State v. Tony O. Singleton

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Court of Appeals

The State, Respondent,

v.

Tony Orlanda Singleton, Appellant.

Appellate Case No. 2019-001391

Appeal From Hampton County
Carmen T. Mullen, Circuit Court Judge

Opinion No. 5961
Heard October 5, 2022 – Filed January 18, 2023

AFFIRMED

Appellate Defender Susan Barber Hackett, of Columbia,
for Appellant.

Attorney General Alan McCrory Wilson and Senior
Assistant Attorney General David A. Spencer, both of
Columbia, and Solicitor Isaac McDuffie Stone, III, of
Bluffton, all for Respondent.

KONDOUROS, J.: Tony O. Singleton appeals his conviction for first-degree
criminal sexual conduct with a minor1 (Victim). Singleton contends that the trial
court erred in (1) admitting into evidence a photograph of Victim taken when she

1
See S.C. Code Ann. § 16-3-655(A)(1) (2015).
was ten years old; (2) denying his mistrial motion; and (3) failing to instruct the
jury on third-party guilt. We affirm.

FACTS

In April 2016, Victim went to visit her grandmother (Grandmother). Grandmother
noticed that Victim, who was ten years old, appeared pregnant. Grandmother
informed Victim's mother (Mother), and Mother took Victim to Victim's pediatric
nurse practitioner. The nurse practitioner observed Victim's enlarged abdomen and
administered a pregnancy test that confirmed Victim was pregnant. On April 14,
2016, an ultrasound revealed that Victim was around twenty-two weeks pregnant.
Mother and Victim's doctors decided to terminate the pregnancy.

While treating Victim, the nurse practitioner asked Victim if anybody had ever
"touched" her. Victim eventually responded that someone her age had "touched"
her, and Mother told the nurse practitioner there were no older men who could
have impregnated Victim in their home. However, Victim later told counselors
that Singleton and two juvenile males, one of whom was Singleton's oldest son,
had sexual intercourse with her. Law enforcement obtained DNA samples from
Singleton and the two juveniles, and a forensic scientist with the South Carolina
Law Enforcement Division (SLED) compared those DNA samples to a DNA
sample from the aborted fetus. The SLED scientist concluded that Singleton was
the father of Victim's unborn child.

On February 6, 2017, a Hampton County grand jury indicted Singleton for
first-degree criminal sexual conduct with a minor. Singleton moved in limine to
prevent the State from introducing a photograph of Victim that was taken when she
was ten years old, objecting under Rules 401, 402, and 403 of the South Carolina
Rules of Evidence. The State contended the photograph merely showed Victim's
face when she was ten years old.2 The trial court ruled that the State could
introduce the photograph, deeming it "adequate" and "appropriate."

During Singleton's opening statement, Victim began crying. The victim's advocate
escorted Victim from the courtroom while Singleton continued his opening
statement. After Singleton concluded his opening statement, he moved for a
mistrial. Singleton noted that Victim's crying was "audible" and "created a

2
Victim was thirteen years old when Singleton's trial began on August 5, 2019.
(R.1-2, 57).
disturbance." Singleton asserted that a curative instruction could not obviate the
damage that the level of emotion Victim displayed caused to Singleton's right to a
fair trial.

The State replied that it was "unfair to expect . . . [V]ictim to always be able to
keep her emotions in check." The State also maintained that Victim "was led out
of the courtroom as soon as it got out of control" and noted that "obviously[,] it's
[an] emotionally charged situation." The trial court noted that Victim's reaction
could have occurred while she was testifying and declined Singleton's motion
without giving a curative instruction. 3 However, the trial court cautioned the State
to consider whether Victim should only be present while testifying.

During the State's case-in-chief, Mother testified that she was in a relationship with
Singleton for about eight years, and he lived in her home with Victim and five of
Victim's siblings 4 for about three years. Mother explained that while Singleton
occasionally moved out of her apartment for a week or two, he primarily lived in
her home until shortly before Victim's pregnancy was discovered. The State also
showed Victim the contested photograph, and Victim testified that she was ten
years old when it was taken. The photograph was then admitted into evidence.

Additionally, the SLED scientist who analyzed the DNA samples testified that she
concluded Singleton was the father of Victim's unborn child. Singleton
extensively cross-examined the SLED scientist on whether Singleton's oldest son
could be the father instead because he inherited half of his DNA from Singleton.
The SLED scientist maintained that her analysis of the DNA samples excluded
Singleton's oldest son from being the father.

