Anteaus Ockzavia Glenn v. State of Alabama

Rel: August 22, 2025

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter.
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Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals
OCTOBER TERM, 2024-2025
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CR-2025-0085
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Anteaus Ockzavia Glenn

v.

State of Alabama

Appeal from Montgomery Circuit Court
(CC-21-527.70)

COLE, Judge.

Anteaus Ockzavia Glenn appeals the Montgomery Circuit Court's

order revoking his probation based on his commission of various new

offenses and his failure to abide by the conditions of probation. We

reverse and remand.
CR-2025-0085

Facts and Procedural History

Glenn was convicted of second-degree criminal mischief, a violation

of § 13A-7-22, Ala. Code 1975. He was sentenced to one year of

imprisonment, which was suspended for Glenn to serve one year of

supervised probation. On May 17, 2023, Officer Nayati McLemore, with

the Alabama Bureau of Pardons and Paroles ("ABPP"), filed a

delinquency report with the circuit court alleging that Glenn had violated

the conditions of his probation by absconding. Subsequently, on

December 2, 2024, Officer Jonathan Brumlow, with the ABPP, filed a

supplemental delinquency report with the circuit court alleging that

Glenn had violated his probation by "possess[ing], receiv[ing], or

transport[ing] firearms," a technical violation, and for committing six

new offenses: domestic violence by strangulation or suffocation, a

violation of § 13A-6-138, Ala. Code 1975; two counts of felony third-degree

domestic violence (third-degree assault), violations of § 13A-6-132, Ala.

Code 1975; first-degree theft of property, a violation of § 13A-8-3, Ala.

Code 1975; second-degree theft of property, a violation of § 13A-8-4, Ala.

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Code 1975; and third-degree domestic violence (menacing), a violation of

§ 13A-6-132, Ala. Code 1975.

On December 18, 2024, the circuit court held a probation-revocation

hearing. Off. Brumlow testified that he was not Glenn's original

probation officer and authenticated a copy of the conditions of probation.

As to the technical violation of possessing, receiving, or transporting a

firearm, Off. Brumlow testified that he had charged Glenn with the

violation based on his commission of the new offense of third-degree

domestic violence (menacing). 1 Off. Brumlow agreed that he did not have

any personal knowledge of Glenn's absconding or of any of his newly

charged offenses. (R. 11-12.)

Sergeant K.A. Nunn, with the Montgomery Police Department

("MPD"), testified that Geraldine Miller went to the MPD and reported

that, on July 11, 2023, she had been "physically assault[ed]" by Glenn.

(R. 13-14.) Sgt. Nunn observed that Miller had "a black eye," "minor

scratches to her neck," and "like a bruise" on her arm. (R. 14-15.)

1We note that the supplemental delinquency report indicates that

the technical violation of possessing, receiving, or transporting a firearm
was related to "Charge 4," which is the charge of first-degree theft of
property. (C. 20-21.)

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CR-2025-0085

Photographs of Miller's injuries were introduced into evidence. Sgt.

Nunn testified that she learned, before the hearing, that Miller had

written a "letter saying that the incident did not occur." (R. 17.) Sgt.

Nunn agreed that she had no personal knowledge of the incident other

than what Miller had told her.

Corporal T.H. Hawkins, with the MPD, investigated another

domestic-violence incident involving Preinsha Grice and Glenn. During

an interview about a different matter with Grice at MPD, Grice alleged

that, on April 1, 2024, she had gotten into a "verbal altercation which

turned physical" with Glenn. (R. 20-21.) Grice "sustained bruises to her

left and right arm[s] as well as her chest," which Cpl. Hawkins observed

and photographed. (R. 21.) Grice alleged that, during the altercation,

Glenn had produced a firearm and threatened her life. After the

altercation, Glenn left with Grice's vehicle and her firearm. Grice told

Cpl. Hawkins that she did not give Glenn permission to use her vehicle.

The following day Glenn and Grice "exchange[d] through text messages"

that Grice wanted her firearm back, and Glenn "replied, I sold it for

$150." (R. 24.) Grice forwarded screenshots of those messages to Cpl.

Hawkins. Grice also told Cpl. Hawkins that another altercation occurred

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CR-2025-0085

the next day, during which Glenn "threw [Grice] on the floor." (R. 24-25.)

According to Grice, when Glenn proceeded to Grice's vehicle, "because

[Glenn] had told [Grice] that her gun [was] inside the car, [Grice] thought

that [Glenn] was grabbing for the firearm, so in defense, [Grice] shot

[Glenn]." (R. 25.)

