July 25, 2016 – MB Oil Ltd v. City of Albuquerque, No. 34,493

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
Opinion Number: _______________
Filing Date: July 25, 2016
NO. 34,493
MB OIL LTD., CO.,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
THE CITY OF ALBUQUERQUE,
Defendant-Appellant.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
Carl J. Butkus, District Judge
Michael L. Danoff & Associates, P.C.
Michael L. Danoff
Brett J. Danoff
Albuquerque, NM
for Appellee
SaucedoChavez P.C.
Christopher T. Saucedo
Albuquerque, NM
Lorenz Law
Alice T. Lorenz
Albuquerque, NM

City of Albuquerque
Robert I. Waldman, Assistant City Attorney
Albuquerque, NM
for Appellant

OPINION
VANZI, Judge.
{1} 	The City of Albuquerque (the City) appeals from a judgment awarding nearly
four million dollars in anticipatory profits for the wrongful termination of a supply
contract (Contract) that was expressly terminable for cause or convenience. Because
we conclude as a matter of law that the contract was not wrongfully terminated, we
reverse and remand for entry of judgment in favor of the City.
BACKGROUND
{2} 	The following factual background is derived from the district court’s findings
of fact, to which we generally defer, see State v. Munoz, 1998-NMCA-140, ¶ 14, 125
N.M. 765, 965 P.2d 349, and from the terms of the Contract itself, which we can
interpret as well as the district court. See Krieger v. Wilson Corp., 2006-NMCA-034,
¶ 12, 139 N.M. 274, 131 P.3d 661 (“In the absence of ambiguity, the interpretation of
language in a contract is an issue of law which we review de novo.”).
{3} 	MB Oil Ltd., Co. (Plaintiff) is a wholesale fuel distributor that contracted with
the City to be the primary supplier of certain fuels to the City’s Fleet Management
Division. The Contract provided that the quantities of fuel to be delivered would vary
depending on the City’s needs. During the contract period, Plaintiff would treat the
City as a “preferred customer,” delivering requested fuel within twelve hours of any

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order and always assigning first priority to the City’s requirements. In exchange, the
City would treat Plaintiff as its primary fuel supplier, ordering from Plaintiff first at
prices agreed upon in the Contract before turning to secondary and tertiary suppliers
in the event Plaintiff could not meet the City’s needs.
{4} 	Section 26 of the request for bids, which was later merged into the Contract,
gave the City the right to terminate the agreement for default, after giving notice to
cure, if Plaintiff failed to fulfill its delivery obligations “in a timely and proper
manner[.]” Immediately following the termination for default clause, Section 27 then
provided an alternative basis for termination, which is the subject of this Opinion:
Termination for the Convenience of the City:
The City may terminate [the C]ontract . . . at any time by giving at least
thirty (30) days’ notice in writing of such termination to [Plaintiff]. In
such event, [Plaintiff] shall be paid under the terms of the [C]ontract for
all goods/services provided to and accepted by the City, if ordered or
accepted by the City prior to the effective date of termination.
A termination for convenience clause is generally understood to be a risk-allocating
tool, intended to permit a government to “terminate a contract, even in the absence of
fault or breach by the other party, without incurring the usual financial consequences
of breach.” Mark Dunning Indus. v. Cheney, 934 F.2d 266, 267 n.1 (11th Cir. 1991)
(per curiam) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). It has become a standard
term in federal procurement contracts. See Krygoski Constr. Co. v. United States, 94

3
F.3d 1537, 1541 (Fed. Cir. 1996); see also 48 C.F.R. § 49.502 (2007) (noting the
types of contracts that utilize a termination for convenience by the government
clause). Like other municipalities—and even some private parties—the City has
apparently taken the federal government’s lead and begun including the clause in its
own contracts. See, e.g., Old Colony Constr., LLC v. Town of Southington, 113 A.3d
406, 408 n.1 (Conn. 2015); Vila & Son Landscaping Corp. v. Posen Constr., Inc., 99
So. 3d 563, 566-68 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012). It does so because, as the Director for
Finance and Administration for the City of Albuquerque testified at trial, the City
needs to be able to cancel its contracts if operational reasons require it to change
course.
{5} 	Plaintiff submitted its bid in October 2009—its first time bidding on a city
contract. An exhibit admitted at trial indicates that it offered to charge the City a paltry
delivery price of $148,660.46 compared to the second lowest bidder, which proposed
a price nearly six times higher. Not surprisingly, the City ultimately awarded the
primary supply Contract to Plaintiff, and Plaintiff began performing in March 2010.
{6} 	There were then various occasions throughout the summer of 2010 where
Plaintiff was unable to timely deliver fuel or unable to deliver fuel at all due to what
the district court later concluded was a lack of availability of fuel to deliver. The
district court also concluded that in each of the instances when fuel was unavailable