After the State rested, Singleton made a motion for a directed verdict that the trial
court denied. During Singleton's case-in-chief, he presented testimony that he
moved out of Mother's home before Victim became pregnant in late 2015. The
mother of Singleton's oldest son testified that Singleton moved in with his sister in
October 2015, and Singleton testified that he moved out of Mother's apartment
"right after the summer." Singleton also denied having sexual intercourse with
Victim.

After Singleton rested, he renewed his motions for a mistrial and directed verdict.
The trial court responded, "Respectfully, based on the earlier ruling, again, I think

3
Singleton did not request a curative instruction.
4
Singleton and Mother were the biological parents of three of these siblings.
there's evidence by which this jury can determine Mr. Singleton is guilty of
criminal sexual conduct with a minor under the age of 11. I'm going to send it to a
jury." Singleton also requested the trial court instruct the jury on third-party guilt,
and the trial court initially indicated that it would give the instruction. However,
the trial court declined to give the instruction after it determined the instruction
was not in the South Carolina bench book.

The jury found Singleton guilty of first-degree criminal sexual conduct with a
minor, and the trial court sentenced Singleton to life imprisonment. Singleton
moved for a new trial, alleging the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion for
a mistrial due to Victim's "emotional outburst" and failing to instruct the jury on
third-party guilt. The trial court denied Singleton's motion based on its prior
decisions. Regarding Victim's display of emotion during Singleton's opening
statement, the trial court stated the following for the record:

I will not characterize it in any way as an outburst.
[Victim] just began crying, and she was not removed
from the courtroom by me. The victim's advocate, in her
wisdom, just gently took her and walked her out of the
courtroom as she should, and did a good job doing it. So,
that was just the way it was handled. So, I don't think it
was outwardly disruptive, and I know it's one of the
things the [a]ppellate [c]ourts look at it, you don't know
if you weren't here exactly how it happened. So, I will
say it was minimal.

This appeal followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

"The conduct of a criminal trial is left largely to the sound discretion of the trial
[court; it] will not be reversed in the absence of a prejudicial abuse of discretion."
State v. Reyes, 432 S.C. 394, 401, 853 S.E.2d 334, 337 (2020) (quoting State v.
Bryant, 372 S.C. 305, 312, 642 S.E.2d 582, 586 (2007)). "An abuse of discretion
occurs when a trial court's decision is unsupported by the evidence or controlled by
an error of law." Id. at 401, 853 S.E.2d at 338 (quoting Bryant, 372 S.C. at 312,
642 S.E.2d at 586).

LAW/ANALYSIS
I. Admitted Photograph

Singleton asserts that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence a photograph
of Victim taken when she was ten years old. We do not address that argument
because even if the trial court erred in admitting the photograph into evidence, that
error was harmless.

"Generally, appellate courts will not set aside convictions due to insubstantial
errors not affecting the result." State v. Sims, 387 S.C. 557, 567, 694 S.E.2d 9, 14
(2010) (quoting State v. Pagan, 369 S.C. 201, 212, 631 S.E.2d 262, 267 (2006)).
"[A]n insubstantial error not affecting the result of the trial is harmless where 'guilt
has been conclusively proven by competent evidence such that no other rational
conclusion can be reached.'" Id. at 567, 694 S.E.2d at 14-15 (alteration in original)
(quoting Pagan, 369 S.C. at 212, 631 S.E.2d at 267). "[T]he harmless error rule
embodies a commonsense principle our appellate courts have long recognized—
'whatever doesn't make any difference, doesn't matter.'" Reyes, 432 S.C. at 406,
853 S.E.2d at 340 (quoting State v. Jolly, 304 S.C. 34, 39, 402 S.E.2d 895, 898 (Ct.
App. 1991)).

Assuming without determining that the trial court erred in admitting the
photograph into evidence, that error was harmless because the State presented
overwhelming evidence that Singleton was guilty of first-degree criminal sexual
conduct with a minor. A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct with a minor
in the first degree if they engage in sexual battery with a victim who is less than
eleven years old. § 16-3-655(A)(1). The parties did not dispute that Victim was
ten years old when she became pregnant, and the SLED scientist who analyzed the
DNA samples testified that she concluded Singleton was the father of Victim's
unborn child. Therefore, even if the photograph was wrongly admitted, it did not
affect the result of Singleton's trial. Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

II. Failure to Grant a Mistrial

Singleton asserts that the trial court erred in denying his mistrial motion. Singleton
argues that the trial court's denial of his mistrial motion violated his right to a fair
trial because Victim began crying and was escorted out of the courtroom during his
opening statement. We disagree.

