Key legal question
Whether the CAS/TAS was sufficiently independent and impartial to decide appeals involving the CIO
Extracted holding
The TAS, as restructured after 1994, provides sufficient guarantees of independence and impartiality even when the CIO is a party.
Extracted reasoning
The CIAS structure, arbitral-list system, recusal rules, and financing do not give the CIO factual control; the tribunal’s practical functioning and external recognition confirm independence.