State v. David L. Morales

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
December 13, 2023
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Samuel A. Christensen petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2021AP1336-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2018CF664

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT II

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

DAVID L. MORALES,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for
Sheboygan County: REBECCA L. PERSICK, Judge. Affirmed.

Before Gundrum, P.J., Grogan and Lazar, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).
No. 2021AP1336-CR

¶1 PER CURIAM. David L. Morales appeals from a judgment
convicting him after a jury trial of second-degree sexual assault. He also appeals
from an order denying his postconviction motion for relief. Morales contends that
(1) the circuit court erred in admitting other acts evidence against him; (2) he
received ineffective assistance of counsel; and (3) he is entitled to a new trial in
the interest of justice. We reject his arguments and affirm.

¶2 In October 2018, the State charged Morales with second-degree
sexual assault of K.C. It accused Morales of having sexual contact with K.C.
while she was sleeping at his family’s residence. K.C. was a friend of Morales’
sister, S.M., and had been over to the residence to visit S.M. and some other
friends. K.C. had fallen asleep in the bedroom of Morales’ and S.M.’s younger
brother1 and awoke to find Morales with his hand in her pants, touching her
vagina.

¶3 Before trial, the State moved to introduce other acts evidence against
Morales. The first act was his juvenile adjudication for sexually assaulting S.M.
while she was sleeping. The adjudication occurred in 2016, but the actions
underlying it took place in 2013 or 2014. The second act was a Snapchat photo
that Morales allegedly took of S.M. while she was sleeping, showing her pants
pulled down. That act purportedly occurred in September 2018.

¶4 The circuit court held a hearing on the State’s motion. After
conducting a brief analysis under State v. Sullivan, 216 Wis. 2d 768, 576 N.W.2d
30 (1998), the court granted the State’s request to admit evidence of Morales’

1
The younger brother was not in his bedroom at the time; rather, he was sleeping in his
parents’ bedroom.

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No. 2021AP1336-CR

juvenile adjudication. However, it did not specifically rule on or analyze the
evidence of the Snapchat photo.

¶5 At trial, evidence of Morales’ juvenile adjudication was brought in
through the testimony of S.M. and a detective who interviewed Morales at the
time. Evidence of the Snapchat photo was more limited. S.M. recalled someone
sending her the photo prior to K.C.’s alleged assault. However, no photo was
introduced, and S.M. did not testify that she knew Morales either took or sent the
photo. She just noted that her pants were pulled down in the photo, “and that’s
what [Morales] used to do.”

¶6 In addition to the above evidence, the jury heard from K.C., who
recounted the assault and Morales’ incriminating statements thereafter. K.C.
testified that, upon waking, Morales repeatedly apologized to her. When she
began striking him in anger, he replied, “I deserve this.” K.C. later overheard
Morales tell his dad that he was a “bad kid” and that “there was something wrong
with him.”

¶7 The jury also heard evidence of other statements made by Morales
after the fact. For instance, S.M. testified that she heard Morales telling their dad
that he was sorry. S.M.’s boyfriend, meanwhile, testified that he overheard
Morales tell his younger brother that Morales had “succumbed to the pressure”
and touched K.C.’s vagina. The State also introduced Morales’ own statements
via recorded jail phone calls. In them, Morales told his dad that what happened
was his fault.

¶8 Ultimately, the jury found Morales guilty of the charged offense.
The circuit court imposed a sentence of eight years of initial confinement and
fifteen years of extended supervision.

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No. 2021AP1336-CR

¶9 Morales subsequently filed a postconviction motion for relief. In it,
he argued that the circuit court erred in admitting the other acts evidence against
him. He also alleged multiple claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. Finally,
Morales maintained that he was entitled to a new trial in the interest of justice.

¶10 The circuit court held a hearing on Morales’ motion. The court
conceded that it had “made several misstatements of fact” when discussing the
similarities between Morales’ juvenile adjudication and the charged offense in its
pretrial analysis.2 Likewise, it recognized that it was “negligent” in not ruling on
or analyzing the evidence of the Snapchat photo. Accordingly, the court
conducted another Sullivan analysis and determined that the other acts evidence
was properly admitted. It then rejected Morales’ claims of ineffective assistance
of counsel and denied his request for a new trial in the interest of justice. This
appeal follows. Additional facts are set forth below.

¶11 On appeal, Morales first contends that the circuit court erred in
admitting the other acts evidence against him. He disputes that the acts satisfy the
Sullivan analysis.

