Yunior Dominguez, Salt Addict, Inc., Dba the Ballyhoop v. Barracuda Tackle LLC, Florida Fishing Tackle Mfg. Co., Inc., David Burton Young

N OTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
YUNIOR DOMINGUEZ, SALT ADDICT, INC., DBA
THE BALLYHOOP,
Plaintiffs-Appellees
v.
BARRACUDA TACKLE LLC, FLORIDA FISHING
TACKLE MFG. CO., INC., DAVID BURTON YOUNG,
Defendants-Appellants
______________________
2022-1388
______________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Middle District of Florida in No. 8:20-cv-01538-KKM-AEP,
Judge Kathryn Kimball Mizelle.
______________________
Decided: February 27, 2023
______________________
J ORGE ESPINOSA, GrayRobinson, P.A., Miami, FL, for
plaintiffs-appellees. Also represented by ERIC BRANDON
F UGETT , Pitchford Fugett, PLLC, Nashville, TN.
MARK CHRISTOPHER J OHNSON, Johnson Dalal, Planta-
tion, FL, for defendants-appellants. Also represented by
VERONIKA BALBUZANOVA, ABDUL -SUMI D ALAL .
______________________
Case: 22-1388 Document: 35 Page: 1 Filed: 02/27/2023

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DOMINGUEZ v. BARRACUDA TACKLE LLC 2
Before STOLL , SCHALL , and CUNNINGHAM , Circuit Judges.
SCHALL , Circuit Judge.
Barracuda Tackle LLC, Florida Fishing Tackle Manu-
facturing Company, Inc., and David Burton Young (collec-
tively, “Barracuda”) appeal the decision of the United
States District Court for the Middle District of Florida that
denied Barracuda attorney fees under 35 U.S.C. § 285.
Dominguez v. Barracuda Tackle LLC, No 8:20-cv-1538-
KKM-AEP, 2021 WL 5998127 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 20, 2021).
For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Yunior Dominguez and Salt Addict, Inc. d/b/a The Bal-
lyhoop (collectively “Ballyhoop”) filed a complaint against
Barracuda for infringement of U.S. Patent No. 10,165,764
(“the ’764 patent”) in the United States District Court for
the Southern District of Florida. The ’764 patent is di-
rected to a collapsible fishing bait net, i.e., a net that can
be used to capture small fish that can be used as bait to
catch larger fish. ’764 Patent col. 1 ll. 12–42. Ballyhoop
alleged that Barracuda’s bait nets infringed claims 1 and 3
of the ’764 patent directly or indirectly, either literally or
under the doctrine of equivalents.1
Barracuda filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that Bal-
lyhoop had failed to state a claim and that the Southern
District of Florida constituted an improper venue for the
suit. Barracuda also filed a motion for claim construction,
a motion for summary judgment of non-infringement, and
a motion seeking sanctions under Federal Rule of Civil Pro-
cedure 11 against Ballyhoop for bringing a purportedly
frivolous claim. Ballyhoop responded only to the motion to
1 Ballyhoop initially asserted infringement of claims
1, 2, and 3 of the ’764 patent, but subsequently decided only
to assert claims 1 and 3 of the patent. J.A. 10 n.2.
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DOMINGUEZ v. BARRACUDA TACKLE LLC 3
dismiss and to the motion for summary judgment. A little
over a year after the suit was filed, the case was transferred
to the United States District Court for the Middle District
of Florida. Following the case’s transfer, the district court
denied Barracuda’s motion to dismiss as moot in view of
the parties’ agreement that the case could proceed on the
pending motion for summary judgment. The court also de-
nied a motion Ballyhoop had filed seeking to extend the
discovery period because discovery had closed prior to the
case’s transfer to the Middle District. Having received no
response to Barracuda’s motion for claim construction, the
court considered the motion unopposed and adopted Barra-
cuda’s constructions.
