June 14, 2016 – State of New Mexico v. Christopher Franco, NO. 33,392

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
Opinion Number: 	_______________
Filing Date: 	June 14, 2016
NO. 33,392
STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
CHRISTOPHER FRANCO,
Defendant-Appellant.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
Kenneth H. Martinez, District Judge
Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
Santa Fe, NM
Steven H. Johnston, Assistant Attorney General
Albuquerque, NM
for Appellee
Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender
J. K. Theodosia Johnson, Assistant Appellate Defender
Santa Fe, NM
for Appellant

OPINION
BUSTAMANTE, Judge.
{1} 	This case and this Defendant have been before this Court before. This second
appeal raises procedural and substantive issues flowing from our double jeopardy
jurisprudence. The procedural question boils down to whether Defendant can even
pursue a second appeal. The substantive question is whether Defendant can be
sentenced under NMSA 1978, Section 31-18-15(A)(4) (2007, amended 2016),
following his conviction under NMSA 1978, Section 30-3-8(B) (1993), for shooting
at a motor vehicle when the shooting resulted in a death. We conclude that Defendant
has a right to appeal, and we affirm the sentence.
BACKGROUND
{2} 	In July 2007 Christopher Franco (Defendant) shot and killed William Healy
during an abortive drug transaction. The shooting occurred outside Defendant’s
apartment as Healy drove his pickup truck in reverse at a high rate of speed toward
Defendant. Defendant was convicted of voluntary manslaughter, shooting at a motor
vehicle resulting in great bodily harm (death), aggravated assault, and tampering with
evidence. Defendant was sentenced to eleven years of incarceration for the voluntary
manslaughter conviction, which included a six-year basic sentence, a one-year firearm
enhancement, and a four-year habitual offender enhancement. In addition, he was

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sentenced to nineteen years of incarceration for the shooting at a motor vehicle
conviction, consisting of a fifteen-year basic sentence and a four-year habitual
offender enhancement. The nineteen-year sentence was ordered to be served
consecutive to the eleven-year manslaughter sentence.
{3} 	Defendant appealed his convictions and sentences arguing in part that they
violated double jeopardy in two respects: (1) the shooting at a motor vehicle and
voluntary manslaughter charges should be merged; or (2) the shooting at a motor
vehicle sentence should not have been enhanced. Our initial calendar notice proposed
to hold that there was no difference between the two theories. The idea that there were
two double jeopardy aspects to Defendant’s case was never brought up again in his
first appeal.
{4} 	Relying on State v. Dominguez, 2005-NMSC-001, ¶¶ 5-16, 137 N.M. 1, 106
P.3d 563, we summarily affirmed Defendant’s convictions and sentencing. State v.
Franco (Franco I), No. 30,028, mem. op. (N.M. Ct. App. Sept. 1, 2010) (non-
precedential). The Supreme Court granted certiorari in Defendant’s case and in a
companion case to review whether the ruling in Dominguez should be retained. On
certiorari the Supreme Court only considered the question whether convicting
Defendant of both voluntary manslaughter and shooting at a motor vehicle violated
double jeopardy. State v. Franco (Franco II), No. 32,605, order ¶ 5 (N.M. Sup. Ct.
June 10, 2013) (non-precedential). Relying on the companion case of State v.

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Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, 306 P.3d 426, in which Dominguez was overruled, the
Supreme Court concluded that it did, and vacated Defendant’s conviction for
voluntary manslaughter. Franco II, No. 32,605, order ¶ 5; Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020,
¶¶ 54-56 (vacating the voluntary manslaughter conviction because it carried the
shorter sentence: six years for a third degree felony resulting in death versus fifteen
years for a second degree felony resulting in death).
{5} 	On remand, the district court held a new sentencing hearing and entered an
amended judgment and sentence reflecting another sentence of fifteen years for the
shooting at a motor vehicle conviction. At the hearing, Defendant posed no objection
to the new sentence. The amended sentence was entered on October 30, 2013. A
notice of appeal was filed on December 6, 2013.
{6} 	Our review of all of the issues presented is de novo. See State v. Chavarria,
2009-NMSC-020, ¶ 11, 146 N.M. 251, 208 P.3d 896.
APPEALABILITY
{7} 	The State questions whether the appeal “is . . . properly before this Court for
procedural reasons and because [we] should apply the law of the case doctrine.” The
State offers a melange of rationales why this appeal is not properly before us. First,
the State notes that the notice of appeal was filed late and argues that we should not
apply the presumption of ineffective assistance of counsel recognized in State v.
Duran, 1986-NMCA-125, ¶ 10, 105 N.M. 231, 731 P.2d 374, because Defendant has