¶12 In Sullivan, our supreme court set forth a three-step analytical
framework for courts to follow when determining the admissibility of other acts
evidence. Specifically, courts must consider: (1) whether the evidence is offered

2
In its pretrial analysis, the circuit court said, “Both cases involved vaginal penetration.
Both cases involved a family member. And both cases involve – they’re not very remote in time,
one offense happening in 2016 and the other in 2018.” As noted by Morales, there was no
vaginal penetration in this case, and K.C. was not a family member. Furthermore, the actions
underlying the juvenile adjudication took place in 2013 or 2014, not 2016.

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No. 2021AP1336-CR

for a permissible purpose under WIS. STAT. § 904.04(2) (2021-22),3 such as to
establish motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or
absence of mistake or accident; (2) whether it is relevant under WIS. STAT.
§ 904.01; and (3) whether its probative value is substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice under WIS. STAT. § 904.03. Sullivan, 216 Wis. 2d at
772–73.

¶13 Alongside this framework is the greater latitude rule. Greater
latitude is a “longstanding principle that in sexual assault cases ... courts permit a
‘greater latitude of proof as to other like occurrences.’” State v. Davidson, 2000
WI 91, ¶36, 236 Wis. 2d 537, 613 N.W.2d 606 (citation omitted). This rule is
codified in WIS. STAT. § 904.04(2)(b)1 and is applicable where, as in this case, the
charge involves a “serious sex offense.” State v. Dorsey, 2018 WI 10, ¶¶31–33,
379 Wis. 2d 386, 906 N.W.2d 158. The rule applies to each step of the Sullivan
analysis. State v. Marinez, 2011 WI 12, ¶20, 331 Wis. 2d 568, 797 N.W.2d 399.

¶14 We review a circuit court’s decision to admit other acts evidence for
an erroneous exercise of discretion. State v. Griffin, 2019 WI App 49, ¶19, 388
Wis. 2d 581, 933 N.W.2d 681. We generally look for reasons to sustain
discretionary decisions and may, when necessary, search the record to determine if
it supports the court’s decision. See State v. Lock, 2012 WI App 99, ¶43, 344
Wis. 2d 166, 823 N.W.2d 378.

¶15 As noted, the circuit court conducted a Sullivan analysis of the other
acts evidence at the hearing on Morales’ postconviction motion. With respect to

3
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2021-22 version unless otherwise
noted.

5
No. 2021AP1336-CR

the evidence of the juvenile adjudication, the court found that it was offered for a
permissible purpose, such as motive, intent, opportunity, and lack of mistake. The
court further found that the evidence was relevant as it related to a fact of
consequence (i.e., K.C.’s credibility) and made the fact more likely due to
similarities with the charged offense. In discussing the similarities, the court
observed:

[B]oth acts involve vaginal touching ….

[B]oth occurred in a private setting where only the victim
and the defendant were present. Both victims were in
rooms alone. Both victims were sleeping. Both offenses
occurred at the defendant’s home. Both victims were very
close in age having both been born, I believe, in 1998.
Both victims were also close in age to the defendant at the
time of the assault. S.M. was between 14 and 15 years old
when the defendant was 13 to 14, and K.C. was 20 years
old at the time of the assault while the defendant was 19.
Both assaults involve unwanted contact without consent
because both victims were asleep at the time of contact.
Both were crimes of opportunity. The defendant had
access to the victims who were sleeping in his home.

Finally, the court concluded that, with the cautionary instruction it gave the jury,4
the probative value of the evidence was not outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice.

¶16 With respect to the evidence of the Snapchat photo, the circuit court
again found that it was offered for a permissible purpose—the same purposes
previously mentioned, particularly because it showed Morales “is attracted [to]

4
At trial, the circuit court gave a jury instruction on the evidence of Morales’ juvenile
adjudication. It explained the limited purposes of the evidence and reminded the jury that the
evidence was “not to be used to conclude that the defendant is a bad person and for that reason is
guilty of the offense charged.”

6
No. 2021AP1336-CR

and gets sexual gratification from unconscious females.” Likewise, the court
found that the evidence was relevant as it related to facts of consequence (i.e.,
K.C.’s credibility and the absence of mistake or accident) and made the facts more
likely due to similarities with the charged offense. In discussing the similarities,
the court explained:

The incidents occurred very close in time, I believe within
a few weeks of each other. Both incidents involve a female
the same age. They both occurred in bedrooms the victim
was alone in. They both involve the victim who was
asleep. They both occurred at the defendant’s home. They
both involved unwanted conduct without consent. They
were both crimes of opportunity.

In assessing the final step of the Sullivan framework, the court acknowledged that
the actual evidence of the Snapchat photo was more limited than suggested by the
State’s pretrial motion.5 Because of this, the court did not believe the evidence
was unfairly prejudicial.

¶17 On this record, and in light of the greater latitude rule, we are
satisfied that the other acts evidence was properly admitted. The acts were
sufficiently similar to the charged offense to be probative of intent and the absence
of mistake or accident, which are legitimate purposes and went to the heart of
Morales’ defense at trial.6 Given the similarities, the acts were not too remote in

5
The State’s pretrial motion indicated that S.M. saw it was Morales who had taken the
photo of her.
6
Morales’ defense was that he mistook K.C. for his younger brother and had touched her
vaginal area while intending “to pick up, to scoop up” his brother and move him to a quieter part
of the house—away from S.M. and her friends, who were being loud.

7
No. 2021AP1336-CR

time to be introduced.7 Furthermore, the acts were not unfairly prejudicial for the
reasons cited by the circuit court.

¶18 Morales next contends that he received ineffective assistance of
counsel. Specifically, he faults counsel for: (1) failing to point out factual errors
in the circuit court’s pretrial analysis of the juvenile adjudication evidence;
(2) failing to object to evidence of the Snapchat photo on grounds that no photo
was introduced and the court did not rule on or analyze the evidence’s
admissibility before trial; (3) failing to request a cautionary instruction with regard
to evidence of the Snapchat photo; and (4) failing to object to statements and
testimony that went beyond the scope of the court’s other acts ruling.8

¶19 A defendant who asserts ineffective of counsel must show both that
counsel’s performance was deficient and that such performance prejudiced the
defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). To show deficient
performance, the defendant must point to specific acts or omissions by counsel
that were “outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance.” Id. at
690. To show prejudice, the defendant must demonstrate that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have

7
Although the actions underlying the juvenile adjudication took place four to five years
earlier, courts have held that the passage of far more time was insignificant. See, e.g., State v.
Hurley, 2015 WI 35, ¶85, 361 Wis. 2d 529, 861 N.W.2d 174; State v. Davidson, 2000 WI 91,
¶¶6, 10, 72, 236 Wis. 2d 537, 613 N.W.2d 606.
8
For example, S.M. testified about how Morales’ actions impacted her and the steps her
parents took to prevent another sexual assault from occurring. She also alluded to an additional
incident involving her younger sister that was not discussed in the juvenile adjudication.
Likewise, the detective who interviewed Morales when he was a juvenile testified about two
instances that involved Morales staring at his sisters while they slept.

8
No. 2021AP1336-CR

been different. Id. at 694. We need not address both components of the analysis
if the defendant fails to make a sufficient showing on either one. Id. at 697.

¶20 Our review of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim is a mixed
question of fact and law. State v. Pitsch, 124 Wis. 2d 628, 633-34, 369 N.W.2d
711 (1985). We will not disturb the circuit court’s findings of fact unless they are
clearly erroneous, but the ultimate determination of whether counsel’s
performance fell below the constitutional minimum is a question of law we review
independently. See id. at 634.

¶21 Here, Morales’ complaints about counsel largely involve the other
acts evidence, which we have already determined was properly admitted. To the
extent that counsel could have done more to blunt the evidence’s impact or object
to extraneous statements and testimony, we are not persuaded that Morales has
shown that he was prejudiced as a result. Again, Morales’ defense at trial was that
his touching of K.C. was a mistake or accident. That defense was completely
undercut by Morales’ statements to others afterward—whether it be repeatedly
apologizing for his conduct, admitting that he was a “bad kid,” admitting that
“there was something wrong with him,” or admitting that he had “succumbed to
the pressure” and touched K.C.’s vagina. In view of this evidence, there is not a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s alleged errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.

¶22 Finally, Morales contends that he is entitled to a new trial in the
interest of justice. He asks for this relief pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 752.35, which
allows this court to reverse a judgment “if it appears from the record that the real
controversy has not been fully tried, or that it is probable that justice has for any
reason miscarried[.]”

9
No. 2021AP1336-CR

¶23 We exercise our discretionary power to grant a new trial infrequently
and judiciously. State v. Ray, 166 Wis. 2d 855, 874, 481 N.W.2d 288 (Ct. App.
1992). We have already determined that Morales is not entitled to relief as to the
issues discussed above. We are not convinced that the real controversy was not
fully tried or that justice miscarried. Therefore, we decline to order a new trial
pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 752.35.9

By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT. RULE
809.23(1)(b)5.

9
To the extent we have not addressed an argument on appeal, the argument is deemed
rejected. See State v. Waste Mgmt. of Wis., Inc., 81 Wis. 2d 555, 564, 261 N.W.2d 147 (1978).

10