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to Plaintiff, the City was forced to turn to its backup vendors to provide the fuel. It is
thus apparent that the fuel that was unavailable to Plaintiff was in fact available to
other suppliers, including the City’s backup vendors.
{7} 	On multiple occasions, beginning in July 2010, the City notified Plaintiff in
writing that fuel requirements were not being met. Specifically, a letter dated July 12,
2010, informed Plaintiff that it was in default. That letter also stated that Plaintiff had
been unable to provide unleaded fuel to the City for a month. And a second letter,
dated August 31, 2010, explained that Plaintiff’s failure to provide fuel when ordered
“creates problems for the City and is in violation of the [C]ontract requirements.” The
City finally terminated the contract for default and/or convenience on September 9,
2010, citing Plaintiff’s failure to “provid[e] fuel within the delivery time requirements
of the [C]ontract, i.e., within [twelve] hours of order placement[.]” The cancellation
letter also noted that Plaintiff made partial deliveries, and “on several occasions,”
actually refused to provide fuel.
{8} 	Plaintiff filed suit alleging various tort claims that have since been dismissed
and leaving two contract claims that went to trial. Count I’s breach of contract claim
essentially alleged a bait-and-switch scheme: that the City’s request for bids
misrepresented the amounts and types of fuel the City would order to the detriment
of vendors who relied on those estimates in formulating their bids. Of particular

5
importance was the City’s failure to accurately estimate requirements of E85 (85%
ethanol-blended fuel), which was the basis for Plaintiff’s profit margin in the Contract.
To Plaintiff’s detriment, the City “cancell[ed]” all orders of that fuel type early in the
Contract term.
{9} 	Count IV similarly alleged only that the City “breached the covenant of good
faith and fair dealing by knowingly and intentionally breaching the contractual
agreements with [Plaintiff].” All told, the Complaint was directed at the City’s alleged
conduct in soliciting bids and making untimely payments and such—behavior that
Plaintiff alleged caused it various damages.
{10} 	Following a bench trial, the district court entered its findings and conclusions
ruling in favor of Plaintiff and awarded substantial damages. Liability was not
premised on the complaint’s bait-and-switch allegations, its late payments theory, or
on the alleged cancellation of E85. Instead, the district court concluded that the City
wrongfully terminated the Contract for default because the failed and untimely
deliveries did not constitute a substantial impairment to the City’s benefits under the
Contract, and also wrongfully terminated it for convenience, since Plaintiff showed
“an absence of valid grounds for invocation of the termination for convenience
clause.” The court awarded costs plus $378,672.23 in “preparatory damages” and

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$3,805,840.46 in anticipatory profits “arising directly from the [C]ontract.” The City
appealed, and we now reverse the district court.
DISCUSSION
{11} 	The district court in this case found it “difficult to evaluate the City’s invocation
of the termination for convenience clause” because “[n]either the September 9, 2010
letter nor the evidence at trial specifically identify any ‘convenience’ other than
perhaps the grounds identified for invocation of” the clause allowing termination for
default. The court then concluded, for this reason, that Plaintiff carried its burden of
persuasion by showing the absence of “persuasive facts” to support the City’s right
to terminate the Contract for convenience.
{12} 	But the City was not required to have any good cause or persuasive reason for
terminating the Contract. The plain wording of Section 27 allowed the City to
unilaterally invoke the clause for its convenience at any time by giving at least thirty
days’ notice in writing to Plaintiff.
{13} 	A clause that allows a party to terminate a contract for convenience, as opposed
to default, is typically treated as a provision allowing termination “without cause[,]”
Harris Corp. v. Giesting & Assocs., 297 F.3d 1270, 1273 (11th Cir. 2002), which is
the functional equivalent of an agreement for an indefinite period, terminable at will.
See Lopez v. Kline, 1998-NMCA-016, ¶ 10, 124 N.M. 539, 953 P.2d 304 (“An at-will

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employer-employee relationship is subject to termination at any time, with or without
cause.”). Clauses of this sort are not limited to employment relationships; they have
been applied according to their terms in cases, like this one, that are governed by the
Uniform Commercial Code. See, e.g., Smith v. Price’s Creameries, Div. of Creamland
Dairies, Inc., 1982-NMSC-102, ¶¶ 13-23, 98 N.M. 541, 650 P.2d 825.
{14} 	For example, the termination clause in Smith allowed either party to terminate
a wholesale distributorship “for any reason” by giving proper notice. Id. ¶¶ 4, 14.
When the defendant terminated the contract because of alleged unsatisfactory
performance by the plaintiffs, the plaintiffs—avidly disputing that their performance
was unsatisfactory—sued the defendant for wrongful termination. Id. ¶¶ 5-6. The
Supreme Court held on appeal that it was immaterial whether the plaintiffs’
performance was factually unsatisfactory. Id. ¶ 23. The plaintiffs’ attempt to restrict
termination “only to instances supported by a showing of good cause” would have
simply read the termination clause out of the contract, resulting in a construction
contrary to the plain wording of the agreement. Id.
{15} 	This is not a novel concept. It is an outgrowth of the unremarkable obligation
of courts to enforce the bargained-for terms of a contract as written. Melnick v. State
Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 1988-NMSC-012, ¶ 17, 106 N.M. 726, 749 P.2d 1105.
Parties are free to negotiate for provisions that are beneficial to them, and “[a]