4
no right to a second appeal. The State suggests that Defendant is better left to a habeas
corpus proceeding. The State also asserts that the law of the case doctrine counsels
that we should decline to accept the appeal. We disagree.
{8} 	We start our analysis by considering the nature and strength of the right to be
free from double jeopardy. First, it is a right of explicit constitutional dimension. New
Mexico Constitution Article II, Section 15 provides, in pertinent part, that “any person
[shall not] be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense[.]” Second, the Legislature
has provided that “[t]he defense of double jeopardy may not be waived and may be
raised by the accused at any stage of a criminal prosecution, either before or after
judgment.” NMSA 1978, § 30-1-10 (1963). Based on the wording of Section 30-1-10,
our Supreme Court has held that a defendant can assert a double jeopardy defense
even when he has pled guilty to the challenged offense and has failed to reserve the
issue in his plea. State v. Nunez, 2000-NMSC-013, ¶ 99, 129 N.M. 63, 2 P.3d 264; see
State v. Handa, 1995-NMCA-042, ¶¶ 8-9, 17, 120 N.M. 38, 897 P.2d 225.
{9} 	Perhaps most apropos to the factual scenario we see here is State v. Breit, 1996-
NMSC-067, 122 N.M. 655, 930 P.2d 792. In Breit, the Supreme Court held in a
second appeal that the defendant could not be retried for murder when the district
court had granted a new trial based on extreme prosecutorial misconduct. Id. ¶ 1.
Before getting to the merits of the claim, however, the Supreme Court had to address

5
the fact that the same issue had been squarely decided against the defendant in a prior
appeal. Id. ¶¶ 10-12.
{10} 	After the district court granted the new trial, the defendant moved for dismissal
of all charges on double jeopardy grounds. Id. ¶¶ 5-6. The district court granted the
motion. The state appealed the dismissal of the charges and this Court reversed,
concluding that a new trial would not pose a double jeopardy violation. Id. The
defendant in Breit asked the Supreme Court to review the Court of Appeals’ decision
but the Supreme Court denied certiorari. Id. On remand, Breit was convicted in a
second trial and sentenced to life imprisonment. Id. ¶ 7. Breit appealed again asserting
double jeopardy. See id.
{11} 	Based on this procedural history, the state argued that the law of the case
doctrine prevented the Supreme Court from addressing the issue in the second appeal.
The Supreme Court disposed of the argument quickly, first by citing to Section 30-1-
10 (quoted above) and then by noting that “[t]he right to be protected from double
jeopardy is so fundamental, that it cannot be relinquished even if a conviction is
affirmed on appeal.” Breit, 1996-NMSC-067, ¶ 11. The State in the case at hand
agrees with this observation.
{12} 	Furthermore, the Court noted, while the law of the case doctrine is an important
prudential policy, it is not inflexible and in the end is a discretionary matter. Id. ¶ 12.

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The State recognizes that as such law of the case is not a procedural bar to our
jurisdiction.
{13} 	This authority counsels against use of the doctrine to preclude the appeal here.
While Defendant hinted in his first appeal at the double jeopardy theory he advances
now, it was certainly not decided by this Court or the Supreme Court. Even if the issue
had been decided previously, Breit teaches that a second appeal, with perhaps better
arguments, should be allowed. Further, there is nothing in the record that can be used
to argue that Defendant intentionally waived or abandoned the argument. The State
admits as much.
{14} 	The State notes that in State v. Brown, 2003-NMCA-110, 134 N.M. 356, 76
P.3d 1113, this Court apparently relied on the law of the case doctrine to refuse to
consider a challenge to an assertedly improper double enhancement of the defendant’s
sentence in a drug trafficking case because he had not made the argument in his first
appeal. Id. ¶¶ 7-8. We refuse to follow Brown in this regard, as it includes no
discussion of double jeopardy law or the implications of its approach vis à vis double
jeopardy. As such, Brown is suspect as authority on the proper application of law of
the case in cases involving double jeopardy claims.
{15} 	The strength of double jeopardy protections also leads us to disagree that
Defendant should be relegated to habeas corpus proceedings for his remedy. The
State’s theory is that requiring Defendant to pursue a habeas petition would promote