During Cpl. Hawkins's testimony, the State introduced into

evidence a copy of an emailed screenshot of the alleged text conversation

between Glenn and Grice. Glenn objected to the text conversation based

on "a lack of personal knowledge" and "a lack of foundation" to determine

that the messages were authentic. (R. 27-28.) The circuit court admitted

the text conversation over Glenn's objection. In discussing the text

messages, the State and Cpl. Hawkins identified the messages as coming

from either the "owner of the phone" or the "recipient." (R. 29.) One of

the messages read: "I just sold your gun for the 150." (R. 29.) There was

no testimony indicating that Glenn was the "recipient." Cpl. Hawkins

agreed, on cross-examination, that he lacked any personal knowledge of

the facts and was relying only on what Grice had told him.

Glenn argued that the circuit court could not revoke his probation

because the State's evidence was solely hearsay. The State argued that

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CR-2025-0085

the "photographs" were not hearsay and that the photographs

"corroborated" the hearsay statements. The State also argued that Off.

McLemore's delinquency report was "part of the record" because it had

been filed with the circuit court and, therefore, could be considered in

revoking Glenn's probation. (R. 39-40.) Glenn argued that the

photographs did not cure the hearsay problem because they did not

connect Glenn to Miller's and Grice's injuries. The circuit court took the

case under advisement and subsequently issued a written order revoking

Glenn's probation. This appeal follows.

Discussion

On appeal, Glenn's sole argument is that the circuit court erred in

revoking his probation because, he asserts, the State's evidence was

entirely hearsay evidence. (Glenn's brief, pp. 9-14.) The State concedes

that it failed to present sufficient nonhearsay evidence to connect Glenn

to the charged violations to support revoking his probation. (State's brief,

pp. 12-15.) We agree.

"In Corbitt v. State, 369 So. 3d 682 (Ala. Crim. App. 2022),
this Court stated:

" ' "It is well settled that hearsay evidence
may not form the sole basis for revoking an
individual's probation." Goodgain v. State, 755 So.

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2d 591, 592 (Ala. Crim. App. 1999) (citing Clayton
v. State, 669 So. 2d 220 (Ala. Crim. App. 1995)).
However, "hearsay evidence is admissible in a
revocation proceeding," Beckham v. State, 872 So.
2d 208, 211 (Ala. Crim. App. 2003), and a
combination of both hearsay and nonhearsay
evidence may be sufficient to warrant revocation.
See, e.g., Askew v. State, 197 So. 3d 547, 548-49
(Ala. Crim. App. 2015). "[W]hen the State
presents a mixture of hearsay and nonhearsay
evidence to show that a defendant violated his
probation by committing a new offense, the circuit
court cannot revoke a defendant's probation for
that violation unless the nonhearsay evidence
connects the defendant to the alleged offense."
Walker v. State, 294 So. 3d 825, 832 (Ala. Crim.
App. 2019) (emphasis in original).'

"369 So. 3d at 685."

McCary v. State, 385 So. 3d 584, 586 (Ala. Crim. App. 2023).

I.

Although Off. Brumlow testified that Off. McLemore filed a

delinquency report alleging that Glenn had absconded and that he

subsequently filed a supplemental delinquency report alleging that

Glenn had possessed, received, or transported a firearm, Off. Brumlow

had no personal knowledge of Glenn's alleged violations.

It is unclear whether the circuit court found the evidence sufficient

to revoke Glenn's probation based on the charges of absconding and

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CR-2025-0085

possessing, receiving, or transporting a firearm. 2 To the extent that the

circuit court might have revoked Glenn's probation on those grounds, the

State's evidence was insufficient to support the revocation. The State's

sole witness on the charge of absconding was Off. Brumlow, who agreed

that he had never met Glenn and that his knowledge of Glenn's

absconding was gleaned "secondhand" from Off. McLemore's delinquency

report and ABPP records. (R. 6-7, 9-12.) That evidence was insufficient

for the circuit court to revoke Glenn's probation based on absconding.

See, e.g., Fitts v. State, [Ms. CR-2024-0283, Mar. 28, 2025] __ So. 3d __ ,

__ (Ala. Crim. App. 2025) (holding that "the State did not present any

nonhearsay evidence" to support absconding when the evidence was

"based … on the delinquency report and records entered" by a previous

probation officer who did not testify at the hearing).

Moreover, Off. Brumlow testified that his allegation of Glenn's

having possessed, received, or transported a firearm was based upon

2The circuit court did not specifically make a finding that Glenn

absconded or possessed, received, or transported a firearm in its written
order, which was a form probation-revocation order; however, it did check
a box on the probation-revocation order noting that it found that Glenn
had violated the conditions of his probation, which included, among other
things, that he report and that he comply with the court's orders. (C. 38.)
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CR-2025-0085

Glenn's charged new offenses. In fact, Off. Brumlow charged that offense

solely "from the complaint" filed against Glenn; thus, Off. Brumlow

lacked personal knowledge of the offense. (R. 10.) For the reasons

expressed more fully in Part II of this opinion, there was insufficient

nonhearsay evidence to connect Glenn to the possession, receipt, or

transportation of a firearm. See, e.g., Marks v. State, 199 So. 3d 827, 829

(Ala. Crim. App. 2016) (holding that the evidence was insufficient to

revoke probation for technical violations because the evidence was based

upon a report of which the probation officer had no personal knowledge).

