State v. Terry G. Gridine

THIS OPINION HAS NO PRECEDENTIAL VALUE. IT SHOULD NOT BE
CITED OR RELIED ON AS PRECEDENT IN ANY PROCEEDING
EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY RULE 268(d)(2), SCACR.

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Court of Appeals

The State, Respondent,

v.

Terry Gerrard Gridine, Appellant.

Appellate Case No. 2021-001188

Appeal From Richland County
Jocelyn Newman, Circuit Court Judge

Unpublished Opinion No. 2025-UP-009
Submitted October 1, 2024 – Filed January 8, 2025

AFFIRMED

Appellate Defender Joanna Katherine Delany, of
Columbia, for Appellant.

Attorney General Alan McCrory Wilson, Assistant
Attorney General Joshua Abraham Edwards, and
Solicitor Byron E. Gipson, all of Columbia, for
Respondent.

PER CURIAM: Appellant appeals his conviction for criminal sexual conduct 3rd
degree and his sentence of ten years' imprisonment suspended upon the service of
seven years and five years' probation. Appellant was also ordered to register as a
sexual offender. On appeal, he argues the circuit court erred by: (1) prohibiting
him from cross-examining Victim on whether she was arrested and unsuccessfully
attempted to reach Appellant to help her obtain bail a week prior to the sexual
assault, (2) prohibiting him from testifying that Victim was arrested and
unsuccessfully attempted to reach him to help her obtain bail a week prior to the
sexual assault, (3) prohibiting him from impeaching Victim with her prior
inconsistent statements about the sexual assault, (4) prohibiting him from offering
testimony from Victim's relative that Victim had a reputation and character for
untruthfulness, and (5) denying his motion for a new trial based on cumulative
error. We affirm pursuant to Rule 220(b), SCACR, and the following authorities:

1. Limiting Evidence of Victim's Bias 1

Appellant argues the court erred in limiting his cross-examination of Victim and
limiting his own testimony regarding Victim's arrest for shoplifting a week prior to
the alleged sexual assault. Appellant maintained Victim falsely accused him of
sexual assault because she called him for assistance after her arrest and he did not
help her. During cross-examination of Victim, the trial court limited the evidence
by precluding any mention of the arrest or call from jail, but allowed Appellant to
testify to and cross-examine Victim on her unsuccessful attempt to seek assistance
from Appellant. During Appellant's cross-examination of Victim, the court relied
on Rules 403, 404, and 608 of the South Carolina Rules of Evidence. During his
own testimony, the court relied on Rules 403 and 801(c) of the South Carolina
Rules of Evidence to exclude the evidence. We find no error in the court's rulings.

As to the limitations on Appellant's cross-examination of Victim, we find no
reversible error. The Confrontation Clause guarantees a defendant the opportunity
to cross-examine a witness concerning bias. Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 316
(1974); State v. Brown, 303 S.C. 169, 171, 399 S.E.2d 593, 594 (1991); see also
State v. Mizzell, 349 S.C. 326, 331, 563 S.E.2d 315, 317 (2002) (finding a
defendant has the right to cross-examine a witness concerning bias under the
Confrontation Clause). Considerable latitude is allowed in the cross-examination
of a witness for potential bias. State v. Clark, 315 S.C. 478, 481, 445 S.E.2d 633,
634 (1994); Brown, 303 S.C. at 171, 399 S.E.2d at 594; State v. McFarlane, 279
S.C. 327, 330, 306 S.E.2d 611, 613 (1983). On cross-examination, any fact may
be elicited which tends to show interest, bias, or partiality of the witness. Mizzell,
349 S.C. at 331, 563 S.E.2d at 317 (quoting State v. Brewington, 267 S.C. 97, 101,
226 S.E.2d 249, 250 (1976)). The appropriate question under a Confrontation

1
We combine Appellant's first and second issues.
Clause analysis is whether there has been any interference with the defendant's
opportunity for effective cross-examination at trial. Kentucky v. Stincer, 482 U.S.
730, 730 (1987); State v. Shuler, 344 S.C. 604, 624, 545 S.E.2d 805, 815 (2001);
Starnes v. State, 307 S.C. 247, 250, 414 S.E.2d 582, 583 (1991).