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dissatisfied party to a valid contract should not be allowed to rewrite the provisions
to which he initially assented.” Id. ¶ 19. Thus, “[c]ontractual provisions relating to
termination or cancellation of an agreement not arrived at by fraud, or unconscionable
conduct, will be enforced by law.” Smith, 1982-NMSC-102, ¶ 20.
{16} 	At a glance, a clause that provides only one party the right to terminate for
convenience might seem unfair, or even illusory. At-will employment is generally
terminable by either party, see Melnick, 1988-NMSC-012, ¶ 14, and so was the
distributorship in 	Smith—a fact that was noted by the Supreme Court in its
unconscionability analysis in that case. See Smith, 1982-NMSC-102, ¶¶ 13-14. Only
the City had the right to terminate for convenience in this case.
{17} 	But there are good reasons to allow the government to include a nonmutual
termination for convenience clause in its supply contracts. First, the practice has been
expressly authorized by our Legislature. NMSA 1978, § 13-1-170(A)(6) (1997) (“A
. . . local public body . . . may require by regulation that contracts include uniform
clauses providing for . . . termination of the contract in whole or in part for the
convenience of the . . . local public body[.]”). We presume that the City, having been
allowed to mandate inclusion of the clause (by regulation) in all of its contracts, can
also selectively include it in this one.

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{18} 	Second, the City is a municipality contracting for the benefit of its citizens. The
flexibility provided by a termination for convenience clause allows it to limit
expenditures without binding successor governments to contractual obligations that
are not in the best interests of the citizenry. See Maxima Corp. v. United States, 847
F.2d 1549, 1552 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (“One of the few exceptions to the common law
requisite mutuality of contract is that here at issue.”). A newly elected mayor might
decide that city vehicles should switch to cleaner, alternative fuels that are not
available to its existing wholesale supplier. Conversely, the mayor could decide that
those fuels are too costly and prioritize instead the supply of cheaper fuels for the
city’s fleet. If the current supplier cannot meet increased demands for unleaded fuel
resulting from the change in policy, the city may reasonably need to terminate the
contract with notice in order to find a supplier that can meet its needs.
{19} 	That latter example basically summarizes this case. On April 23, 2010,
Albuquerque’s 	Chief 	Administrative 	Officer—an 	officer 	of 	the 	new
administration—directed the City’s fleet management to convert its fleet from E85
and B20 (20% biodiesel) to unleaded gasoline and 5% biodiesel fuel, which were
perceived to be “the most cost effective fuel[s] based on the combination of price and
efficiency.” The district court found that Plaintiff never refused to deliver the unleaded
fuel, but that on at least twenty-seven occasions from June through August 2010,

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Plaintiff advised the City that the fuel was unavailable or that deliveries would be late.
After giving Plaintiff notice that delivery requirements were not being met, the City
terminated the Contract for cause and convenience, citing Plaintiff’s failure to
“provid[e] fuel within the delivery time requirements of the [C]ontract[.]”
{20} 	Termination for convenience clauses in government contracts are designed
precisely to apply to these circumstances. See, e.g., Nesbitt v. United States, 345 F.2d
583, 586 n.3 (Ct. Cl. 1965). In Nesbitt, the United States Court of Claims noted that
a supplier’s inability to meet the government’s increasing demands in a requirements
contract would “undoubtedly” give the government power under the termination
clause “to terminate the plaintiff’s full rights, in order to be free to place orders with
other suppliers.” Id. The only difference here is that the City is a municipality. But,
like the federal government, the City is authorized by the Legislature to include
termination for convenience clauses in its contracts, see § 13-1-170(A)(6), and having
bargained for such a clause, its constituent taxpayers should not be saddled with
millions of dollars in damages for a supplier’s anticipatory profits simply because the
government’s needs have changed. To the extent Plaintiff argues that termination was
wrongful because the City was not operating in the best interests of the taxpayers, that
argument is not well taken. See generally Planning & Design Sols. v. City of Santa Fe,

