SANDRA JOHNSON, Administrator, Estate of Perry Johnson, Jr.; And Estate of , Perry Johnson, Jr. v. VINCENT OSRIC JOHNSON; Tammy Johnson; Trina Surratt; Shayla Brentley Moore; Stacy Rogers; Demarlone Bell; And Kenneth Johnson

Cite as 2020 Ark. App. 9
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION I
No. CV-19-19

SANDRA JOHNSON,
ADMINISTRATOR, ESTATE OF PERRY OPINION DELIVERED: JANUARY 15, 2020
JOHNSON, JR.; AND ESTATE OF
PERRY JOHNSON, JR. APPEAL FROM THE JEFFERSON
APPELLANTS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
[35DR-17-369]
V.
HONORABLE LEON N. JAMISON,
VINCENT OSRIC JOHNSON; TAMMY JUDGE
JOHNSON; TRINA SURRATT; SHAYLA
BRENTLEY MOORE; STACY ROGERS;
DEMARLONE BELL; AND KENNETH AFFIRMED
JOHNSON

APPELLEES

ROBERT J. GLADWIN, Judge

Sandra Johnson, administrator of the estate of Perry Johnson, Jr., and the estate of

Perry Johnson, Jr., appeal the October 12, 2018 judgment of paternity entered by the

Jefferson County Circuit Court. The sole issue is whether the circuit court erred in

admitting appellees’ reports of DNA test results into evidence when it found substantial

compliance with Arkansas Code Annotated section 9-10-108 (Repl. 2015). We affirm.

I. Facts

Perry Johnson, Jr. (P.J.), died on December 6, 2016, and Sandra Johnson, his widow

and wife of fifty years, was appointed personal representative of the estate. A paternity

action subsequently was filed alleging that P.J. is the biological father of the appellees,
Vincent Osric Johnson, Tammy Johnson, Trina Surratt, Shayla Brentley Moore, Stacy

Rogers, Demarlone Bell, and Kenneth Johnson. The action was initially filed against

Sandra Johnson, administrator of the estate of Perry Johnson, Jr., but was later amended to

name the estate of Perry Johnson, Jr., as a separate defendant.

The parties entered into a partial settlement resulting in an order filed by the circuit

court on June 1, 2017. This order, provided, among other things, for DNA paternity

testing initiated by appellees. It also provided that if the DNA testing results were in proper

form as required by law for such testing and reflected a finding of paternity of 95 percent

or greater for an appellee, a presumption of paternity would exist for that particular

person.

On September 5, appellants filed a motion for a chain-of-custody affidavit alleging

deficiencies in a set of proffered DNA test results. Appellants’ motion was granted by the

circuit court on September 26, and the resulting order described numerous deficiencies in

the proffered test results and set forth instructions as to how they must be cured.

Appellees filed an affidavit of test results on March 22, 2018, with attachments,

including an affidavit executed by Joy Johnson, Ph.D., the assistant lab director of DNA

Diagnostics Center, and certifications or statements regarding the integrity of the samples.

Appellants filed a motion to enforce the chain-of-custody order and objections to DNA

testing results on April 6, in which they argued solely that appellees had not satisfied

Arkansas law pertaining to chain of custody pursuant to Arkansas Code Annotated section

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9-10-108(a)(5)(B) (Repl. 2015). Appellees responded to appellants’ motion on April 9 and

attached to the response more than eighty pages of supporting documents.

During a telephone conference on April 11, the circuit court determined that the

record was complete and that it could rule on the admissibility of the DNA records. The

circuit court entered an order on September 17 finding that appellees were in substantial

compliance with the chain-of-custody statute, section 9-10-108(a)(5)(B). The circuit court

also found that appellants’ pending motion to enforce the chain-of-custody order was

moot, thereby denying appellants’ pending motion and denying their objections to the

subject DNA testing results. The circuit court found that appellees’ argument in paragraph

5 of their response was persuasive:

