Gary Price v. American International Group, Inc.

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
May 12, 2020
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2019AP57 Cir. Ct. No. 2016CV2850

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT I

GARY PRICE,

PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,

INTERNATIONAL CHIMNEY CORPORATION,

INVOLUNTARY-PLAINTIFF,

V.

AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL GROUP, INC.,

DEFENDANT,

WISCONSIN ELECTRIC POWER CO., D/B/A/ WE ENERGIES,

DEFENDANT-RESPONDENT.

APPEAL from an order of the circuit court for Milwaukee County:
STEPHANIE ROTHSTEIN, Judge. Affirmed.
No. 2019AP57

Before Brash, P.J., Dugan and Fitzpatrick, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).

¶1 PER CURIAM. Gary Price appeals an order granting summary
judgment in favor of Wisconsin Electric Power Co., d/b/a WE Energies. In this
appeal relating to his personal injury action, Price argues that the circuit court
erred when it dismissed his common law negligence and safe place claims. We
reject Price’s arguments and affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

¶2 WE Energies contracted with International Chimney Corporation
(“ICC”) to demolish two chimneys at its Oak Creek power plant. Price, an
ironworker employed by ICC, was injured during the demolition of the second
chimney (“Chimney No. 4”). At the time of Price’s injury, a “gin pole” hoisting
apparatus, which was secured by steel tie-back cables, was in use.1 At the same
time, an ICC employee was operating concrete demolition machinery known as a
Mantis.2 Price was injured when the tie-back cables for the gin pole came out of
the concrete wall of the chimney he was working on, which caused a section of
scaffolding where he was standing to collapse.

1
The gin pole hoisting apparatus was affixed atop Chimney No. 4 and was used to hoist
equipment up and down. The gin pole was held in place by two tie-back cables fastened and
secured by bolts and pad eyes, which ICC installed into the outer concrete wall of the chimney.
This held the vertical gin pole upright to support the weight raised and lowered by the hoist.
2
The Mantis concrete demolition machinery had three large crawling wheels that were
supported by the outer concrete wall. To demolish a chimney column from the top downward,
the Mantis slowly rotated and broke off pieces of the outer concrete wall, which were pushed into
the hollow chamber of the chimney and fell to the ground.

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¶3 Price sued WE Energies alleging that it was negligent and violated
the safe place statute. WE Energies moved for summary judgment on Price’s
claims. The circuit court granted the motion, and Price appeals.

¶4 Additional background information is included in the discussion
section of this opinion.

II. DISCUSSION

¶5 Price argues that the circuit court erred when it granted summary
judgment in favor of WE Energies. We independently review a grant of summary
judgment, using the same methodology as employed by the circuit court. Hardy v.
Hoefferle, 2007 WI App 264, ¶6, 306 Wis. 2d 513, 743 N.W.2d 843. Summary
judgment is appropriate where “the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show
that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” WIS. STAT. § 802.08(2) (2017-18).3

¶6 In reviewing the parties’ submissions, we draw all reasonable factual
inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Pum v. Wisconsin
Physicians Serv. Ins. Corp., 2007 WI App 10, ¶6, 298 Wis. 2d 497, 727 N.W.2d
346 (2006). Whether an inference is reasonable and whether more than one
inference may be drawn are questions of law that we review independently. Id.

¶7 We now turn to Price’s common law negligence claim. As a general
rule, “one who hires an independent contractor is not liable in tort for injuries

3
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2017-18 version unless otherwise
noted.

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No. 2019AP57

sustained by an independent contractor’s employee while he or she is performing
the contracted work.” Danks v. Stock Bldg. Supply, Inc., 2007 WI App 8, ¶17,
298 Wis. 2d 348, 727 N.W.2d 846. There are, however, two exceptions to the rule
of nonliability: where the hiring entity commits an affirmative act of negligence
or where the entity has a nondelegable duty because the independent contractor is
engaged in extrahazardous work. See id., ¶¶17, 23 n.4. Price does not dispute that
the general rule of nonliability applies or that ICC was WE Energies’ independent
contractor. Instead, he argues that both of the aforementioned exceptions apply
and render WE Energies liable.

