Key legal question
Whether evidence created after the challenged judgment can be used on appeal to support a belated allegation or objection.
Extracted holding
A post-judgment piece of evidence may only substantiate a timely allegation; it cannot replace an allegation or objection that should already have been raised in first instance.
Extracted reasoning
Under Art. 317(1) CPC, new facts and evidence are admissible only if submitted without delay and despite due diligence could not have been presented earlier. The lack of passive standing had to be raised before the first instance. A later-created email exchange could not cure the defendant's failure to raise the objection earlier; new objections are admissible only if based on admissible new facts.