5. Further, all of the DNA Test Results contain supporting documentation
of the collection of the samples and receipt of samples at the testing facility. The
Collectors of the specimens certify that they have collected, packaged and sealed the
specimens and witnessed the signatures of the specimen donors. Further, the
Collectors affirm under penalty of perjury that no tampering with the specimen(s)
occurred while under the collector’s control. Additionally, the testing facility
provided a statement that the specimens were received with no evidence that the
specimens had been tampered with or the package opened. The Assistant
Laboratory Director of DNA Diagnostic Center certified that the packages
containing the DNA specimens of the Plaintiff were examined for integrity upon
receipt at the lab and that there was no sign of tampering during transit. This
documentation is provided for the testing of each of the specimens provided by
each of the Plaintiffs and attached hereto as Exhibit A and incorporated by
reference.

On October 12, a judgment of paternity was entered by the circuit court consistent

with its previous order. The court held, among other things, that all the appellees are P.J.’s

biological children. Appellants filed a timely notice of appeal on October 15.

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II. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

A circuit court has wide discretion in evidentiary determinations. Wakefield v. Bell,

2018 Ark. App. 120, at 3, 542 S.W.3d 908, 910. On appeal, we will not reverse a circuit

court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence absent an abuse of discretion. Id. at 3, 542

S.W.3d at 910–11. Neither will we reverse on an evidentiary ruling absent a showing of

prejudice. Id. at 3–4, 542 S.W.3d at 911.

Arkansas Code Annotated section 9-10-108(a)(4)—(5) provides the following

requirements for when a circuit court orders paternity testing:

(4) The tests shall be made by a duly qualified expert or experts to be
appointed by the court.

(5)(A) A written report of the test results prepared by the duly qualified
expert conducting the test or by a duly qualified expert under whose supervision or
direction the test and analysis have been performed certified by an affidavit duly
subscribed and sworn to by him or her before a notary public may be introduced in
evidence in paternity actions without calling the expert as a witness unless a motion
challenging the test procedures or results has been filed within thirty (30) days of
the trial on the complaint and bond is posted in an amount sufficient to cover the
costs of the duly qualified expert to appear and testify.

(B)(i) If contested, documentation of the chain of custody of samples taken from
test subjects in paternity testing shall be verified by affidavit of one (1) person
witnessing the procedure or extraction, packaging, and mailing of the samples and
by one (1) person signing for the samples at the place where the samples are subject
to the testing procedure.

(ii) Submission of the affidavits along with the submission of the test results shall
be competent evidence to establish the chain of custody of these specimens.

III. Discussion

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Appellants argue that “substantial compliance,” the standard employed by the

circuit court, is insufficient as a matter of law to render the DNA testing results admissible

and to deny their pending motion to enforce chain-of-custody order and objection to the

DNA testing results. Accordingly, appellants maintain that there is no valid evidentiary

basis for the entry of the October 12, 2018 judgment of paternity.

Appellants submit that uncured deficiencies of the DNA test results remained as set

forth in their April 6, 2018 motion, which states as follows: “None of the collectors’

statements and none of the recipients’ statements attached as Exhibit ‘A’ to the [appellees’]

response to motion filed April 9, 2018, are verified by sworn affidavit as required by

Arkansas law and by the September 26, 2017 order of the circuit court, specifically, at

paragraphs number 3 and 4 thereof.” Moreover, appellants note that the results for Sara

Kenner were incomplete and unverified, as addressed in paragraph 4 of the court’s order.

Ultimately, the missing information for Ms. Kenner’s results was provided, but appellants

point out that it was not accompanied by a sworn affidavit as required by the circuit court’s

order.

We first note that appellants do not challenge the purity of the specimens tested,

the testing procedures, the reliability of the results of the tests performed by DNA

Diagnostics Center, or the expert qualifications of DNA Diagnostics Center to perform

paternity blood tests. Appellants argue only that the chain-of-custody affidavits do not

strictly comply with the statute concerning the chain of custody of DNA test results under

section 9-10-108(a)(5)(B).