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judicial efficiency. While that might be true in the most general sense—in particular
when further fact finding is necessary—we disagree that any efficiencies would be
gained in this case. There are no facts to be found here. We are presented with a
purely legal question. We see nothing to be gained by requiring a district court to
consider the case only to be followed by an appeal presenting the exact issues before
us now. Varela v. State, 1993-NMSC-030, ¶ 5, 115 N.M. 586, 855 P.2d 1050 (stating
that a habeas proceeding, while supportable under the facts, was not efficient when
the legal question was already before the Court).
{16} 	The foregoing discussion leads us to conclude that Defendant indeed has a right
to this second appeal on an undecided double jeopardy issue. As such there is no
reason not to apply the Duran presumption in his favor and entertain the appeal
despite the late notice of appeal. We so hold.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY
{17} 	Defendant’s double jeopardy argument is straightforward. He asserts that he is
being punished twice for a single death: first, when the death was used to satisfy the
great bodily harm element of his shooting at a motor vehicle conviction, thus elevating
that crime to a second degree felony pursuant to Section 30-3-8(B); and second, when
the death was used to impose a fifteen-year sentence pursuant to Section 31-18-
15(A)(4). Defendant argues that he should have received a nine-year sentence under
Section 31-18-15(A)(6), now codified at Section 31-18-15(A)(7) (2016), the basic

8
sentencing provision for second degree felonies not involving a death because the
death was already taken into account for punishment purposes when it was used to
define the crime as a second degree felony. Analogizing to cases such as State v.
Keith, 1985-NMCA-012, 102 N.M. 462, 697 P.2d 145, and State v. Haddenham,
1990-NMCA-048, 110 N.M. 149, 793 P.2d 279, Defendant asserts that having used
the death to “enhance” the crime, the State cannot then also use the death to enhance
the sentence imposed.
{18} 	As we will explain, we disagree with Defendant’s assessment of how these
statutes were intended to be applied. We conclude that Section 31-18-15(A)(4) was
intended to be the basic sentence applicable to all second degree felonies that result
in the death of a human being.
{19} 	In this case, we are concerned with that aspect of double jeopardy that protects
against multiple punishments. See Swafford v. State, 1991-NMSC-043, ¶¶ 6-7, 112
N.M. 3, 810 P.2d 1223. And, in the context of the claim asserted by Defendant, we are
concerned with a particular subset of the multiple punishment construct that addresses
the double use of the same facts or circumstances—such as a prior conviction—to
prove a predicate offense and thereafter to enhance sentencing. State v. Lacey, 2002-
NMCA-032, ¶¶ 12, 15, 131 N.M. 684, 41 P.3d 952 (holding that a prior trafficking
conviction could not be used both to prove the offense of conspiracy to commit a first

1Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020—which resulted in the vacatur of Defendant’s
conviction for voluntary manslaughter is a typical double description scenario.
9
degree felony and to enhance the defendant’s conspiracy sentence under the habitual
offender statute).
{20} 	As such, we are not presented with the more typical double description or unit
of prosecution theories.1 This case does not raise the issues common to multiple
conviction cases. Here we have one conviction and one sentence. As a consequence,
we need not engage in the Blockburger analysis common to cases such as Montoya.
2013-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 30-34, 46-47; Swafford, 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 10 (describing the
Blockburger test); Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932). To do so
would be futile; the legal equivalent of trying to fit a square peg in a round hole. Our
opinion in State v. Franklin, 1993-NMCA-135, 116 N.M. 565, 865 P.2d 1209—on
which Defendant heavily relies—is emblematic of the difficulties inherent in such an
effort.
{21} 	Unburdened by the need to undertake a Blockburger analysis, we are left with
a discrete issue: Is Section 31-18-15(A)(4) the correct sentencing provision for
convictions under Section 30-3-8(B) when shooting at a motor vehicle results in a

