Sekri, Inc. v. United States

United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
SEKRI, INC.,
Plaintiff-Appellant
v.
UNITED STATES,
Defendant-Appellee
______________________
2021-1936
______________________
Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims
in No. 1:21-cv-00778-RAH, Judge Richard A. Hertling.
______________________
Decided: May 13, 2022
______________________
ALAN G RAYSON, Orlando, FL, argued for plaintiff-ap-
pellant.
RAFIQUE O MAR ANDERSON, Commercial Litigation
Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Jus-
tice, Washington, DC, argued for defendant-appellee. Also
represented by BRIAN M. B OYNTON, STEVEN J OHN
G ILLINGHAM , MARTIN F. HOCKEY , J R.
______________________
Before N EWMAN, REYNA, and CUNNINGHAM , Circuit
Judges.
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SEKRI , INC. v. US 2
REYNA, Circuit Judge.
SEKRI, Inc. appeals a decision of the U.S. Court of Fed-
eral Claims dismissing its bid protest action. The Court of
Federal Claims determined that SEKRI lacks standing be-
cause it does not qualify as an actual or prospective bidder
and that SEKRI failed to state a claim because it waived
its right to bring a bid protest action under Blue & Gold.
We hold that, in view of the Javits-Wagner-O’Day Act and
its implementing regulations, SEKRI qualifies as a pro-
spective bidder for standing purposes and that SEKRI has
not waived its right to bring its bid protest action under the
Blue & Gold waiver standard. Accordingly, we reverse the
Court of Federal Claims’ dismissal and remand for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
BACKGROUND
I
A
The Javits-Wagner-O’Day Act (“JWOD Act”) was origi-
nally enacted in 1938 to prioritize purchasing of products
from suppliers that employed blind individuals. U.S. Stat-
utes at Large, 75 Cong. Ch. 697, 52 Stat. 1196 (June 25,
1938) (JWOD Act). The JWOD Act established the “Com-
mittee on Purchases of Blind-made Products” and charged
it with various duties, including determining fair market
prices of “brooms and mops and other suitable commodities
manufactured by the blind and offered for sale to the
[f]ederal [g]overnment by any non-profit-making agency
for the blind.” Id. § 2. The Act stated, “All brooms and
mops and other suitable commodities hereafter procured in
accordance with applicable [f]ederal specifications by or for
any [f]ederal department or agency shall be procured from
such non-profit-making agencies for the blind in all cases
where such articles are available within the period speci-
fied at the price determined by the committee . . . .” Id. § 3.
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The legislative history of the 1938 JWOD Act shows
that Congress intended to create a procurement system in
which the government would be required to purchase cer-
tain products from suppliers that employ blind individuals.
Under the new system, the government would “distrib-
ute . . . orders among . . . agencies for the blind. In other
words, instead of the present cutthroat competition[,] the
blind people who are engaged in this type of work will be
able to obtain it at a fair price.” 83 Cong. Rec. 9111 (1938).
The bill would take the buying of mops, brooms, and other
suitable commodities “out of competitive bidding.” Id. (em-
phasis added); see also S. Rep. 75-1330, at 2 (1938).
Congress expanded the JWOD Act in 1971 to similarly
protect suppliers that employ “other severely handicapped”
individuals. Pub. L. No. 92-28, 85 Stat. 77, 80 (1971); see
also S. Rep. No. 92-41, at 1 (1971) (stating Congress’s prin-
cipal objectives). Congress again amended the law in 2011
by, among other things, renaming the Committee to be
called the “Committee for Purchase From People Who Are
Blind or Severely Disabled.” Pub. L. No. 111-350, 124 Stat.
3677, 3826 (2011).
The JWOD Act today, 41 U.S.C. §§ 8501–06, estab-
lishes a procurement system, overseen by the Committee,
in which the government procures certain commodities and
services from nonprofit agencies that employ the blind or
otherwise severely disabled. The Committee has the re-
sponsibilities of, among other things, (i) maintaining and
publishing a “procurement list” identifying products and
services made or rendered by qualified nonprofit agencies
for the blind or severely disabled, (ii) designating one or
more “central nonprofit agencies” to facilitate the distribu-
tion of orders for the products and services on the procure-
ment list, and (iii) prescribing regulations implementing
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SEKRI , INC. v. US 4
the law. See 41 U.S.C. § 8503. Under the JWOD Act pro-
curement system, if a federal agency
intend[s] to procure a product or service on the pro-
curement list . . .[,] [it] shall procure the product or
service from a qualified nonprofit agency for the
blind or a qualified nonprofit agency for other se-
verely disabled in accordance with regulations of
the Committee and at the price the Committee es-
tablishes if the product or service is available
within the period required by the entity.
Id. § 8504(a) (emphasis added).
B
The Committee has promulgated regulations that de-
fine the complex “AbilityOne Program,” which is the Com-
mittee’s name for the JWOD Act procurement system. 41
C.F.R. pt. 51. These regulations reiterate the mandatory
nature of the AbilityOne Program. See 41 C.F.R.
§ 51–1.2(a) (stating that the JWOD Act “mandates that
commodities or services on the [p]rocurement [l]ist re-
quired by [g]overnment entities be procured” from a quali-
fied nonprofit agency).
The Committee’s regulations describe the role of the
“central nonprofit agencies” in the AbilityOne Program.
The regulations designate SourceAmerica (formerly known
as NISH) as the central nonprofit agency that works, in a
number of respects, with nonprofit agencies that employ
people with severe disabilities other than blindness. Id. §§
51–3.1 to –3.2. SourceAmerica is responsible for represent-
ing those nonprofit agencies when dealing with the Com-
mittee; evaluating the qualifications and capabilities of
nonprofit agencies; recommending commodities and ser-
vices for inclusion on the procurement list; distributing
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SEKRI , INC. v. US 5
orders from government contracting activities;1 and recom-
mending price changes. Id. § 51–3.2.
The regulations also impose requirements on partici-
pating nonprofit agencies to, for example, initially qualify
for participation in the AbilityOne Program and thereafter
maintain their qualification. See id. pt. 51–4.
The Committee’s regulations also set out “contracting
requirements,” see id. pt. 51–5, including a mandatory
source requirement: “Nonprofit agencies designated by the
Committee are mandatory sources of supply for all entities
of the Government for commodities and services included
on the [p]rocurement [l]ist . . . .” Id. § 51–5.2(a) (emphasis
added). Accordingly, “[p]urchases of commodities on the
[p]rocurement [l]ist by entities of the Government shall be
made from sources authorized by the Committee,” which
“may include nonprofit agencies, [SourceAmerica], Govern-
ment central supply agencies such as the Defense Logistics
Agency and the General Services Administration, and cer-
tain commercial distributors.” Id. § 51–5.2(b) (emphasis
added). “Contracting activities shall require other persons
providing commodities which are on the [p]rocurement
[l]ist to entities of the [g]overnment by contract to order
these commodities from the sources authorized by the
Committee.” Id. § 51–5.2(c) (emphasis added).
The Committee’s regulations provide for “purchase ex-
ceptions” permitting a contracting activity to procure com-
modities on the procurement list from commercial sources
under certain circumstances. See id. § 51–5.4(a). For ex-
ample, SourceAmerica or the Committee may grant such
1 The Committee’s regulations specify that
SourceAmerica “shall distribute orders from the [g]overn-
ment only to nonprofit agencies which the Committee has
approved to furnish the specific commodity or service.”
41 C.F.R. § 51–3.4.
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SEKRI , INC. v. US 6
exceptions when (i) qualified nonprofit agencies are unable
to furnish a commodity within the specified period and
(ii) a commercial source is able to provide the commodity in
sufficient quantities “significantly sooner” than the quali-
fied nonprofit. Id. § 51–5.4.