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For the proposition that strict compliance with the statute is required, appellants

cite Bain v. State, 56 Ark. App. 7, 13, 937 S.W.2d 670, 673 (1997) (citing Ross v. Moore, 30

Ark. App. 207, 210–11, 785 S.W.2d 243, 245 (1990)); Boyles v. Clements, 302 Ark. 575,

578, 792 S.W.2d 311, 313 (1990); and Laden v. Morgan, 303 Ark. 585, 798 S.W.2d 678

(1990). These opinions, however, dealt with defective affidavits for test reports under

subdivision (a)(5)(A). In those cases, the affiant did not attest that the affiant was an expert

who conducted or supervised the test. In the instant case, appellants allege that neither the

collectors’ statements nor the recipients’ statements attached as Exhibit “A” to appellees’

response to their motion filed on April 9, 2018, are verified by sworn affidavit.

We note that no previous Arkansas cases have opined as to whether strict

compliance with subdivision (a)(5)(B) is required. But Bain, supra, also involved a challenge

under subsection (a)(4) in which the test in question was performed by a different company

than the one appointed by the court. The circuit court found that there had been

“substantial compliance or good-faith compliance” with the statute, and we affirmed. E.g.,

Bain, 56 Ark. App. at 15, 937 S.W.3d at 674.

Although a criminal case, we cite as instructive our recent decision in Harris v. State,

2018 Ark. App. 520, at 10, 561 S.W.3d 766, 772:

The purpose of establishing a chain of custody is to prevent the introduction
of evidence that has been tampered with or is not authentic. Authentication
requirements are satisfied if the circuit court concludes, in its discretion, that the
evidence is genuine and that, in reasonable probability, it has not been tampered
with or altered in any significant matter. Minor uncertainties in the proof of chain
of custody are matters to be weighed by the trier of fact following arguments of
counsel, but they do not render the evidence inadmissible as a matter of law.

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(Internal citations omitted.) In Harris, we held, “[C]onsidering that appellant did not

contend that the evidence was contaminated, we cannot say that the circuit court abused

its discretion in admitting the swabs and rape kit.” Id. at 13, 561 S.W.3d at 773–74.

Despite the instant matter being a paternity-test case, appellants likewise do not allege

contamination or otherwise dispute the results; they argue only that the chain-of-custody

affidavits do not strictly comply with the statute. Because our abuse-of-discretion standard

is a high threshold that does not simply require error in the circuit court’s decision—rather

it requires that the circuit court act improvidently, thoughtlessly, or without due

consideration, see id. at 12, 561 S.W.3d at 773—we hold that the circuit court could have

concluded from all the materials submitted that, within reasonable probability, the

evidence had not been tampered with.

The reports of the DNA test results were submitted with the sworn affidavit of Dr.

Johnson, an assistant lab director at the testing facility, who set forth her expert

qualifications and attested that she verified the testing was conducted in accordance with

lab standards and national standards. Her affidavit certifies that the chain-of-custody

documents concerning the tested specimens were signed by the individuals who collected,

packaged, and sealed the testing specimens. Dr. Johnson further certified that there was no

sign of tampering during transit and once received by DNA Diagnostics Center, the

specimens were at all times in the care and custody of DNA Diagnostics Center in an

electronically secured facility under her direct supervision.

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As previously set forth, the circuit court’s order that found substantial compliance

states that paragraph 5 of appellees’ response regarding the supporting documentation

regarding the collection, receipt, and treatment of the samples was persuasive. It appears

that the circuit court found that the following “collector statement” substantially complied

with the subsection (a)(5)(B)(i) requirement of an “affidavit of one (1) person witnessing

the procedure or extraction, packaging, and mailing of the samples”:

I certify that I have properly identified the parties and have collected,
packaged and sealed the specimen(s) and have witnessed the signatures. I affirm,
under penalties of perjury, that no tampering with the specimen(s) occurred while
under my control.