A criminal defendant may show a violation of the Confrontation Clause by
"showing that he was prohibited from engaging in otherwise appropriate cross-
examination designed to show a prototypical form of bias on the part of the
witness, and thereby 'to expose to the jury the facts from which jurors . . . could
appropriately draw inferences relating to the reliability of the witness.'" Delaware
v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 680 (1986) (quoting Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308,
318 (1974)). The Confrontation Clause does not, however, prevent a trial judge
from imposing any limits on defense counsel's inquiry into the potential bias of a
prosecution witness. Id. at 679. "On the contrary, trial judges retain wide latitude
insofar as the Confrontation Clause is concerned to impose reasonable limits on
such cross-examination based on concerns about, among other things, harassment,
prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness' safety, or interrogation that is
repetitive or only marginally relevant." Id. Before a trial judge may limit a
criminal defendant's right to engage in cross-examination to show bias on the part
of the witness, the record must clearly show the cross-examination is inappropriate.
Mizzell, 349 S.C. at 331, 563 S.E.2d at 317; see Rule 403, SCRE ("Although
relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or
misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless
presentation of cumulative evidence."); State v. Alexander, 303 S.C. 377, 382, 401
S.E.2d 146, 149 (1991) (construing Rule 403, SCRE, to allow a judge to exclude
relevant evidence if the danger of unfair prejudice substantially outweighs its
probative value); Rule 402, SCRE ("Evidence which is not relevant is not
admissible.") State v. Gracely, 399 S.C. 363, 371, 731 S.E.2d 880, 884 (2012)
("This [c]ourt will not disturb a trial court's ruling concerning the scope of cross-
examination of a witness to test his or her credibility, or to show possible bias or
self-interest in testifying, absent a manifest abuse of discretion."). "Evidence of
other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in
order to show action in conformity therewith." Rule 404(b), SCRE. However,
such evidence may "be admissible to show motive, identity, the existence of a
common scheme or plan, the absence of mistake or accident, or intent." Rule
404(b), SCRE. A witness's credibility "may be attacked or supported by evidence
in the form of opinion or reputation," but the following limitations apply: "(1) the
evidence may refer only to character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, and (2)
evidence of truthful character is admissible only after the character of the witness
for truthfulness has been attacked by opinion or reputation evidence." Rule 608(a),
SCRE.

Here, we find it was not error to limit cross-examination of Victim. Appellant
argues Victim's unanswered phone call was to seek Appellant's help in obtaining
bail following her shoplifting arrest, and because he did not answer, she falsely
accused him of sexual assault. Victim denied this and claimed she was only
calling Appellant so he could contact her daughter to help her obtain bail. When
she could not get in contact with Appellant, Victim instead called her sister. We
find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in prohibiting the mention of
Victim's previous shoplifting arrest. Importantly, the trial court still allowed
Victim to be questioned on whether she unsuccessfully sought assistance from
Appellant prior to the sexual assault. The only limitation was that no mention of
the arrest may be made. Appellant was still able to confront the witness through
cross-examination.

We also find no reversible error in the limitation of Appellant's testimony on the
issue. Evidence is relevant if it has "any tendency to make the existence of any
fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less
probable than it would be without the evidence." Rule 401, SCRE (emphasis
added). Rule 403 allows trial courts to exclude evidence that may lead to
improper, emotional responses by a jury against a witness that may produce
unfairly prejudicial attitudes towards that witness. See State v. Grace, 350 S.C. 19,
28-29, 564 S.E.2d 331, 335-36 (Ct. App. 2002) (affirming trial court's exclusion of
evidence pertaining to witness's prior suicide attempts); Rule 801(c), SCRE
("'Hearsay' is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at
the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.");
Rule 802, SCRE ("Hearsay is not admissible except as provided by these rules or
by other rules prescribed by the Supreme Court of this State or by statute."); see
also Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 55-56 (1987) (finding although the right to
present relevant testimony is not without limitation, restrictions placed on a
defendant's constitutional right to testify by a State's evidentiary rules may not be
arbitrary or disproportionate to the purposes they are designed to serve). In Rock,
the Supreme Court struck down Arkansas's "per se rule excluding a criminal
defendant's hypnotically refreshed testimony." Id. at 49. The Court concluded
Arkansas's absolute prohibition on a defendant testifying after she had undergone
hypnosis unduly restricted the defendant's right to testify. Id. at 62. It held the
"[w]holesale inadmissibility of a defendant's testimony is an arbitrary restriction on
the right to testify in the absence of clear evidence by the State repudiating the
validity of all posthypnosis recollections." Id. at 61.
The Supreme Court later explained the type of evidentiary restriction that will give
rise to a due process violation:

