Key legal question
Whether the sanction imposed by the certification body is governed by public law or private law
Extracted holding
The certification relationship is governed by public law because certification is de facto necessary to market Gruyère under the protected designation and the sanction directly restricts market access.
Extracted reasoning
The Court weighed public/private criteria and found the modal criterion decisive: the withdrawal threat stems from a public-law rule prohibiting use of the protected designation without certification.