"The decision whether to grant a mistrial because of a witness's outburst rests
within the sound discretion of the trial [court] and will not be reversed absent
an abuse of discretion or manifest prejudice to the complaining party." State v.
Anderson, 322 S.C. 89, 91-92, 470 S.E.2d 103, 105 (1996). "Granting a mistrial is
a serious and extreme measure which should only be taken when the prejudice can
be removed no other way." State v. Makins, 433 S.C. 494, 500, 860 S.E.2d 666,
670 (2021).

In Anderson, the sister of a murder victim was the first witness to testify for the
State. 322 S.C. at 90, 470 S.E.2d at 104. While testifying, the victim's sister asked
the defendant, "Why did you do it?" Id. She also stated that the defendant "didn't
have to take her life." Id. Our supreme court noted that the trial court immediately
dismissed the jury and called a recess to allow the witness to calm down. Id. at 93,
470 S.E.2d at 105. Our supreme court also noted that "th[e] incident occurred at
the beginning of trial and was very limited in time and in scope." Id. Our supreme
court explained that the jury likely understood that the witness's outburst was "an
expression of grief over the death of her sister." Id. Our supreme court concluded,
"Given that the trial [court] was in the best position to assess the degree to which
the jury may have been prejudiced by the outburst, [it] did not abuse [its] discretion
in denying [the defendant's] mistrial motion." Id. at 93, 470 S.E.2d at 105-06.

Here, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to grant Singleton's
mistrial motion. Victim's display of emotion was significantly less than the level
of emotion displayed in Anderson. Unlike the witness in Anderson, Victim did not
directly address Singleton or comment on the alleged crime; instead, Victim began
crying, and the victim's advocate escorted her out of the courtroom. While the
record indicates that Victim's crying was audible, the trial court stated that it
"would not characterize [Victim's display of emotion] as an outburst." Like the
incident in Anderson, the trial court explained that the incident was "minimal."
The trial court was in the best position to assess whether Victim's display of
emotion warranted a mistrial; it did not abuse its discretion in denying Singleton's
mistrial motion. Therefore, we affirm as to this issue.

III. Third-Party Guilt Jury Instruction

Singleton asserts that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on
third-party guilt because the parties presented sufficient evidence to warrant the
instruction. We disagree.

"[T]he trial court is required to charge only the current and correct law of South
Carolina." State v. Marin, 415 S.C. 475, 482, 783 S.E.2d 808, 812 (2016)
(alteration in original) (quoting State v. Brandt, 393 S.C. 526, 549, 713 S.E.2d 591,
603 (2011)). "[T]o warrant reversal, a trial [court]'s refusal to give a requested jury
charge must be both erroneous and prejudicial to the defendant." Id. (quoting
Brandt, 393 S.C. at 550, 713 S.E.2d at 603).

"[E]vidence of third-party guilt that only tends to raise a conjectural inference that
the third party, rather than the defendant, committed the crime should be
excluded." State v. Cope, 405 S.C. 317, 341, 748 S.E.2d 194, 206 (2013) (citing
State v. Gregory, 198 S.C. 98, 105, 16 S.E.2d 532, 534 (1941)). "[T]o be
admissible, evidence of third-party guilt must be 'limited to such facts as are
inconsistent with [the defendant's] own guilt, and to such facts as raise a reasonable
inference or presumption as to his own innocence.'" Id. (second alteration in
original) (quoting Gregory, 198 S.C. at 104, 16 S.E.2d at 534).

The trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to instruct the jury on third-
party guilt. Singleton relies on evidence that others had sexual intercourse with
Victim, but that evidence is not a fact that is inconsistent with Singleton's guilt or
raises a reasonable inference or presumption as to his innocence. Even if Singleton
was not the father of Victim's unborn child, evidence that someone else
impregnated Victim would not preclude Singleton from being guilty of first-degree
criminal sexual conduct with a minor; Singleton could have also had sexual
intercourse with Victim without impregnating her. Therefore, we affirm as to this
issue.

CONCLUSION

In short, the contested photograph did not prejudice Singleton, and the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in denying Singleton's mistrial motion or refusing to
instruct the jury on third-party guilt. Accordingly, Singleton's conviction is

AFFIRMED.

HEWITT and VINSON, JJ., concur.