In due course, a magistrate judge considered Barra-
cuda’s pending motions for summary judgment and for
sanctions under Rule 11 and issued a Report and Recom-
mendation. J.A. 202–36. With respect to summary judg-
ment, the magistrate judge concluded that Barracuda’s
bait nets do not literally infringe the ’764 patent because
they do not satisfy several claim limitations and because
Ballyhoop “effectively concede[d] that the Accused Product
does not literally infringe.” J.A. 217–18 & n.7.2 The mag-
istrate judge also rejected Ballyhoop’s arguments that the
missing claim limitations were satisfied under the doctrine
of equivalents because “a reasonable juror could not find
that each element of the Accused Product and the claimed
collapsible bait net in the ’764 Patent perform substan-
tially the same function in substantially the same way with
substantially the same result or that the way in which they
differ is insubstantial.” J.A. 233. The magistrate judge
therefore recommended that Barracuda’s motion for sum-
mary judgment be granted. J.A. 235.
2 The magistrate judge determined that Barracuda’s
bait nets do not include the claim elements: (1) “semicircu-
lar tubular rods”; (2) a “pin-like insert”; and (3) “wax string
that is wrapped around the tubular rod.” See J.A. 219–24.
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DOMINGUEZ v. BARRACUDA TACKLE LLC 4
With regard to Barracuda’s motion for sanctions, the
magistrate judge determined that Ballyhoop’s suit was not
frivolous and that Ballyhoop had demonstrated an effort to
engage in a pre-suit investigation of its infringement claim.
“Further,” the magistrate judge noted, “a reasonable juror
could conclude that the Accused Product and the collapsi-
ble bait net claimed in the ’764 Patent perform substan-
tially the same function with substantially the same result
but just not as to the way in which each achieves that re-
sult, especially in light of the claims construction.” Id. Ac-
cordingly, the magistrate judge recommended that
Barracuda’s motion for sanctions be denied. Id.
The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s Re-
port and Recommendation in full, thereby granting Barra-
cuda’s motion for summary judgment and denying
Barracuda’s motion for sanctions. Dominguez v. Barra-
cuda Tackle LLC, No 8:20-cv-1538-KKM-AEP, 2021 WL
3857638 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 30, 2021).
After judgment was entered in its favor, Barracuda
filed a motion seeking an award of attorney fees under 35
U.S.C. § 285. The magistrate judge issued a Report and
Recommendation that Barracuda’s request be denied. J.A.
9–21. In reaching this conclusion, the magistrate judge re-
jected Barracuda’s argument that the case was exceptional
because Ballyhoop’s infringement position was unreasona-
ble, noting that, in the context of Barracuda’s motion for
sanctions under Rule 11, the court had found Ballyhoop
had maintained a nonfrivolous claim for patent infringe-
ment and had demonstrated an effort to engage in pre-suit
investigation of the claim. J.A. 14–16. The magistrate
judge also considered and rejected Barracuda’s argument
that the case was exceptional because Ballyhoop had en-
gaged in litigation misconduct and because Ballyhoop had
bad-faith motivation in bringing the suit. J.A. 16–18.
The district court agreed with the magistrate judge and
adopted the Report and Recommendation in full.
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DOMINGUEZ v. BARRACUDA TACKLE LLC 5
Dominguez, 2021 WL 5998127, at *2.3 Barracuda appeals
the court’s denial of attorney fees. We have jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
D ISCUSSION
I
The Patent Act authorizes district courts to award at-
torney fees to the prevailing party in “exceptional cases.”
35 U.S.C. § 285. “[A]n ‘exceptional’ case is simply one that
stands out from others with respect to the substantive
strength of a party’s litigating position (considering both
the governing law and the facts of the case) or the unrea-
sonable manner in which the case was litigated.” Octane
Fitness, LLC v. ICON Health & Fitness, Inc., 572 U.S. 545,
554 (2014). “[T]here is no precise rule or formula for mak-
ing these determinations,” instead, district courts “may de-
termine whether a case is ‘exceptional’ in the case-by-case
exercise of their discretion, considering the totality of the
circumstances.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).
We review all aspects of a district court’s § 285 deter-
mination for abuse of discretion. Highmark Inc. v. Allcare
Health Mgmt. Sys., Inc., 572 U.S. 559, 564 (2014). “To meet
the abuse-of-discretion standard, the moving party must
show that the district court has made a clear error of judg-
ment in weighing relevant factors or in basing its decision
on an error of law or on clearly erroneous factual findings.”
