Trotter v. Florida

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1 Cite as: 607 U. S. ____ (2026)
Statement of S
OTOMAYOR, J.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
No. 25–6853 (25A926)
MELVIN TROTTER v. FLORIDA, ET AL.
ON APPLICATION FOR STAY AND ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF
CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA
[February 24, 2026]
The application for stay of execution of sentence of death
presented to J
USTICE THOMAS and by him referred to the
Court is denied. The petition for a writ of certiorari is de-
nied.
Statement of J
USTICE SOTOMAYOR respecting the denial
of the application for stay of execution and denial of certio-
rari.
Melvin Trotter is scheduled to be executed by lethal in-
jection in Florida. He does not challenge Florida’s use of
lethal injection, in general, to carry out his execution. Nor
does he argue that Florida’s lethal-injection protocol, if fol-
lowed, would violate the Constitution. Instead, Trotter ar-
gues that Florida is likely to maladminister that protocol in
a way that increases the risk of a mangled execution that
would violate his Eighth Amendment rights by causing him
additional and unnecessary pain and suffering. I vote to
deny Trotter’s application seeking a stay of his execution
because evidentiary support for his claim is lacking. Nev-
ertheless, I write to express concern about Florida’s imple-
mentation of its execution protocol and the secrecy sur-
rounding it.
Trotter relies primarily on two pieces of evidence to sup-
port his claim. He first cites heavily redacted logs, pro-
duced in connection with a prior execution in Florida, which
he contends show that Florida is using expired drugs in

2 TROTTER v. FLORIDA
Statement of S
OTOMAYOR, J.
conducting its executions.
1
Trotter also cites an affidavit
from an expert he retained, who attests that “‘[f]ailure to
properly monitor and remove expired substances could re-
sult in the use of substances with reduced pharmacologic
effect or produce unnecessary complications for the inmate
or the abrupt and early termination of an execution.’” Pet.
for Cert. 11 (quoting App. to Pet. for Cert. 57–58). Florida
argued below (and again in this Court) that Trotter’s claim
is speculative because the records at issue do not conclu-
sively show any errors occurred, but the State provides no
assurances that it has not (and will not) use expired sub-
stances in its executions. The Florida Supreme Court, re-
lying on a recent case involving similar arguments by a
death-row prisoner, agreed with the State and rejected
Trotters’ claim as “‘speculative and conclusory.’” ___ So. 3d
___, ___ (2026) (per curiam) (quoting Heath v. State, ___ So.
3d, ___, ___ (Fla. 2026)).
At this point, the evidence Trotter has assembled is not,
in my view, enough to show that Florida’s administration of
its lethal-injection protocol is “‘sure or very likely to cause
serious and needless suffering,’” as the Court’s Eighth
Amendment precedents require. Glossip v. Gross, 576 U. S.
863, 877 (2015) (emphasis deleted); see ibid. (requiring
showing of a “‘substantial risk of serious harm’” or “‘objec-
tively intolerable risk of harm’”). Even so, the record to
date is troubling.
The record reflects at least the possibility that recent
Florida executions have involved—in addition to expired
drugs—incorrect drug doses, the use of nonprotocol drugs,
and recordkeeping lapses that could mask yet additional
failings. The Florida Supreme Court, moreover, has thus
far not allowed further inquiry into these potential
——————
1
The records show additional possible flaws in recent executions, see
infra this page, but Trotter’s petition before this Court limits his chal-
lenge to the use of expired etomidate.

3 Cite as: 607 U. S. ____ (2026)
Statement of S
OTOMAYOR, J.
problems and has recently denied requests for records that
would prove or disprove claims like Trotter’s. See, e.g.,
Heath, ___ S. 3d, at ___. In doing so, the Florida Supreme
Court appears to be placing prisoners in a Catch-22: It has
affirmed the denial of requests for records on these issues,
at least in part, because the prisoners do not yet have
enough information to raise a “colorable” Eighth Amend-
ment claim. Ibid. The very reason the prisoners are seek-
ing the records, however, is to gather enough information
to raise a colorable Eighth Amendment claim.
2
Individuals seeking to challenge the method of their exe-
cution should not have to guess at whether the State is, or
is not, following its execution protocol. Nor does the State
appear to have any legitimate confidentiality interest in
shielding from inspection basic facts about the implemen-
tation of its execution protocol, such as whether the State
is using expired drugs. If the protocol is in fact being fol-
lowed, then transparency instills confidence in the protocol
for everyone—prisoners, the courts, and the public alike. If
it is not, then secrecy is intolerable, and disclosure of the
relevant records is indispensable for determining whether
the lapses at issue are likely to lead to an Eighth Amend-
ment violation. Cf. Smith v. Hamm, 601 U. S. ___, ___
(2024) (K
AGAN, J., dissenting from application for stay and
denial of certiorari) (slip op., at 1) (suggesting that the
Court’s Eighth Amendment precedents “can work fairly
only when more is capable of being known about an execu-
tion method”).
Going forward, I hope that Florida and its courts will rec-
ognize the paramount importance of ensuring that it con-
ducts executions consistently with its approved protocol,
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2
In earlier proceedings in this case, Trotter also challenged the denial
of his own public-records request before the Florida courts, arguing that
he was entitled to records relating to the administration of executions
that have recently taken place in Florida. He does not raise any claim in
this Court relating to the denial of his request for additional records.

4 TROTTER v. FLORIDA
Statement of S
OTOMAYOR, J.
and assuring all involved that it is preventing any infliction
of needless suffering on those being executed in the State.
By continuing to shroud its executions in secrecy, Florida
undermines both the integrity of its own execution process
and, potentially, this Court’s ability to ensure the State’s
compliance with its constitutional obligations.