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1994-NMSC-112, ¶ 5, 118 N.M. 707, 885 P.2d 628 (“[W]e will not substitute judicial
discretion for municipal administrative discretion.”).
{21} 	The 	federal 	courts 	do, 	however, 	recognize 	some 	limitations 	on 	the
government’s ability to terminate its contracts at will. These limitations are designed
to ensure that government contracts with nonmutual termination for convenience
clauses are not illusory. See Torncello v. United States, 681 F.2d 756, 769 (Ct. Cl.
1982) (“It is hornbook law . . . that a route of complete escape vitiates any other
consideration furnished and is incompatible with the existence of a contract.”). Two
competing standards have arisen.
{22} 	The first only requires that the government does not abuse its discretion or act
in bad faith. Krygoski Constr. Co., 94 F.3d at 1543 (“In the absence of bad faith or
clear abuse of discretion the contracting officer’s election to terminate is conclusive.”
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). A termination for convenience causes
a contract breach only when a plaintiff can show “well-nigh irrefragable proof” that
the government did not terminate the contract in good faith. Kalvar Corp. v. United
States, 543 F.2d 1298, 1301-02 (Ct. Cl. 1976) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). This narrow standard would presumably be met if a plaintiff showed that the
contracting officer was (1) motivated by malice, Gadsden v. United States, 78 F.
Supp. 126, 128 (Ct. Cl. 1948); (2) involved in a conspiracy to get rid of the plaintiff,

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Knotts v. United States, 121 F. Supp. 630, 636 (Ct. Cl. 1954); (3) sought only to
secure a better bargain from a competing supplier in a requirements contract,
Torncello, 681 F.2d at 772; or (4) never intended to keep its promise when the
promise was made, Krygoski Constr. Co., 94 F.3d at 1545.
{23} 	The second standard is a “changed circumstances” test announced by a plurality
of the United States Court of Claims in Torncello, 681 F.2d at 771 (“[W]e restrict the
availability of the clause to situations where the circumstances of the bargain or the
expectations of the parties have changed sufficiently that the clause serves only to
allocate risk.”). The changed circumstances test has since been abandoned by the
federal courts, see Krygoski Constr. Co., 94 F.3d at 1545, but two state courts have
nevertheless adopted it in cases the district court relied upon when it authored its
conclusions of law below. See Ry-Tan Constr., Inc. v. Wash. Elementary Sch. Dist.
No. 6, 93 P.3d 1095, 1112 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2004), vacated on other grounds by 111
P.3d 1019, 1024 (Ariz. 2005) (en banc); Ram Eng’g & Constr., Inc. v. Univ. of
Louisville, 127 S.W.3d 579, 587 (Ky. 2003).
{24} 	We need not flesh out these competing standards in any greater detail. The City
was entitled, under any standard, to terminate the Contract in this case because the
district court found that Plaintiff was unable to meet the City’s increasing demands
for unleaded fuel in a requirements contract. See Nesbitt, 345 F.2d at 586 n.3. That is

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a circumstance that probably justified termination for default, though the district court
concluded otherwise. It is certainly a “changed circumstance” and an inconvenience
to the City, which contracted and paid to be a preferred customer entitled to the
reliable delivery of fuel within twelve hours of its request. See Torncello, 681 F.2d at
771.
{25} 	That the Contract contemplated secondary and tertiary fuel suppliers does not
mean that the City expected to rely on those suppliers for the entire summer of 2010.
Nor does the district court’s finding that Plaintiff never affirmatively refused to
deliver fuel mean that the City’s expectations under the Contract were met. The City’s
trucks cannot run on Plaintiff’s good intentions and, certainly from the City’s
perspective, there is little appreciable difference between Plaintiff’s wilful refusal to
deliver fuel and its frequent inability to timely deliver it. That is obvious from the
Contract itself, which expressly provided for cancellation in the event Plaintiff failed
to deliver fuel in a “timely and proper manner[.]”
{26} 	As such, termination pursuant to Section 27 was neither a breach of the
Contract nor a breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Melnick, 1988-
NMSC-012, ¶ 17 (“We align . . . with those courts that have refused to apply an
implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing to override express provisions
addressed by the terms of an integrated, written contract.”); see Santa Fe Custom

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Shutters & Doors, Inc. v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 2005-NMCA-051, ¶ 44, 137 N.M.
524, 113 P.3d 347 (“The implied duty of good faith does not confer on a district court
a roving commission to do whatever it[] wishes in the name of fairness.” (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted)). Since these were the only bases for liability,
we reverse for the district court to enter judgment in favor of the City. Of course, the
City is responsible for any damages contemplated in the text of Section 27 itself, if
those amounts have not yet been paid.
CONCLUSION
{27} 	The judgment of the district court is reversed.
{28} 	IT IS SO ORDERED.
_______________________________
LINDA M. VANZI, Judge
WE CONCUR:
_________________________________
JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
_________________________________
RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge