United States v. Benitez-Lopez

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
_________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

MICHAEL BENITEZ-LOPEZ,
a/k/a Mikey, a/k/a Money Mike,

Defendant - Appellant.

No. 19-1439
(D.C. No. 1:18-CR-00328-PAB-6)
(D. Colo.)

_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT
*

_________________________________
Before HOLMES, BACHARACH, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Mr. Michael Benitez-Lopez was charged with federal drug offenses.
1

To support the charges, the government offered into evidence a letter that

*
The parties have not requested oral argument, and it would not
materially help us in deciding the appeal. We have thus decided the appeal
based on the briefs and the record on appeal. See Fed. R. App. P.
34(a)(2)(C); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G).

Our order and judgment does not constitute binding precedent except
under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel.
But the order and judgment may be cited for its persuasive value under
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1(a) and 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A).
1.
The charges involved

 possession with intent to distribute a mixture of a Schedule II
controlled substance,

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit

November 10, 2020

Christopher M. Wolpert
Clerk of Court
Appellate Case: 19-1439 Document: 010110435558 Date Filed: 11/10/2020 Page: 1

2

Mr. Benitez-Lopez had written from jail. In the letter, he had told his
girlfriend that his mother might be subpoenaed, adding: “But tell here [sic]
if they Do to Just say she don’t know shit she plays the 5
th
, Because I
guess she was in some calls of mines [sic].” The letter also stated, “tell my
mom asap what I siad [sic] K!”
Mr. Benitez-Lopez objected on the ground of unfair prejudice, and
the court overruled the objection. The jury ultimately found guilt on all of
the charges; and at sentencing, the court relied on the letter to apply a two-
level enhancement for attempted obstruction of justice. See USSG § 3C1.1.
On appeal, Mr. Benitez-Lopez argues that the district court erred in
allowing introduction of the letter and using it to apply the sentencing
enhancement. We affirm.
2

 conspiracy to distribute or possess with intent to distribute a
mixture containing cocaine, and

 use of a communication facility with intent to distribute a
Schedule II controlled substance and aiding and abetting this
offense.

2.
Mr. Benitez-Lopez filed the notice of appeal between the sentencing
and final judgment. Though the notice was premature, it ripened upon entry
of the final judgment. See United States v. Gachot, 512 F.3d 1252, 1253
n.2 (10th Cir. 2008) (concluding that a notice of appeal ripened upon entry
of a final judgment even though the notice had preceded the final
judgment).

Appellate Case: 19-1439 Document: 010110435558 Date Filed: 11/10/2020 Page: 2

3

I. The district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing
introduction of the letter into evidence.
On appeal, Mr. Benitez-Lopez argues that introduction of the letter
created unfair prejudice
3
by showing that he had been incarcerated on the
current charge. The government argues that Mr. Benitez-Lopez failed to
preserve this argument. For the sake of argument, we may assume that the
argument was preserved. Even with preservation, however, the argument
would fail.
If the argument had been preserved, we would apply the abuse-of-
discretion standard. United States v. Cherry, 433 F.3d 698, 700 (10th Cir.
2005). This discretion is particularly broad when the district court balances
the probative value of evidence against the risk of unfair prejudice. Id. at
702. In determining whether the court abused its broad discretion, we
consider “(1) whether the evidence was relevant, (2) whether it had the
potential to unfairly prejudice the defendant, and (3) whether its probative
value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.”
United States v. Watson, 766 F.3d 1219, 1241 (10th Cir. 2014) (quoting
United States v. MacKay, 715 F.3d 807, 839 (10th Cir. 2013)). When

3.
In a subheading and a few sentences, Mr. Benitez-Lopez also
suggests that introduction of the letter denied him a fair trial. Reference to
a “fair trial” could suggest a denial of due process. But Mr. Benitez-Lopez
did not object based on this ground, so he forfeited a distinct challenge
involving a denial of due process. United States v. McGlothin, 705 F.3d
1254, 1256–57 (10th Cir. 2013).
Appellate Case: 19-1439 Document: 010110435558 Date Filed: 11/10/2020 Page: 3

4

balancing probative value and unfair prejudice, we “should ‘give the
evidence its maximum reasonable probative force and its minimum
reasonable prejudicial value.’” Deters v. Equifax Credit Info. Servs., Inc.,
202 F.3d 1262, 1274 (10th Cir. 2000) (quoting SEC v. Peters, 978 F.2d
1162, 1171 (10th Cir. 1992)).
Mr. Benitez-Lopez challenges our application of the balancing test,
arguing that
 the letter lacked relevance and

 the discussion of the letter during the deputy sheriff’s
testimony signaled to the jury that Mr. Benitez-Lopez “was not
only in custody, but in custody for this particular offense.”