While the Constitution thus prohibits the exclusion of
defense evidence under rules that serve no legitimate
purpose or that are disproportionate to the ends that they
are asserted to promote, well-established rules of
evidence permit trial judges to exclude evidence if its
probative value is outweighed by certain other factors
such as unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or
potential to mislead the jury.

Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319, 326 (2006).

As it relates to Appellant's own testimony, we do not believe the circumstances
rose to the exceptional level required to show a due process violation. The trial
court did not place arbitrary or disproportionate restrictions on Appellant's
testimony. In contrast, the court allowed Appellant to testify to Victim reaching
out for assistance prior to the sexual assault. His right to testify in his own defense
was not so severely hampered, such as the absolute prohibition in Rock, to rise to
the level of a due process violation. Because the exclusion of the evidence was
based upon prior inadmissibility under Rule 403, inadmissible hearsay evidence,
and it did not rise to the exceptional level required to show a due process violation,
we find Appellant's right to testify in his defense was not violated.

2. Impeachment of Victim with Prior Inconsistent Statements

Appellant argues the trial court erred when it prohibited him from impeaching
Victim with prior inconsistent statements about the sexual assault because
Appellant was entitled to confront his accuser and extrinsic evidence is admissible
for impeachment under Rule 613(b) of the South Carolina Rules of Evidence. The
State concedes and we agree the trial court erred in prohibiting the extrinsic
evidence; however, we find such error was harmless.

"[A]n insubstantial error not affecting the result of the trial is harmless where 'guilt
has been conclusively proven by competent evidence such that no other rational
conclusion can be reached.'" State v. Pagan, 369 S.C. 201, 212, 631 S.E.2d 262,
267 (2006) (quoting State v. Bailey, 298 S.C. 1, 5, 377 S.E.2d 581, 584 (1989)).
"Whether an error in the admission of evidence is harmless generally depends upon
its materiality in relation to the case as a whole." State v. Brown, 344 S.C. 70, 75,
543 S.E.2d 552, 554-55 (2001) (citing State v. Reeves, 301 S.C. 191, 193-94, 391
S.E.2d 241, 243 (1990)).

We find such error was harmless considering the rest of the evidence, specifically
the text messages sent from Appellant to Victim following the sexual assault. In
the messages, Appellant admits that he "f…..Up" and pleads for forgiveness from
Victim. Further, when he was confronted with the events of the evening per
Victim's messages, he does not deny the events, but rather states, "I can't live like
this." We find these messages serve as a pseudo confession from Appellant and
are very conclusive of his guilt. Further, the inconsistent statements the defense
sought to introduce did not have any bearing on the actual allegations of sexual
assault. They dealt with minor, collateral statements that we believe would not
have affected the outcome of the jury. See State v. Collins, 409 S.C. 524, 537, 763
S.E.2d 22, 29 (2014) ("The harmless error rule generally provides that an error is
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt if it did not contribute to the verdict
obtained.").

3. Reputation/Character Testimony Regarding Victim

Appellant argues the trial court erred when it prohibited him from offering
testimony from Victim's relative that Victim had a reputation and character for
untruthfulness. Appellant argues this testimony was admissible as a hearsay
exception and as a pertinent character trait of Victim. We disagree.