II.

Sgt. Nunn and Cpl. Hawkins both testified to two incidents

involving Miller and Grice, respectively. The supplemental delinquency

report shows that Miller was the alleged victim of domestic violence by

strangulation or suffocation and felony third-degree domestic violence

(third-degree assault) and that Grice was the alleged victim of felony

third-degree domestic violence (third-degree assault), first-degree theft

of property, second-degree theft of property, and third-degree domestic

violence (menacing).

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CR-2025-0085

Sgt. Nunn testified that she had observed injuries to Miller, but she

conceded that her knowledge of the offenses was based solely on what

Miller had told her. Although Sgt. Nunn personally observed Miller's

injuries, those injuries did not connect Glenn to the offenses. See, e.g.,

Weatherford v. State, 251 So. 3d 70, 74 (Ala. Crim. App. 2017) ("Although

Inv. Gilbert testified that he had seen the victim's injuries, no

nonhearsay evidence was presented indicating that Weatherford caused

those particular injuries."). Moreover, Sgt. Nunn conceded that her

knowledge of the offenses was based solely on what Miller had told her,

which is hearsay evidence. See, e.g., Vaughn v. State, 37 So. 3d 183, 186

(Ala. Crim. App. 2009) ("Testimony from Officer Schultz regarding what

the victim told him constituted hearsay …."). Miller did not testify at the

probation-revocation hearing. Thus, the State failed to present sufficient

nonhearsay evidence to connect Glenn to the offenses of domestic violence

by strangulation or suffocation and felony third-degree domestic violence

(third-degree assault) against Miller.

Likewise, Cpl. Hawkins testified that he had observed injuries to

Grice, but he conceded that his knowledge of the offenses was based solely

on what Grice had told him. Grice did not testify at the probation-

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revocation hearing. For the same reasons that the evidence was

insufficient to connect Glenn to the offenses involving Miller, the

evidence was insufficient to connect Glenn to the offenses of felony third-

degree domestic violence (third-degree assault), first-degree theft of

property, second-degree theft of property, and third-degree domestic

violence (menacing) against Grice.

The closest thing to nonhearsay evidence connecting Glenn to any

of the new offenses that the State introduced was the alleged text-

message exchange between Grice and Glenn. See Rule 801(d)(2), Ala. R.

Evid. (defining an opponent-party statement as nonhearsay evidence).

However, Glenn objected to the text-message exchange based on a "lack

of foundation" and "lack of personal knowledge" to show that the

messages were authentic. (R. 28-29.) Although Cpl. Hawkins testified

that the messages were an exchange between Grice and Glenn, Cpl.

Hawkins lacked any personal knowledge that any message was, in fact,

Glenn's statement; Grice's telling Cpl. Hawkins that certain messages

were from Glenn is, thus, hearsay evidence. See, e.g., Spradley v. State,

128 So. 3d 774, 783-87 (Ala. Crim. App. 2011) (holding that testimony

from officers regarding facts not within their personal knowledge but

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CR-2025-0085

learned through the statement of another was hearsay evidence).

Generally, the State would not be required to authenticate evidence at a

probation-revocation hearing because a trial court is " ' " 'not bound by

strict rules of evidence' " ' " in a probation-revocation hearing. See, e.g.,

Singleton v. State, 209 So. 3d 529, 533 (Ala. Crim. App. 2015) (citations

omitted). Here, however, the State could show that the text messages

were "nonhearsay evidence" only by showing that the messages were

actually from Glenn, a party opponent. See Rule 801(d)(2), Ala. R. Evid.

Thus, the State could present sufficient nonhearsay evidence to support

the revocation of Glenn's probation only by authenticating the text

messages. However, the State did not introduce any evidence to show

that the text messages were, in fact, Glenn's messages. In sum, based on

this record and as the State now concedes, the prosecution failed to

provide sufficient nonhearsay evidence to connect Glenn to any of the

alleged new offenses. See McCary, 385 So. 3d at 586 (holding that the

State must present sufficient nonhearsay evidence connecting the

probationer to the alleged new offense to support revoking probation).

We hold that the State failed to present sufficient evidence

connecting Glenn to the various newly charged offenses, absconding, or

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"possessing, receiving, or transporting a firearm" to support revoking his

probation.

Conclusion

For these reasons, the circuit court's judgment revoking Glenn's

probation is reversed, and this cause is remanded to the circuit court for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Windom, P.J., and Kellum, Minor, and Anderson, JJ., concur.

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