State Of Washington, Res. V. Randall Joseph White, App.

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, 	) 	o
Respondent,
)
)
)
No. 	69172-4-1
DIVISION ONE
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RANDALL JOSEPH WHITE, 	)
Appellant.
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FILED: January 21, 2014
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Grosse, J. —When a jury is instructed on alternative means of committing
a crime, the defendant's right to a unanimous verdict is not violated if substantial
evidence 	supports 	each 	charged 	alternative. 	Because the 	State 	presented
substantial evidence that Randall White displayed a knife in a manner that not
only warranted alarm for the safety of other persons, but also manifested an
intent to intimidate another person, we affirm his conviction for unlawful display of
a weapon.
FACTS
The State charged Randall White with one count of second degree assault
while armed with a deadly weapon - domestic violence (count I) and one count
of fourth degree assault - 	domestic violence (count II). 	At trial, Ericka Peak
testified 	that in March 	2012, 	she 	and 	White 	were 	living together in Peak's
Bellevue house. 	The couple had 	been 	in a 	relationship for more than five
months, and Peak was pregnant with the couple's child.
White spent the 	afternoon 	of March 26, 2012, 	drinking 	and 	watching
videos. 	Shortly before 6:30 p.m., he told Peak that he wanted her to cash her

No. 69172-4-1/2
insisted that White return the money in a few days so that she could pay the rent.
In response, White became "really agitated" and turned up the volume on the
television. 	When Peak turned the volume down, White threatened to pull the
television down from its stand.
As White reached for the television, Peak grabbed him by the shoulders
and tried to pull him back. 	White swung around and hit Peak with his hand.
While the two struggled, White's arm obstructed Peak's breathing "for a split
second."
White 	appeared 	to 	calm 	down 	and 	went 	into 	the 	kitchen 	to 	make
something to eat. 	Peak told White that he could not treat her this way and
suggested that he make arrangements to return to Texas. 	White slapped Peak
in the face and then spit on her.
Peak called 911. 	While she was talking with the 911 operator, White
grabbed her cell phone and ran out of the house. 	As Peak tried to follow White,
she encountered Bellevue Police Officer Curtis Mclvor, who was responding to
the 911 call. Mclvor accompanied Peak back to the house. 	Peak was crying and
upset and told Mclvor that White had struck her in the face and stomach and spit
in her face. 	Mclvor helped 	Peak secure the 	house and 	left after about 45
minutes.
Several hours later, White returned to the house and knocked on the door.
Peak let him in because he appeared to have calmed down. 	White returned

No. 69172-4-1/3
Peak's cell phone but informed her that he would keep the battery until he left for
Texas.
White became increasingly agitated as he repeatedly asked Peak what
she had said to the police. 	After about 15 minutes, he went into the kitchen and
started throwing food away. 	White used a knife to open the food packages and
eventually cut himself.
After stopping the bleeding, White held the knife while he approached
Peak, who was sitting in the living room. 	As he stood about two to three feet
away from her, he began yelling, "[W]hat the fuck did [you] say to the cops?"
Peak repeatedly asked White to put the knife down.
While White and Peak were quarreling, a neighbor called 911. 	As he
approached the house, Officer Mclvor could see Peak sitting in a chair, with
White crouched next to her. 	Peak was "crying and whimpering," and White was
yelling at Peak about why she had called the police.
As the officers forced open 	the door, White stood 	up and 	held Peak
against the wall. 	When White failed to comply with 	repeated 	commands to
release Peak, the officers grabbed him and forced him to the floor with a taser.
After handcuffing White and rolling him over, the officers discovered an open
folding knife underneath him.
Peak was still crying, shaking, and visibly distraught after officers removed
White from the 	house. 	Peak told 	Officer Thomas 	Moriarity that White 	had
grabbed her by the shirt and demanded that she "[t]ell [him] every fucking word

No. 69172-4-1/4
[she] told to the cops." 	Peak also told Moriarity that White "was making gestures
with the knife" as he yelled at her.
White acknowledged that he spent a few hours drinking in a nearby bar
and was "affected" by alcohol when he returned to Peak's house around 10:15
p.m. 	After Peak let him in, he went into the kitchen to make something to eat.
While in the kitchen, White continued to argue with Peak, who was sitting in the
living room. 	At some point, White grabbed a knife and used it to open food
packages. 	When Peak started crying, White, still holding the knife, went over to
comfort her and crouched down beside her. 	He denied threatening Peak with the
knife and claimed that he put it down as soon as she mentioned it. 	White also
denied holding Peak against the wall.
The jury found White guilty as charged of fourth degree assault on count II
and guilty of the lesser included offense of unlawful display of a weapon on count
I. 	The court sentenced White to concurrent 364-day terms, with credit for 115
days served and the remainder of the sentence suspended.
ANALYSIS
White contends that the "to convict" instruction for the lesser included
offense of unlawful display of a weapon (count I) specified two alternative means.
He argues that the State presented sufficient evidence to support only one of the
alternative means and that the conviction therefore violated his constitutional
right to a unanimous jury.