2In State v. Varela, 1999-NMSC-045, ¶ 14, 128 N.M. 454, 993 P.2d 1280, our
Supreme Court made clear that a shooting resulting in a death could properly be
prosecuted under the language of Section 30-3-8, as amended in 1993. Thus, a
conviction under Section 30-3-8 can be a second degree felony involving, or resulting
in the death of a human being in the practical, everyday sense of the words.
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death? We conclude that it is because the Legislature intended Section 31-18-15(A)(4)
to be the basic sentence applicable to all second degree felonies resulting in deaths.2
{22} 	We start with the language of Section 31-18-15 and its history with the aim of
deciphering the objective the Legislature sought to accomplish and give effect to it.
Sentencing authority for the category of second degree felonies resulting in death was
first enacted in 1994. Compare 1994 N.M. Laws, ch. 23, § 3, with 1993 N.M. Laws,
ch. 182, § 1, and § 31-18-15. The amendments had the effect of closing the large gap
between life imprisonment for first degree murder, see NMSA 1978, § 30-2-1(A)
(1994); NMSA 1978, § 31-18-14 (1993, amended 2009) and the then-standard
sentence of nine years for second degree murder. Compare 1994 N.M. Laws, ch. 23,
§ 3, with 1993 N.M. Laws, ch. 182, § 1; see § 30-2-1(B). The same 1994 enactment
amended the definition of “second degree murder” to provide that “[w]hoever
commits murder in the second degree is guilty of a second degree felony resulting in
the death of a human being.” 1994 N.M. Laws, ch. 23, § 1; see § 30-2-1(B). The
criminal definition thus mirrored the sentencing provisions after the amendments to
Section 31-18-15(A).

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{23} 	Similar amendments to the voluntary manslaughter provisions were enacted in
the same law. 1994 N.M. Laws, ch. 23, § 2; see NMSA 1978, § 30-2-3(A) (1994).
The amendments defined “voluntary manslaughter” as a “third degree felony resulting
in the death of a human being.” 1994 N.M. Laws, ch. 23, § 2; see § 30-2-3(A). The
sentencing provision was amended to increase the penalty for voluntary manslaughter
to six years, mirroring the “third degree felony resulting in the death of a human
being” language of the crime definition. Compare 1994 N.M. Laws, ch. 23, § 3, and
§ 30-2-3(A) with 1993 N.M. Laws, ch. 182, § 1.
{24} 	After the amendments described above, this Court considered a double jeopardy
challenge to application of the greater sentence for voluntary manslaughter. State v.
Alvarado, 1997-NMCA-027, ¶ 4, 123 N.M. 187, 936 P.2d 869. The defendant in
Alvarado argued that the redundancy of the language in the crime definition and in the
sentencing provision violated double jeopardy because it effectively imposed a three-
year sentence under the definition and then added an additional three years under the
sentencing provision. Id. We rejected the argument, concluding that the express
legislative goal of increasing sentences for second degree murder and voluntary
manslaughter was clear and that the Legislature’s choice to “use redundant [language]
may have reflected an economy of language, considering all the possibilities” and did
not detract from that clear purpose. Id. ¶ 10.