Appellant’s Opening Br. at 21. We reject these arguments.
The district court could plausibly interpret the letter as an instruction
to Mr. Benitez-Lopez’s mother to lie by saying that she didn’t know
anything (even though she had participated in some of the pertinent phone
calls). Given the plausibility of this interpretation, the district court could
reasonably regard the letter as evidence of Mr. Benitez-Lopez’s
consciousness of guilt.
The court could also reasonably discount the possibility that the
letter might suggest why Mr. Benitez-Lopez was in jail. Though Mr.
Benitez-Lopez had written the letter from jail, neither the letter nor the
Appellate Case: 19-1439 Document: 010110435558 Date Filed: 11/10/2020 Page: 4

5

deputy sheriff said anything about the nature of the charge or the reason
for his incarceration.
4

Of course, even without specifics, the letter implied that Mr.
Benitez-Lopez was incarcerated. Though the fact of his incarceration was
prejudicial, the court could reasonably regard the prejudice as fair because
it omitted any additional damaging details. See United States v. Silva, 889
F.3d 704, 715 (10th Cir. 2018), cert. denied, 139 S. Ct. 1319, 203 L. Ed.
2d 572 (2019) (noting that the appellant’s proposed redactions were not
necessary to avoid unfair prejudice because the evidence was limited to the
fact of conviction and did not include other details). And even if some
parts might have been prejudicial, the district court offered to redact
prejudicial parts of the letter.
Given the district court’s discretion, we conclude that the court did
not err in balancing the probative value against the danger of unfair
prejudice.

4.
In the letter, Mr. Benitez-Lopez didn’t say that he was incarcerated.
But he did

 say that he needed to “see you guys soon” and didn’t want to be
“in here for a long time” and

 ask his girlfriend how things were “out there.”

Appellate Case: 19-1439 Document: 010110435558 Date Filed: 11/10/2020 Page: 5

6

II. The district court did not err in enhancing Mr. Benitez-Lopez’s
sentence for attempted obstruction of justice.
When considering a challenge to a sentencing enhancement for
attempted obstruction of justice, we review the district court’s findings for
clear error. United States v. Hawthorne, 316 F.3d 1140, 1145 (10th Cir.
2003). The district court could find attempted obstruction of justice if the
government proved (1) an intent to obstruct justice and (2) a substantial
step toward the obstruction of justice. United States v. Fleming, 667 F.3d
1098, 1107 (10th Cir. 2011).
Mr. Benitez-Lopez contends that the guideline is not intended to
punish a defendant for advising a third party of her right to invoke the
Fifth Amendment. But Mr. Benitez-Lopez did not just advise his mother to
invoke the Fifth Amendment; he also instructed his mother to say that she
didn’t know anything even though she had participated in some of his
calls. The court could reasonably consider this instruction as an attempt to
obstruct justice.
According to Mr. Benitez-Lopez, he did not intend to obstruct
justice, protesting that his statements were true and lacked any threats. But
“to qualify as an attempt to obstruct justice, ‘[a] defendant need not
actually threaten the witness; he need only attempt to influence the[]
[witness].’” United States v. Fleming, 667 F.3d at 1109 (10th Cir. 2011)
(quoting United States v. Powell, 973 F.2d 885, 894 (10th Cir. 1992)).
Appellate Case: 19-1439 Document: 010110435558 Date Filed: 11/10/2020 Page: 6

7

In his reply brief, Mr. Benitez-Lopez argues that the government
offers only speculation to prove an intent to obstruct justice. But the text
of his letter suggests an obstructive intent. Mr. Benitez-Lopez asked his
girlfriend to tell his mother to deny any knowledge even though she had
participated in some of his calls. He then referred to the government’s
effort to elicit evidence against him. Given the language in the letter, the
district court did not clearly err in finding an intent to obstruct justice.
Mr. Benitez-Lopez also argues that he did not take a substantial step
toward the obstruction of justice. But “attempting to threaten or influence
a witness through a third-party intermediary may constitute a substantial
step sufficient to justify application of an obstruction of justice
enhancement.” Id. at 1108. Mr. Benitez-Lopez wrote the letter, put it in a
stamped envelope addressed to his girlfriend, and placed the letter in the
mail. The district court did not clearly err in concluding that these actions
constituted substantial steps toward the obstruction of justice.
Affirmed.

Entered for the Court

Robert E. Bacharach
Circuit Judge

Appellate Case: 19-1439 Document: 010110435558 Date Filed: 11/10/2020 Page: 7