A. There was no affirmative act of negligence by WE Energies.

¶8 An owner may be liable for injury to an independent contractor’s
employee if the owner commits an affirmative act of negligence that increases the
employee’s risk of injury. See Barth v. Downey Co. Inc., 71 Wis. 2d 775, 783,
239 N.W.2d 92 (1976). Under this exception to nonliability, negligence alone is
insufficient. Rather, there must be “‘something extra,’ an affirmative act of
negligence that increased the risk of injury.” Wagner v. Continental Cas. Co.,
143 Wis. 2d 379, 389, 421 N.W.2d 835 (1988) (one set of quotation marks and
citation omitted). Whether the owner’s conduct constitutes an affirmative act of
negligence is a question of law. See id. at 402.

¶9 Price argues that WE Energies’ “constant pressure” constituted an
affirmative act of negligence. He specifically contends that WE Energies was
affirmatively negligent by continually pressuring ICC to complete demolition at a
faster rate, which included forcing ICC to depart from industry standards to keep
up with the pace of work demanded and resulted in the prolonged use of the gin
pole and the use of the Mantis.

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¶10 WISCONSIN STAT. § 802.08(3) requires that summary judgment
materials “be made on personal knowledge.” However, Price does not direct us to
any support beyond his own deposition testimony, which is not based on personal
knowledge, for his claims that WE Energies forced ICC to alter its means and
methods for demolishing Chimney No. 4 to prioritize speed over safety or that WE
Energies forced ICC to depart from industry standards to keep up with the pace of
work it demanded. He contends that ICC did not originally plan to utilize the
Mantis but subsequently proposed doing so in its recovery plan in order to meet
WE Energies’ demands for a plan that would get the job back on schedule. During
his deposition, however, Price admitted that he did not have personal knowledge
concerning whether WE Energies requested the Mantis to speed up the job or
whether ICC came to WE Energies and indicated that it planned to use the Mantis,
which it had safely used on other jobs.

¶11 Price makes light of the undisputed fact that ICC was an independent
contractor solely responsible for selecting the means, methods, and equipment for
its demolition work and for supervising its employees. ICC’s Corporate Manager
Dennis Sweeney authored the letter documenting the recovery plan and
participated in high-level project management discussions. Sweeney testified that
he drafted the letter documenting the recovery plan to show WE Energies that ICC
was striving to make up for lost time on the job. Sweeney further testified that
from the beginning, ICC planned to use the Mantis and recommended it as a well
designed, safe, and effective machine that ICC had previously used with success.
The letter documenting the recovery plan does not suggest that ICC had
misgivings about using the Mantis on Chimney No. 4 or that it was unsafe or
inappropriate.

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¶12 Sweeney specifically denied that WE Energies put pressure on ICC
to use the Mantis to speed up the work. Price argues that WE Energies’ Principal
Construction Safety Consultant Jim Lindsey told ICC to work faster even if was
not safe, but Sweeney denied that this happened and further explained that if
Lindsey had said that, Sweeney would not have complied.4

¶13 The evidence reflects that ICC, as the independent contractor on this
“turnkey project,” was in charge of deciding what equipment to use, including the
gin pole and the Mantis.5 The evidence further reflects that ICC voluntarily
proposed the use of the Mantis, which it deemed safe and appropriate to demolish
Chimney No. 4. Price repeatedly asserts in arguments in this court, again relying
on his own deposition testimony as support, that WE Energies prohibited ICC
from demolishing the top of Chimney No. 4 by hand after ICC workers expressed
concerns that the chimney would not bear the weight of the Mantis. However,
according to Price’s own testimony, Lindsey, at most, told ICC’s workers to
adhere to ICC’s plan to use the Mantis.

¶14 The undisputed material facts show that the accident occurred after
the ICC employee assigned to operate the Mantis concrete demolition machinery,
Steve Scyoc, conducted a test run. ICC’s demolition safety plan called for the gin
pole to be derigged before operating the Mantis. Derigging the gin pole would

4
Lindsey is deceased and did not provide any deposition testimony prior to his death.
Price acknowledged at his deposition that Lindsey was not present at the job site on the day Price
was injured.
5
The reference to the turnkey project means that ICC was hired with the understanding
that it was an independent contractor that would have total and exclusive responsibility for
completing its work, selecting appropriate work processes, the means of demolition and the
needed equipment, and for directly supervising its own workers to complete the contracted work,
subject only to general contract performance oversight by WE Energies.