The Committee’s regulations also establish procure-
ment procedures under the AbilityOne Program.2 One
type of procedure is the “direct order process”: “Once a com-
modity or service is added to the Procurement List,
[SourceAmerica] may authorize the contracting activity to
issue orders directly to a nonprofit agency without request-
ing an allocation for each order.” Id. § 51–6.1(a). Alterna-
tively, the regulations define an “allocation3 process”: “In
those cases where a direct order authorization has not been
issued . . . , the contracting activity shall submit written re-
quests for allocation to [SourceAmerica].” Id. § 51–6.2(a)
(emphasis added). “Upon receipt of an allocation, the con-
tracting activity shall promptly submit an order to
[SourceAmerica] or [the] designated nonprofit agency(ies).”
Id. § 51–6.2(h) (emphasis added). There is no requirement
2 The Committee’s regulations also establish a vari-
ety of other procedures in the AbilityOne Program. Such
procedures apply to, among other things, adjustment or
cancellation of orders where a nonprofit agency fails to
comply with the terms of an order, id. § 51–6.5; orders in
excess of the nonprofit agency’s capability, id. § 51–6.7; de-
letion of items from the procurement list, id. § 51–6.8; cor-
respondence and inquiries concerning deliveries of
commodities, id. § 51–6.9; quality complaints, id. § 51–
6.11; specification changes, id. § 51–6.12; and disputes be-
tween a nonprofit agency and a contracting activity, id.
§ 51–6.15.
3 “An allocation is not an obligation to supply a com-
modity or service, or an obligation for the contracting ac-
tivity to issue an order.” Id. § 51–6.2(g).
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SEKRI , INC. v. US 7
that a duly established AbilityOne Program agency must
submit a typical competitive bid for a procurement from a
mandatory source to occur.
C
The Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”) includes a
separate set of regulations implementing the AbilityOne
Program. 48 C.F.R. subpart 8.7. The FAR provisions over-
lap substantively with the Committee’s regulations. For
example, the FAR provides that, in general, “[o]rdering of-
fices shall obtain supplies and services on the Procurement
List from the central nonprofit agency or its designated
AbilityOne participating nonprofit agencies . . . .” Id.
§ 8.705–1 (emphasis added). If supplies are identified on
the procurement list as available from the Defense Logis-
tics Agency (“DLA”) or the General Services Administra-
tion (“GSA”) supply distribution facilities, then the
supplies must be obtained through those facilities, and in
turn DLA and GSA “shall obtain the supplies . . . from
[SourceAmerica] or its designated AbilityOne participating
nonprofit agency.” See id. § 8.705–1 (emphasis added).
The FAR also describes both a direct order process, id.
§ 8.705–2, and an allocation process, id. § 8.705–3. The
FAR also states that ordering offices may acquire supplies
on the procurement list from commercial sources “only if
the acquisition is specifically authorized in a purchase ex-
ception granted by the designated central nonprofit
agency.” Id. § 8.706(a). Such purchase exceptions are ap-
propriate under the FAR when the nonprofit agency cannot
provide the commodities in sufficient quantities or cannot
meet the required deadline. Id. § 8.706(b). Under the FAR,
the Committee may also grant a purchase exception in ap-
propriate cases. Id. § 8.706(e).
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II
In July 2019, the DLA4 issued Solicitation No.
SPE1C1-19-R-0021, which contemplated awards for two
separate lots: Lot 1 acquiring a Rifleman Set with Tactical
Assault Panel (“TAP”) and Lot 2 acquiring the same with
Associated Components. SEKRI, Inc. v. United States, 152
Fed. Cl. 742, 745–46 (2021). On March 30, 2020, DLA
awarded a contract for Lot 1 to Propper International, Inc.
Id. at 746; Appx 40–41.
On April 21, 2020, DLA issued a public notice of an
amendment (“Amendment 6”) that changed Lot 2 from ac-
quiring TAP to acquiring an “Advanced Tactical Assault
Panel (ATAP)5 and its associated components.” Appx
40–41 (emphasis added); see also SEKRI, 152 Fed. Cl. at
746. The notice stated, “This acquisition for Lot #2 will re-
sult in the award of a single, firm fixed-price, long-term In-
definite Delivery, Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract
consisting of a one (1) year base term and two (2), one (1)
year option terms.” Appx 41. The notice further specified
that “[t]he solicitation’s evaluation factors, which are listed
in descending order of importance, will include Product
Demonstration Models, Past Performance – Performance
Confidence Assessment and Socioeconomic Program Sup-
port.” Appx 41. In addition, offered prices “will be evalu-
ated . . . to ensure that award will be made at fair and
4 DLA is an agency within the U.S. Department of
Defense. As such, it is subject to both the JWOD Act and
the FAR.
5 ATAP “is a fighting load carrier to be worn with a
parachute harness” that “can be configured . . . to attach 6
or more M4 magazines, two grenades, an Individual First
Aid Kit (IFAK) and canteen/general purpose pouches.”
Appx 38. ATAP “enables the paratrooper’s fighting load to
in a ready to fight configuration when reaching the drop
zone.” Appx 38.
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SEKRI , INC. v. US 9
reasonable prices.” Appx 41. The notice also explained
that “[t]he planned acquisition will be issued on an Unre-
stricted Basis” and that “[t]he Government intend[ed] to
make a single award to the responsible offeror whose pro-
posal [met] all terms and conditions of the solicitation,
[was] determined to be the best value to the Government
and submit[ted] an overall price that is determined to be
fair and reasonable by the contracting officer.” Appx 42. A
subsequent amendment set an October 7, 2020, proposal
deadline. SEKRI, 152 Fed. Cl. at 746.
SEKRI, Inc.,6 a nonprofit agency qualified as a manda-
tory source of ATAP under the AbilityOne Program,
SEKRI, 152 Fed. Cl. at 745–46, became aware of Amend-
ment 6 shortly after it issued, Appx 1087. Between
June 10, 2020, and June 25, 2020, SourceAmerica ex-
changed emails with DLA regarding DLA’s procurement of
ATAP via a competitive bidding process. SEKRI, 152 Fed.
Cl. at 746; Appx 1088. SourceAmerica informed DLA that
ATAP appears on the Committee’s procurement list under
the AbilityOne Program and that SEKRI is the nonprofit
agency authorized to supply ATAP. Appx 1091.
SourceAmerica asked DLA if it intended to acquire the
ATAP specified in the solicitation from SEKRI. Appx 1091.
DLA’s contracting officer responded that, “[t]o best meet
the Army’s requirements, DLA is purchasing the [ATAP]
in the full & open unrestricted SPE1C1-19-R-0021” and
that SourceAmerica “is invited to offer as a sub-contractor
or as a prime contractor under this solicitation.”
Appx 1090.
On October 7, 2020, the solicitation period ended. On
January 21, 2021, before an award was made, SEKRI filed
a complaint in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims challeng-
ing, as contrary to law, DLA’s procurement of ATAP
6 SEKRI, Inc. is also known as Southeastern Ken-
tucky Rehabilitation Industries, Inc. Appx 26.
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through a competitive solicitation rather than through
SEKRI. Appx 26–45. SEKRI alleged that it is a “qualified
nonprofit agency for other severely disabled workers” un-
der the JWOD Act. Appx 28. It also alleged, for standing
purposes, that it qualifies as an “interested party” under
28 U.S.C. § 1491 “because it currently produces the ATAP,
and because it is the mandatory source of supply for the
ATAP.” Appx 27. According to the complaint, ATAP ap-
pears on the Committee’s procurements list established
under the JWOD Act, and the Committee designated
SEKRI as the “Mandatory Source of Supply” for ATAP.
Appx 37–38. SEKRI sought an injunction of the procure-
ment prohibiting the federal government from procuring
the ATAP from any source other than SEKRI, as well as
attorney fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act. Appx
42–45.
On February 5, 2021, the government moved to dismiss
the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction or, al-
ternatively, for failure to state a claim under the waiver
rule established in Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States,
492 F.3d 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2007). SEKRI, 152 Fed. Cl. at 746;
Appx 22. The government did not challenge SEKRI’s
standing in its motion to dismiss. SEKRI, 152 Fed. Cl.
at 746.
On March 9, 2021, the Court of Federal Claims granted
the government’s motion. Id. at 745. The court sua sponte
raised the issue of SEKRI’s standing. Id. at 747. The court
explained that, to establish standing as an “interested
party” under 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1), a plaintiff must show
that “it (1) is an actual or prospective bidder, and (2) pos-
sesses the requisite direct economic interest.” Id. at 748
(quoting Rex Serv. Corp. v. United States, 448 F.3d 1305,
1307 (Fed. Cir. 2006)).
The court determined that SEKRI does not qualify as
an actual or prospective bidder. Id. In determining that
SEKRI does not constitute a prospective bidder, the court
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SEKRI , INC. v. US 11
reasoned that SEKRI “cannot now claim to be a prospective
bidder on the DLA’s solicitation because the solicitation pe-
riod ended on October 7, 2020.” Id. The court also ex-
plained that “a plaintiff qualifies as a prospective bidder if
it diligently pursued its protest rights, such as bringing a
bid protest prior to the close of bidding.” Id. (citing CGI
Fed. Inc. v. United States, 779 F.3d 1346, 1349–50
(Fed. Cir. 2015)). The court found that SEKRI did not dil-
igently pursue its protest rights because the only action
SEKRI took before filing its complaint was contacting DLA,
through SourceAmerica, to inform DLA that SEKRI was a
mandatory source of the ATAP specified in the solicitation.
Id. at 749. The court observed that SEKRI did not submit
a bid before the deadline despite DLA’s invitation. Id.
The court also determined that “[e]ven if the plaintiff
had standing, the Court finds that the plaintiff’s complaint
must be dismissed under Blue & Gold.” Id. at 751. The
court reasoned that SEKRI had the opportunity to object to
Amendment 6 to the solicitation as containing a patent er-
ror, namely the omission of ATAP’s mandatory source of
supply, but SEKRI did not do so. Id. at 755. Further, the
court explained, SEKRI failed to object to the solicitation
before the close of the bidding process. Id. at 757. The
court stated that “[t]o avoid waiver, a party must object be-
fore the close of the bidding process.” Id.
SEKRI appealed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(3).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review determinations of standing de novo. Labatt
Food Serv., Inc. v. United States, 577 F.3d 1375, 1379 (Fed.
Cir. 2009); COMINT Sys. Corp. v. United States, 700 F.3d
1377, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2012). Any underlying fact findings
are reviewed for clear error. Labatt, 577 F.3d at 1379.
Whether a complaint was properly dismissed for fail-
ure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted is a
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SEKRI , INC. v. US 12
question of law that we review without deference. Land
Shark Shredding, LLC v. United States, 842 F. App’x 589,
591 (Fed. Cir. 2021). To state a claim, a complaint must
allege facts plausibly showing entitlement to relief. Ac-
ceptance Ins. Cos., Inc. v. United States, 583 F.3d 849, 853
(Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 545 (2007)).
D ISCUSSION
I
A
The Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491, as amended by the
Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 1996, Pub. L. No.
104–320, § 12, 110 Stat. 3870, 3874 (Oct. 19, 1996), “confers
exclusive jurisdiction upon the Court of Federal Claims
over bid protests against the government.” Distributed
Sols., Inc. v. United States, 539 F.3d 1340, 1344 (Fed. Cir.
2008); see also Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico
Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1332 (Fed. Cir.
