Key legal question
Whether the Spanish judgment was civil and therefore recognizable under the Lugano Convention
Extracted holding
The restitution order was civil in nature, not an act of confiscation to the State, and fell within the Lugano Convention.
Extracted reasoning
The Spanish courts expressly treated A. as civilly liable and identified the victim as the company with its 8 June 1988 shareholder composition; no payment to the State was ordered.