Defense counsel sought to introduce evidence that Victim had a reputation for
untruthfulness via the testimony of Tomeka Scott, Appellant's niece, and Victim's
great-niece. The trial court proffered Scott's testimony regarding the reputation for
untruthfulness. Scott testified that she did not have a close relationship with
Victim and the two rarely saw each other or spoke. Scott even admitted she tried
to avoid Victim because other family members warned her that Victim was
untrustworthy. When defense counsel asked about Victim's general reputation, the
State objected to leading. The court excluded Scott's testimony on the basis that it
was hearsay and did not qualify as an exception.

Generally, evidence of a witness's general bad character is not admissible. See
Rule 404(a), SCRE (providing "evidence of a person's character or a trait of
character is not admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity
therewith on a particular occasion . . . ."). However, the Rules of Evidence carve
out specific exceptions which allow a party to elicit evidence about a witness's
character in certain circumstances. Several of the South Carolina Rules of
Evidence apply here. Rule 404(a)(2) allows "[e]vidence of a pertinent trait of
character of the victim of the crime offered by an accused . . . ." Rule 404(a)(3)
allows "evidence of the character of a witness, as provided in Rules 607, 608, and
609." Rule 608(a) provides the "credibility of a witness may be attacked or
supported by evidence in the form of opinion or reputation, but subject to these
limitations: (1) the evidence may refer only to character for truthfulness or
untruthfulness . . . ." Rule 803(21) provides a hearsay exception for evidence of
"[r]eputation of a person's character among associates or in the community."
Accordingly, reputation evidence should not automatically be excluded as hearsay.

The State concedes, "[t]he trial court probably should not have cut off Scott's
proffered response to a question about [Victim's] 'general reputation." But the
objection was to leading, not to the substance of the underlying testimony. The
State claims defense counsel should have simply rephrased her question and tried
again to elicit the information. However, the State asserts even though the
evidence was not excludable on hearsay grounds, this court should affirm on the
alternate sustaining ground that the evidence would have been improper general
character evidence. Pursuant to Rule 608, the testimony elicited from Scott was
only proper to show her character for truthfulness or untruthfulness. However,
during the proffer, the witness did not mention anything relating to Victim's
character for untruthfulness. Rather, Scott focused on extended family members'
warnings not to trust Victim. We find Scott's testimony could have been
interpreted as an attack on Victim's character generally, not just her character for
untruthfulness. Accordingly, we find the proffered testimony from Scott
constituted inadmissible general bad character evidence and affirm on the State's
alternate sustaining ground.

Even if the trial court erred in excluding the testimony of Scott, we find any error
was harmless. We do not believe, considering the totality of the evidence, that had
the jury heard about Scott's distant relationship with Victim, coupled with the
testimony, that the outcome would have been different. See Collins, 409 S.C. at
537, 763 S.E.2d at 29 ("The harmless error rule generally provides that an error is
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt if it did not contribute to the verdict
obtained.").

4. Cumulative Error Doctrine
Appellant argues the trial court erred when it denied his motion for a new trial
based on cumulative error because the cumulative effect of the errors was so
prejudicial as to deprive Appellant of a fair trial. We disagree.

We find no prejudicial errors combined to affect Appellant's right to a fair trial.
See State v. Beekman, 405 S.C. 225, 237, 746 S.E.2d 483, 490 (Ct. App. 2013),
aff'd, 415 S.C. 632, 785 S.E.2d 202 (2016) ("The cumulative error doctrine
provides relief to a party when a combination of errors, insignificant by
themselves, has the effect of preventing the party from receiving a fair trial, and
the cumulative effect of the errors affects the outcome of the trial."); id. ("An
appellant must demonstrate more than error in order to qualify for reversal
pursuant to the cumulative error doctrine; rather, he must show the errors adversely
affected his right to a fair trial to qualify for reversal on this ground."). As
previously stated, we find the exclusion of evidence of the unanswered jail phone
call was not error because the danger of unfair prejudice substantially outweighs its
probative value. Further, even if the exclusion of Scott's testimony and the prior
inconsistent statements made by Victim were errors, they did not prejudice
Appellant in light of other evidence. Accordingly, Appellant's right to a fair trial
was not affected by the exclusions.

AFFIRMED. 2

THOMAS, HEWITT, and VINSON, JJ., concur.

2
We decide this case without oral argument pursuant to Rule 215, SCACR.