2001). Section 1491(b)(1) reads:
[T]he United States Court of Federal Claims . . .
shall have jurisdiction to render judgment on an
action by an interested party objecting to a solicita-
tion by a Federal agency for bids or proposals for a
proposed contract or to a proposed award or the
award of a contract or any alleged violation of stat-
ute or regulation in connection with a procurement
or a proposed procurement,
28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1) (emphasis added). This court has
interpreted the phrase “interested party” in § 1491(b)(1) as
consistent with the express definition given to that phrase
in a related statute, the Competition in Contracting Act,
31 U.S.C. §§ 3551–56: “an actual or prospective bidder or
offeror whose direct economic interest would be affected by
the award of the contract or by failure to award the
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SEKRI , INC. v. US 13
contract.”7 Am. Fed’n of Gov’t Emps., AFL-CIO v. United
States, 258 F.3d 1294, 1302 Fed. Cir. (2001); see also
31 U.S.C. § 3551(2)(A). We are not aware of any case
where this court has specified the circumstances under
which a qualified mandatory source of a commodity in the
AbilityOne Program qualifies as a “prospective bidder or
offeror” for purposes of standing to file a bid protest in the
Court of Federal Claims.8 This case therefore presents an
issue of first impression.
B
SEKRI argues that it has standing under the Tucker
Act as an actual or prospective bidder with a direct eco-
nomic interest in DLA’s solicitation on the grounds that it
is a qualified, mandatory source of ATAP in the AbilityOne
Program. Appellant’s Br. 10. According to SEKRI, “[t]he
only reason that there is any ‘actual bidder,’ apart from
SEKRI,” is that DLA violated its express obligation under
the JWOD Act and its implementing regulations to procure
ATAP from SEKRI via the AbilityOne Program. Id.
We agree with SEKRI. We hold that SEKRI qualifies
as a prospective bidder for standing purposes under the
7 In contrast, federal district courts have jurisdiction
to review bid protests under the Administrative Procedure
Act. See, e.g., Garufi, 238 F.3d at 1331.
8 In cases not involving mandatory sources under
the JWOD Act, this court has explained, for example, that
“the opportunity to qualify either as an actual or a prospec-
tive bidder ends when the proposal period ends,” Rex Ser-
vice Corp. v. United States, 448 F.3d 1305, 1308 (Fed. Cir.
2006), and that a protester can qualify as a prospective bid-
der by “diligently and continuously pursuing its rights in
the [agency] and then, immediately upon dismissal by the
[agency], in the Court of Federal Claims,” CGI Federal Inc.
v. United States, 779 F.3d 1346, 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2015).
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SEKRI , INC. v. US 14
Tucker Act. SEKRI is the designated mandatory source of
ATAP in the AbilityOne Program.9 SEKRI, 152 Fed. Cl.
at 745. SourceAmerica notified DLA early in the solicita-
tion period that SEKRI is the mandatory source of ATAP
in the AbilityOne Program. Id. at 749. Despite its aware-
ness that SEKRI is the mandatory source, DLA opted to
continue the competitive solicitation of bids for ATAP. Id.
DLA thus knowingly violated its statutory and regulatory
obligation under the JWOD Act and its implementing reg-
ulations to procure ATAP from SEKRI using the Abil-
ityOne Program. See Kingdomware Techs., Inc. v. United
States, 579 U.S. 162, 171 (2016) (“Unlike the word ‘may,’
which implies discretion, the word ‘shall’ usually connotes
a requirement.”); see also 41 U.S.C. § 8504(a) (a contracting
activity “shall procure” a product on the procurement list
from a qualified nonprofit agency); 41 C.F.R. § 51–1.2(a)
(the JWOD Act “mandates” that contracting activities pro-
cure products on the procurement list from a qualified non-
profit agency); id. § 51–5.2(a) (“Nonprofit agencies
designated by the Committee are mandatory sources of
supply for all entities of the Government for commodities
and services included on the [p]rocurement [l]ist . . . .”); id.