No. 69172-4-1/5
Criminal 	defendants 	in 	Washington 	have 	a 	constitutional 	right 	to 	a
unanimous jury verdict.1 	When the crime charged can be committed by more
than one means, however,
the 	defendant 	does 	not 	have 	a 	right 	to 	a 	unanimous 	jury
determination 	as 	to 	the 	alleged 	means 	used 	to 	carry 	out the
charged crime or crimes should the jury be instructed on more than
one of those means. . . . But, in order to safeguard the defendant's
constitutional right to a unanimous verdict as to the alleged crime,
substantial evidence of each of the 	relied-on alternative means
must be presented.'21
Whether 	a 	statute 	sets 	forth 	alternative 	means 	of 	committing 	the 	offense
depends on legislative intent.3 	There are 	no bright-line rules for determining
alternative means, and the courts must evaluate each case "'on its own merits.'"4
The 	mere 	use of a 	disjunctive phrase 	in an 	instruction or statute does 	not
automatically trigger a substantial evidence review.5
Here, in order to establish lesser included offense of unlawful display of a
weapon, 	the 	State 	was 	required 	to 	prove, 	among 	other things, 	that 	White
displayed the knife
1 State v. Ortega-Martinez. 124 Wn.2d 702, 707, 881 P.2d 231 (1994); Wash.
Const, art. I, §21.
2 State v. Smith. 159 Wn.2d 778, 783, 154 P.3d 873 (2007) (citation omitted).
3 State v. Arndt, 87 Wn.2d 374, 378, 553 P.2d 1328 (1976).
4 State v. Peterson. 168 Wn.2d 2d 763, 769, 230 P.3d 588 (2010) (quoting State
y. Klimes. 117 Wn. App. 758, 769, 73 P.3d416 (2003)).
5 Smith, 159 Wn.2d at 783.

No. 69172-4-1/6
in a manner, under circumstances, and at a time and place that
manifested an intent to intimidate another or warranted alarm for
the safety of other persons.161
White concedes that the evidence of his confrontation with Peak supported an
inference that he displayed the knife in a manner that warranted alarm for the
safety of others, but asserts the evidence did not manifest "an intent to intimidate
another."
Relying 	on 	the "invited error" doctrine, 	the State contends that White
cannot challenge the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal because he proposed
the instruction containing the alternative means.7 	But we need not address this
dubious proposition nor the State's alternative claim that unlawful display of a
weapon is not an alternative means crime because the evidence was sufficient,
in any event, to support both of the alleged alternative means.8
Several hours after assaulting Peak, White returned to her house, clearly
still angry because she had called the police. 	White gave Peak her cell phone,
but kept the battery, rendering the phone useless. 	He repeatedly interrogated
Peak about what she had told the police and then went into the kitchen, where he
grabbed a knife to open food packages. 	Eventually, White returned to the living
room to confront Peak again. 	While still holding the knife in his hand, White
repeatedly demanded to know, "[W]hat the fuck did [you] say to the cops," and
6Jury Instruction 15 (emphasis added); see also RCW 9.41.270(1).
7 See State v. Bover. 	91 Wn.2d 342, 344-45, 588 P.2d 1151 	(1979) (under
invited error doctrine, a party may not request an instruction and then complain
on appeal that the requested instruction was given).
8 See State v. Emery, 161 Wn.App. 172, 199, 253 P.3d 413 (2011).

No. 69172-4-1/7
"Tell me every fucking word you told to the cops." 	Peak told Officer Moriarity that
White "was making gestures with the knife," while he was yelling in her face.
Viewed 	in 	the 	light 	most 	favorable 	to 	the 	State, 	the 	foregoing
circumstances were sufficient to permit a rational trier of fact to find beyond a
reasonable doubt that White displayed the knife in a manner that manifested "an
intent to intimidate another." The evidence was therefore sufficient to support his
conviction.
Affirmed.
^%V^
WE CONCUR:
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