Key legal question
Whether the costs of the Master of Advanced Studies in Philosophy and Management are deductible continuing-education expenses or non-deductible training expenses.
Extracted holding
The study program was a supplementary training that expanded managerial knowledge and improved career prospects; its costs were therefore non-deductible training expenses, not deductible continuing-education expenses.
Extracted reasoning
Deductibility depends on the concrete circumstances and the content of the course. Although the program was taken alongside work, it mainly conveyed new management knowledge not contained in the taxpayer's prior education and served to gain additional skills of independent value.