§ 51–5.2(b) (“Purchases of commodities on the [p]rocure-
ment [l]ist by entities of the [g]overnment shall be made
from sources authorized by the Committee”); id. § 51–5.2(c)
(“Contracting activities shall require other persons provid-
ing commodities which are on the [p]rocurement [l]ist to
entities of the [g]overnment by contract to order these com-
modities from the sources authorized by the Committee.”).
9 The government argued for the first time at oral
argument that SEKRI is not a mandatory source of
ATAP. Oral Arg. at 14:08–24:00. We find that argu-
ment forfeited. Henry v. Dep’t of Justice, 157 F.3d 863,
865 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“The government’s argument . . .
was raised for the first time at oral argument and
comes too late.”).
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SEKRI , INC. v. US 15
These circumstances suffice to qualify SEKRI as a prospec-
tive bidder for standing purposes under the Tucker Act.
The government argues that SEKRI does not qualify as
a “prospective bidder” under the rubric established in this
court’s past cases. Specifically, the government contends
that SEKRI failed to submit a bid during the bidding period
as required under Rex and SEKRI failed to file an agency
protest during the bidding period and thereafter diligently
pursue its protest rights in the Court of Federal Claims, as
required under CGI. See Appellee’s Br. 9–10.
The cases identified by the government do not involve
mandatory sources of commodities participating in the
AbilityOne Program. Indeed, the AbilityOne Program is a
complex system of government procurement that imposes
specific obligations on the government, central nonprofit
organizations, and nonprofit agencies that employ the
blind and severely disabled. We decline the invitation to
treat mandatory sources of commodities participating in
the AbilityOne Program the same as other potential inter-
ested parties. SEKRI has already completed, for example,
the process of initial qualification to participate in the Abil-
ityOne Program, 41 C.F.R. § 51–4.2, and must undergo an
additional, annual process to maintain its qualification, id.
§ 51–4.3. SEKRI therefore obtained the right to supply the
government with ATAP by participating in the AbilityOne
Program, not the competitive bidding route.
It is unreasonable to require mandatory sources such
as SEKRI to openly compete in the competitive bidding pro-
cess given Congress’s intent to take participants in the
AbilityOne Program out of the competitive process. See,
e.g., 83 Cong. Rec. 9111. In the competitive bidding pro-
cess, procuring agencies solicit bids because they do not yet
know which entity or entities will best be able to supply the
product. Not so under the JWOD Act. Entities like SEKRI
have established economic interest bona fides because they
have been qualified under the AbilityOne Program and are
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SEKRI , INC. v. US 16
a mandatory source. Congress has established that such
entities must be prioritized over other commercial sources,
absent special circumstances. See 41 U.S.C. § 8504(a); see
also 41 C.F.R. § 51–5.4 (providing for purchase exceptions);
48 C.F.R. § 8.706 (same).
In the context of competitive bidding, we have held that
a bidder may “cease[] to be a prospective bidder” where it
does not “pursue its rights in a diligent fashion.” Cf. CGI,
779 F.3d at 1351 (discussing Rex, 448 F.3d at 1307). But it
would not make sense to impose upon mandatory sources
an affirmative obligation to monitor the federal govern-
ment’s solicitations to identify attempts to circumvent the
AbilityOne Program and immediately bring agency pro-
tests, especially where the JWOD Act places an affirmative
obligation on procuring agencies to determine whether the
procurement is subject to a mandatory source. Here, the
onus is on the procuring agency, not the nonprofit agency
participating in the AbilityOne Program. See 41 U.S.C.