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No. 2019AP57

have included removing the tie-back cables, the pad eyes, the pole, and sending
the equipment from the top of the chimney down to the ground. Scyoc, however,
made a unilateral decision to deviate from ICC’s plan and start the Mantis with the
gin pole still in place. Scyoc operated the Mantis for about thirty minutes when
the gin pole tie-back cables and pad eye supports, along with some of the concrete,
came out of the wall. A tie-back cable tore through a section of scaffolding railing
and the gin pole snapped off at its base and fell over the side of the chimney.
Price, who was standing on the scaffolding at the time, testified during his
deposition that he suffered injuries as a result of this sequence of events.

¶15 According to Sweeney’s deposition testimony: “The machine [i.e.,
the Mantis] is safe. The operator [i.e., Scyoc] wasn’t.” No one from WE Energies
was on site at the time or was made aware that Scyoc was going to start the Mantis
without first derigging the gin pole. Price did not present any evidence that WE
Energies directed ICC or its employees to save time by keeping the gin pole rigged
while operating the Mantis. At his deposition, Price admitted that nobody told the
ICC workers to leave the gin pole up.

¶16 WE Energies did not do anything “extra” here. See Wagner, 143
Wis. 2d at 389. The record shows that there is no genuine issue that ICC exercised
its independent contractor rights and duties under the contract and selected the
Mantis as a safe and effective method for the demolition of the chimney. The use
of the Mantis was on ICC’s initiative, not the result of an affirmative act by WE
Energies.

B. The demolition work was not extrahazardous.

¶17 Next, Price argues that the demolition of the chimney, specifically
the use of the Mantis on the deteriorated chimney with the gin pole still in place,

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No. 2019AP57

was extrahazardous. Not all dangerous work activities will meet the
extrahazardous standard. Activities that are inherently dangerous because of the
absence of special precautions do not qualify as extrahazardous:

A person engaged in an activity of the first type, i.e., one
that is inherently dangerous without special precautions,
can take steps to minimize the risk of injury. Examples
include general construction, demolition, and excavation.

By contrast, an activity that is said to be
extrahazardous, or abnormally dangerous, is one in which
the risk of harm remains unreasonably high no matter how
carefully it is undertaken. Examples would include
transporting nuclear waste or working with toxic gases.

See id. at 392-93 (italics omitted).6 Whether an activity is extrahazardous is a
question of law. Id. at 402.

¶18 Price acknowledges that general demolition is considered an
inherently dangerous activity to which the extrahazardous exception does not
apply. See id. at 392. Here, however, he submits that WE Energies’ influence
over the means and methods of demolishing Chimney No. 4 “turned an ordinary
demolition project into an extra[]hazardous one.” Because Chimney No. 4 was in
an advanced state of deterioration, Price contends that the use of the Mantis in this
case presented an unreasonably high risk of harm. Price further contends that, due

6
In his opening brief addressing this issue, Price primarily relies on Snider v. Northern
States Power Co., 81 Wis. 2d 224, 260 N.W.2d 260 (1977). WE Energies contends that the
viability of Snider as relevant authority is questionable given that our supreme court in Wagner v.
Continental Casualty Co., 143 Wis. 2d 379, 421 N.W.2d 835 (1988), dismissed portions of
Snider as dicta and further noted that the court in Snider did not distinguish between projects that
are inherently dangerous and those that are extrahazardous. See Wagner, 143 Wis. 2d at 392; see
also id. at 404 (Abrahamson, J., dissenting, joined by Heffernan, C.J., and Bablitch, J.) (“The
court today overrules Snider by reinterpreting it.”). Price does not refute WE Energies’ position
on this point in his reply and, therefore, we deem it conceded that Wagner sets forth the
applicable legal test for our purposes. See Charolais Breeding Ranches, Ltd. v. FPC Secs.
Corp., 90 Wis. 2d 97, 109, 279 N.W.2d 493 (Ct. App. 1979).

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to the fast pace of work set by WE Energies, ICC did not have time to properly
disassemble and reassemble the scaffolding in compliance with industry practice.
According to Price, the activity to be evaluated is “not simply a demolition, but
rather a demolition conducted under pressure to speed up.”

¶19 As summed up by WE Energies, Price’s analysis strips the
extrahazardous exception of its unique meaning and renders it a mere echo of the
affirmative acts of negligence test. In contrast to the affirmative acts of negligence
test, where the focus is on the conduct of the owner in affirmatively contributing
to an accident involving an independent contractor’s employee, the extrahazardous
exception does not focus on the conduct of the owner. See id. at 388. Instead, the
focus is on the work to be done. See id. at 392-93 (focusing its analysis on the
activity itself).

