(a) that the VA “consider” whether the
improvement it had found in Mr. Lewis’s condition would
be “maintained under the ordinary conditions of life.” It is
undisputed that, in its July 2016 rating decision, the RO
failed to state any “facts and reasons” bearing upon the
question whether the improvement in Mr. Lewis’s condi-
tion that it had found would “be maintained under the or-
dinary conditions of life.” As seen, it is for this reason that
Mr. Lewis argues that the decision of the RO was void ab
initio and that his 70 percent rating should be reinstated,
effective the date it was reduced.
We do not agree. While it is undisputed that the RO
failed to make the findings required by § 3.105(e), it also is
undisputed that, in its March 2021 decision, the Board did
make those findings. Then, as set forth in Part II of the
BACKGROUND section above, the Board’s decision examined
at length the record of Mr. Lewis’s pertinent medical his-
tory, beginning in 2009 and continuing through 2016. And
based upon that examination, the Board found that the
RO’s reduction of Mr. Lewis’s disability rating was fully
supported by the record. And, the Board also found that
the fact that Mr. Lewis’s improved symptoms were main-
tained during the relevant five-year period of time was “in-
dicative of a disability being maintained under the
ordinary conditions of life.” J.A. 32–33. Indeed, at oral ar-
gument, counsel for Mr. Lewis acknowledged that if the RO
had made the findings the Board did, Mr. Lewis would not
have asserted that the July 2016 RO decision was void ab
initio. Oral arg. 5:12–40 (May 8, 2024) (“If you cede that
the Board’s decision contained all that information . . . and
the rating decision did not contain that information . . . if
you were to switch them then you might find . . . or believe
that that rating decision shouldn’t be void ab initio because
it complies with all the requirements of 3.105(e) and
3.344(a).”).
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LEWIS v. MCDONOUGH 10
Contrary to Mr. Lewis’s argument, Brown and Stern do
not broadly stand for the proposition that an RO decision
is rendered void because of the RO’s failure to make find-
ings under § 3.105(e) and § 3.344. In Brown, the Veterans
Court held that the Board’s decision failed to comply with
the requirements of § 3.344(a) and other regulations appli-
cable to rating reductions. 5 Vet. App. at 419–20. In that
case, the Board had also erred by requiring, in a reversal
of the burden of proof, that the veteran prove by a prepon-
derance of evidence that he was entitled to an unreduced
rating. Id. at 421–22. Accordingly, the Veterans Court set
aside the Board’s decision reducing the veteran’s rating as
“not in accordance with law.” Id. at 422. In Stern, the Vet-
erans Court reversed the Board’s decision and reinstated
an original disability rating where, similar to Brown, the
Board had failed to make a finding necessary for the lawful
reduction of a disability rating. 34 Vet. App. at 59. In do-
ing so, the Court discussed the role of the regulations per-
taining to rating reductions, stating:
[T]he Court has held that reversal and reinstate-
ment is the appropriate remedy where VA has not
provided the procedural protections afforded in
§ 3.105(e), because failure to afford notice and an
opportunity to present additional evidence as out-
lined in that regulation “deprive[s a veteran] of the
regulatory process that VA created to help veterans
adjust to a reduction in disability compensation
payments and to submit evidence or argument to
contest such an action.”
Id. at 56 (quoting Murphy v. Shinseki, 26 Vet. App. 510,
516 (2014)). Thus, as the Veterans Court correctly ob-
served in Mr. Lewis’s case, “Brown held, and Stern reaf-
firmed, that, if the Board fails to make the required
findings under § 3.344, the [RO’s] reduction is void ab ini-
tio.” Lewis, 2022 WL 17576398, at *3. In short, neither
Brown nor Stern held that the Board’s findings cannot cure
a deficiency in an RO decision.
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LEWIS v. MCDONOUGH 11
The Board is an appellate body within the VA that has
jurisdiction under 38 U.S.C. § 7104 to review decisions
made under 38 U.S.C. § 511(a). Disabled Am. Vets. v. Sec’y
of Vets. Affs., 327 F.3d 1339, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2003). As we
have explained, “[t]ogether, §§ 511(a) and 7104(a) dictate
that the Board acts on behalf of the Secretary in making
the ultimate decision on claims and provides ‘one review on
appeal to the Secretary’ of a question ‘subject to decision by
the Secretary’ under § 511(a).” Id. at 1347. The Board con-
ducts de novo review of RO proceedings based on the entire
record. Disabled Am. Vets. v. Sec’y of Vets. Affs., 419 F.3d
1317, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (first citing 38 U.S.C. § 7104(a);
and then citing Donovan v. West, 158 F.3d 1377, 1381 (Fed.
Cir. 1998)). Accordingly, what the Board did here was fully
consistent with the role assigned to it in the statutory
scheme and as required by the pertinent regulations: it
made the ultimate decision regarding Mr. Lewis’s disabil-
ity rating based on the entire record and taking into ac-
count the requirements of § 3.105(e) and § 3.344(a). In
doing so, it satisfied the VA’s duty to follow the procedural
protections in place for ratings reductions.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the
Veterans Court affirming the decision of the Board.
AFFIRMED
COSTS
No costs.
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