§ 8504(a) (requiring federal procuring agencies to procure
certain goods from a qualified nonprofit agency under the
AbilityOne Program); see also 41 C.F.R. §§ 51–1.2(a), 51–
5.2. This is not to say that procuring agencies have no way
out of the JWOD procurement regime. To lawfully procure
the ATAP from a commercial source other than SEKRI
through competitive bidding, the government should have
obtained a purchase exception from SourceAmerica or the
Committee. See 41 C.F.R. § 51–5.4; 48 C.F.R. § 8.706. The
government does not show that it ever obtained, or even
sought, a purchase exception. On the record before us,
therefore, the government was required to procure the
ATAP from SEKRI using the appropriate process under the
AbilityOne Program. See 41 C.F.R. §§ 51–5.4, 51–6.1 (di-
rect order process), 51–6.2 (allocation process); 48 C.F.R.
§§ 8.705–2 (direct order process), 8.705–3 (allocation pro-
cess). In this respect, SEKRI was a “prospective bidder.”
We conclude that SEKRI, as a qualified mandatory
source in the AbilityOne Program, has standing as a
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SEKRI , INC. v. US 17
prospective bidder to bring its bid protest action in the
Court of Federal Claims.
II
The government also contends that SEKRI waived its
bid protest rights under Blue & Gold and has therefore
failed to state a claim. Appellee’s Br. 14–26; SEKRI,
152 Fed. Cl. at 745. The government states that SEKRI’s
“belated protest fits squarely within the Blue & Gold rule”
and that this presents a “classic” case of waiver. Appellee’s
Br. 15. We disagree.
We recently held that a bidder’s “timely, formal chal-
lenge of the solicitation before [the agency] removes [a] case
from the ambit of Blue & Gold and its progeny.” Harmonia
Holdings Grp., LLC v. United States, 20 F.4th 759, 767
(Fed. Cir. 2021).10 Harmonia did not involve a mandatory
source participating in the AbilityOne Program, but it is
nevertheless instructive. Here, SEKRI, through
SourceAmerica—early in the bidding period and shortly af-
ter SEKRI learned of the solicitation—gave notice to DLA
that it was a mandatory source of ATAP participating in
the AbilityOne Program. DLA confirmed its receipt of the
SourceAmerica contact, and it responded with its determi-
nation that it would proceed with a competitive bid. Based
on these facts, SEKRI satisfied its obligation under Har-
monia to submit a “timely, formal challenge” of the solici-
tation. Thereafter, SEKRI filed its bid protest action before
the Court of Federal Claims shortly after the close of the
bidding period and prior to any award determination.
SEKRI thus did not waive its right to bring its bid protest
under Blue & Gold.
10 The Court of Federal Claims issued its judgment in
this case on March 9, 2021. This court issued its opinion in
Harmonia on December 7, 2021.
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SEKRI , INC. v. US 18
We conclude that DLA’s awareness during the bidding
process that SEKRI is the mandatory source of ATAP re-
moves this case from the application of the Blue & Gold
standard of waiver. The government cites no case in which
we have extended the requirements of Blue & Gold to man-
datory sources of supply in the AbilityOne Program. That
the government chose to ignore the potential violation of
the JWOD Act does not give it a basis on which to claim
that SEKRI has no standing. To do so turns the JWOD Act
on its head. As a qualified, mandatory source of ATAP par-
ticipating in the AbilityOne Program, SEKRI has the right
to supply the ATAP separate and apart from the competi-
tive bidding process, in accordance with the FAR, the
JWOD Act, and its regulations. For these reasons, we re-
verse the judgment of the Court of Federal Claims that
SEKRI waived its right under Blue & Gold to bring its bid
protest action.
CONCLUSION
We hold that SEKRI qualifies as a prospective bidder
for standing purposes because DLA was aware during the
bidding process that SEKRI is a mandatory source of ATAP
in the AbilityOne Program. We also hold that SEKRI did
not waive its bid protest rights under Blue & Gold because
DLA was on notice, during the bidding process, that SEKRI
is the mandatory source of ATAP in the AbilityOne pro-
gram. Accordingly, we reverse the Court of Federal Claims’
dismissal and remand for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion. We have considered the parties’ remain-
ing arguments and find them unpersuasive.
REVERSED AND REMANDED
COSTS
Costs to appellant.
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