Although Dr. Johnson’s separate affidavits of DNA test results, sworn before a notary

public, satisfy the plain language of the second part of subdivision (a)(5)(B)(i), it is

undisputed that the collector’s statements were not sworn before a notary public. We note,

however, that at the bottom of the pages of the collector’s statements there is a different

initialed statement by the person who received the specimens at DNA Diagnostics Center,

which, along with Dr. Johnson’s affidavit, satisfies the second part of division (a)(5)(B).

The circuit court entered the following finding of fact with respect to the issue of

admissibility of the report of DNA test results:

6. On June 1, 2017, the parties reached a settlement that became the order
of this court. The order provided, among other things, that the plaintiffs would
undergo DNA paternity testing. Also, the order provided among other things, that
the DNA testing results, if in proper form required by law for such testing, reflects a
finding of paternity by 95% or greater, then that person will be adjudicated a
biological child of Perry Johnson, Jr., and if less than 95%, then that person must
establish paternity by the necessary burden of proof by December 1, 2017.

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The circuit court also made separate findings with respect to each appellee that

there was a 99 percent or greater probability that Perry Johnson III was a half sibling and

that the likelihood that they share a common biological parent is very high. The circuit

court specifically found that appellants challenged only the chain-of-custody requirements

of section 9-10-108(a)(5)(B) and that considering appellees’ April 9, 2018 pleading and

supporting documentation for each appellees’ testing, appellees are now in substantial

compliance with both the circuit court’s previous order and section 9-10-108.

Subsequent to the Ross and Boyles opinions, section 9-10-108 was amended to allow

for certification by an expert under whose supervision or direction the test has been

performed. Here, appellees provided more than eighty pages of documentation regarding

the relevant DNA test results, including affidavits duly subscribed and sworn to by Dr.

Johnson, the assistant lab director, before a notary public and reports regarding the chain

of custody of samples taken from test subjects from a person collecting, packaging, mailing,

and receiving the samples. Dr. Johnson’s affidavits of DNA test results set forth her

position as assistant lab director, her qualifications as an examiner of inherited

characteristics, and her qualifications to administer the DNA test. In the affidavits, Dr.

Johnson specifically states that there was no sign of tampering during transit and upon

receipt; she verified that the tests were conducted in accordance with established standards

and that at all times after receipt of the specimens at the laboratory, the specimens were

secure in the care and custody of DNA Diagnostics Center and under her direct

supervision.

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Despite appellants’ argument that the DNA test results are inadmissible because

“none of the collectors’ statements and none of the recipients’ statements attached as

Exhibit ‘A’ to [appellees’] response to motion filed April 9, 2018 are verified by sworn

affidavit,” we note that in the documentation provided by appellees regarding the

collection and receipt of the samples at the testing facility, the collectors certify that they

have collected, packaged, and sealed the specimens and witnessed the signatures of the

specimen donors. The collectors also affirm under penalty of perjury that no tampering

with the specimens occurred while under their control and verified the document with

their signatures. Further, the testing facility provided a statement that the specimens had

been received with no evidence of tampering.

It is undisputed that each of the appellees’ DNA test results reflected a finding of

paternity of 99 percent or greater, and appellants did not challenge the DNA test results at

the circuit court level. Further, as reflected in the circuit court’s order, appellants agreed

that if in the proper form, DNA test results for each of the appellees reflecting a finding of

paternity of 95 percent or greater would be adjudicated a biological child of P.J.

The circuit court found that the supporting documentation submitted by appellees

“substantially complied” with the relevant statutory requirements although they were not

in the exact proper affidavit form, and, in a case where no challenge to the authenticity of

the DNA test results or allegation of tampering thereof, we hold that such compliance is

sufficient. We hold that the circuit court did not err in admitting the DNA test results, in

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denying appellants’ motion to enforce chain-of-custody order and objection to DNA test

results, and in issuing the resulting October 12, 2018 judgment of paternity.

Affirmed.

ABRAMSON and KLAPPENBACH, JJ., agree.

Brockman, Norton & Taylor, by: C. Mac Norton and Zachary Taylor, for appellants.

McKissic & Associates, PLLC, by: Gene E. McKissic, Sr., and Jackie B. Harris, for

appellees.

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