¶20 Here, the demolition work was not an extrahazardous activity.
ICC’s demolition plan called for the gin pole to be derigged before operating the
Mantis. Price agreed in his deposition testimony that, if this plan had been
followed and if the gin pole had been derigged before the Mantis was operated, the
accident would not have happened. The record shows that there is no genuine
issue that this demolition work was “abnormally dangerous … [such that] the risk
of harm remain[ed] unreasonably high no matter how carefully it [was]
undertaken.” See id. at 392. Therefore, the extrahazardous exception does not
apply. See id. at 392-93.

C. WE Energies is not liable under the safe place statute.

¶21 Lastly, Price argues that WE Energies owed him a duty under the
safe place statute. As relevant here, under the safe place statute, an owner of a
place of employment or a public building has a duty to “construct, repair or

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No. 2019AP57

maintain such place of employment or public building as to render the same safe.”
WIS. STAT. § 101.11(1). Such an owner is liable for: (1) structural defects, and
(2) unsafe conditions associated with the structure of the building. 7 See Barry v.
Employers Mut. Cas. Co., 2001 WI 101, ¶¶20-21, 245 Wis. 2d 560, 630 N.W.2d
517. To be liable for an injury caused by an unsafe condition associated with the
structure of the building, the owner must have actual or constructive knowledge of
that condition. Id., ¶23.

¶22 Here, Price alleges that the unsafe condition associated with the
structure was the weaker concrete at the top of Chimney No. 4 and the use of the
Mantis while the gin pole was still in place. According to Price, WE Energies’
knowledge that the top of the chimney was more deteriorated than the rest of the
structure fulfills the notice requirement.

¶23 Price has not presented any evidence that weak concrete contributed
to the accident.8 Rather, the chimneys were turned over to ICC, an expert

7
Based on the case law cited by the parties, they appear to be in agreement that, if WE
Energies has a duty under the safe place statute, it would be in its capacity as an owner of a place
of employment.
8
Price’s reliance on Burmek v. Miller Brewing Co., 12 Wis. 2d 405, 107 N.W.2d 583
(1961), overruled on other grounds by Plesko v. City of Milwaukee, 19 Wis. 2d 210, 220, 120
N.W.2d 130 (1963), is misplaced. Price argues that the circumstances of this case are similar to
those in Burmek. In that case, the employee of a subcontractor argued that the owner of the
building where the employee was injured when he fell off of a roof violated the safe place statute.
Id. at 410. The court concluded it was the owner’s duty to either inform the employee that the
roof ended short or “to so illuminate the roof area as to make that condition apparent.” Id. at 413.
The court explained that the owner in that case “knew or should have known that the stacking of
the containers in that area so interfered with the light there as to render the open space dark and
indistinguishable. It knew or should have known that the [employee] would be working in that
area.” Id. at 412. Price contends that the circumstances of this case are similar because WE
Energies was aware of the deteriorated condition of Chimney No. 4. We are not convinced that
these cases are analogous, particularly given that the accident here was not caused by the
condition of the concrete.

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chimney demolition company, because they were deteriorating and needed to be
demolished. As detailed above, the record shows that there is no genuine issue
that the accident was caused by the condition of the premises. It was caused by
the unsafe method of demolition to which safe place liability does not attach. See
Gennrich v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 2010 WI App 117, ¶23, 329 Wis. 2d 91, 789
N.W.2d 106 (explaining that ordinary negligence focuses on negligent activities
whereas safe place law focuses on the condition of the premises itself); see also
Hofflander v. St. Catherine’s Hosp. Inc., 2003 WI 77, ¶91, 262 Wis. 2d 539, 664
N.W.2d 545 (“Wisconsin’s safe place statute governs only unsafe physical
conditions of premises. It does not involve reckless or negligent acts of persons
on the premises.”).

¶24 Insofar as Price argues that WE Energies should be subjected to safe
place liability because it “exercised a significant amount of control over ICC’s
demolition of Chimney No. 4,” we are not convinced. The test in this regard “is
whether the owner … ‘stood in the shoes of the (immediate) employer by reason
of his retention of control of the premises.’” See Barth, 71 Wis. 2d at 781
(parenthetical in Barth; citation omitted). The retention or exercise of control
over the details of ICC’s work is not established by the evidence in this case.

¶25 The circuit court properly concluded that WE Energies was entitled
to summary judgment on Price’s negligence and safe-place claims.

By the Court.—Order affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.
RULE 809.23(1)(b)5.

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