Bayer CropScience AG v. Dow AgroSciences LLC, 851 F.3d
1302, 1306 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted).
3 Barracuda also sought, and was awarded, a taxa-
tion of costs. Dominguez, 2021 WL 5998127, at *2. The
issue of costs is not before us on appeal.
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DOMINGUEZ v. BARRACUDA TACKLE LLC 6
II
Barracuda makes two arguments on appeal. First,
Barracuda argues that the district court abused its discre-
tion because it did not weigh all the relevant factors under
the totality-of-the-circumstances standard. That is, Barra-
cuda contends that the court did not take into account the
substantive weakness of Ballyhoop’s literal infringement
contention. Appellant’s Br. 21–27. Barracuda also con-
tends that the court’s exceptionality analysis did not take
into consideration facts pertaining to: Ballyhoop’s untimely
service of process to Barracuda; Ballyhoop’s failure to
timely file Markman briefing; Ballyhoop’s failure to timely
file responses to motions filed by Barracuda; and the denial
of Ballyhoop’s motion for an extension of discovery. Appel-
lant’s Br. 27–29.
We are not persuaded that the district court failed to
consider pertinent factors. Although the court did not ex-
pressly address the strength of Ballyhoop’s literal infringe-
ment claim in its decision, in its analysis under the totality
of the circumstances the court did consider and agree with
the magistrate judge’s conclusion that Ballyhoop’s litiga-
tion position in general was not unreasonable. Dominguez,
2021 WL 5998127, at *1; J.A. 14–16. We also cannot fault
the court for discussing the specifics of the case with re-
spect to Ballyhoop’s claim for infringement under the doc-
trine of equivalents as part of that analysis. In the same
vein, we cannot say that the court abused its discretion by
failing to list each act of Ballyhoop’s alleged misconduct
that it considered. And regardless, the court agreed with,
and adopted, the magistrate judge’s analysis, which itself
noted Ballyhoop’s failure to file responses to Barracuda’s
motions and Markman briefing, as well as the court’s de-
nial of Ballyhoop’s motion for an extension of discovery.
Dominguez, 2021 WL 5998127, at *2; J.A. 10–11, 16–17.
Barracuda’s second argument is that the district court
abused its discretion because the court based its excep-
tional-case ruling on a clearly erroneous assessment of the
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DOMINGUEZ v. BARRACUDA TACKLE LLC 7
evidence. Barracuda argues that the court improperly re-
lied on its Rule 11 analysis and findings in support of its
§ 285 analysis. Appellant’s Br. 32–37. It is true that
“[w]hether a party avoids or engages in sanctionable con-
duct under Rule 11(b) ‘is not the appropriate benchmark’”
in a § 285 analysis. Rothschild Connected Devices Innova-
tions, LLC v. Guardian Prot. Servs., 858 F.3d 1383, 1390
(Fed. Cir. 2017) (quoting Octane Fitness, 572 U.S. at 555).
Here, the court considered facts it had previously consid-
ered in its Rule 11 analysis and noted its prior conclusion
regarding sanctions. Dominguez, 2021 WL 5998127, at *1.
The court did not, however, use the Rule 11 standard as its
“benchmark” for an award of fees. Instead, it properly con-
sidered the totality of the circumstances. Barracuda also
takes issue with what it contends was the court’s dispro-
portionate reliance on Ballyhoop’s doctrine of equivalents
argument. Appellant’s Br. 35–37. We cannot say that the
court’s focus on Ballyhoop’s stronger argument, infringe-
ment under the doctrine of equivalents, in determining
whether Ballyhoop’s litigation position was unreasonable,
constituted an error of judgment. We thus see no error of
law or reliance on clearly erroneous fact findings in the dis-
trict court’s decision.
We have considered Barracuda’s remaining arguments
and find them unpersuasive.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the district
court did not abuse its discretion in determining that, un-
der the totality of the circumstances, this was not an excep-
tional case. We therefore affirm the district court’s denial
of attorney fees under § 285.
AFFIRMED
COSTS
No costs.
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