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{25} 	We recognize that Alvarado by itself does not resolve whether Section 31-18-
15(A)(4) applies generally to crimes other than murder and involuntary manslaughter.
The broader message of Alvarado is that the 1994 amendments were designed to
increase the penalty for crimes involving the death of a human being. The question
now is whether that message is broad enough to reach crimes not specifically
addressed in the 1994 amendments.
{26} 	That question could have been answered in the negative in 1994. 1994 N.M.
Laws, ch. 23, § 3(B) of the amending law provided:
B. 	The appropriate basic sentence of imprisonment shall be
imposed upon a person convicted of a first, second, third[,] or fourth
degree felony or a second or third degree felony resulting in the death of
a human being, unless the court alters such sentence[s] pursuant to the
provisions of [NMSA 1978, Sections] 31-18-15.1, 31-18-16, 31-18-
16.1[,] or 31-18-17.
The specific reference to “second or third degree felony resulting in the death of a
human being” could be read to refer to the specific changes made in that enactment.
{27} 	The argument cannot be made at this point because in 2003 the Legislature
amended the section to read as follows:
B. 	The appropriate basic sentence of imprisonment shall be
imposed upon a person convicted and sentenced pursuant to Subsection
A of this section, unless the court alters the sentence pursuant to the
provisions of Section[s] 31-18-15.1, 31-18-16, 31-18-16.1[,] or 31-18-
17.
2003 N.M. Laws, ch. 1, § 5 (1st Spec. Sess.); see § 31-18-15(B).

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{28} 	The much more general language of the 2003 amendment undercuts any
argument that Section 31-18-15(A)(4) can only be used in conjunction with the crimes
of murder and voluntary manslaughter. Rather, given its clear language, the provision
should be applied whenever a second degree felony involves a death. This amendment
made clear that Section 31-18-15(A)(4) is the “basic” sentence for all second degree
felonies resulting in a death.
{29} 	Our case law has broadly applied Section 31-18-15(A)(4)—and 15(A)(6), now
codified at Section 31-18-15(A)(7) —as basic sentences for crimes involving death
of a human being, though we recognize that the prior cases have not involved double
jeopardy claims. In State v. Shije, 1998-NMCA-102, ¶¶ 6-7, 125 N.M. 581, 964 P.2d
142, the defendant was convicted of conspiracy to commit first degree murder, a
second degree felony, as well as second degree murder. Id. ¶ 3. He was sentenced to
fifteen years for the murder conviction and for the conspiracy conviction pursuant to
Section 31-18-15(A)(4) [then codified as Section 31-18-15(A)(2)]. See Shije, 1998-
NMCA-102, ¶ 4. He appealed only the fifteen-year sentence for the conspiracy. Id. ¶
1. We rejected his argument that, as an initiatory crime, a conspiracy could not by
definition “result” in a death, pointing out that the word “resulting” clearly could
reach any crime that in any way led to a death. Id. ¶ 6. We also rejected the argument
that the 1994 amendments were limited to homicide crimes. Id. ¶¶ 8-9.

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{30} 	In State v. Guerro, 1999-NMCA-026, ¶¶ 1, 10-11, 126 N.M. 699, 974 P.2d 669,
the defendant pled guilty to five counts of homicide by vehicle, NMSA 1978, § 66-8-
101(A), (C) (2004), as well as other crimes all flowing from an automobile crash
caused by his intoxication. Homicide by vehicle is categorized as a third degree
felony. Section 66-8-101(C). After being advised by district court that the potential
sentence was six years for each count of homicide by vehicle (thirty years), Defendant
entered a no-contest plea and was sentenced to fifteen years of incarceration, the
maximum permitted by the plea agreement. Guerro, 1999-NMCA-026, ¶¶ 5, 7; see
§ 31-18-15(A)(4) (1994) (now codified as § 31-18-15(A)(8) (2016)). He moved to
withdraw his plea asserting that he was misinformed about the maximum sentence he
could receive. Guerro, 1999-NMCA-026, ¶¶ 8-9. The defendant argued that he should
have been sentenced under the generic third degree felony provision—providing for
three years per count—because the homicide by vehicle statute did not include the
“resulting 	in 	death” 	language. 	Citing 	Shije, 	we 	held 	that 	the 	1994
amendments—intended as they were to deter “any crimes that result in people’s
deaths”—were not limited to homicide crimes found in the Criminal Code. Guerro,
1999-NMCA-026, ¶ 11; see State v. McDonald, 2004-NMSC-033, ¶¶ 7, 18, 136 N.M.
417, 99 P.3d 667 (observing that “the [L]egislature has chosen one basic sentence for
generic second and third degree felonies, and a different basic sentence with a greater
penalty when an additional fact is found: a crime ‘resulting in death’ ”).

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{31} 	Again, we are fully aware that Shije, Guerro, and McDonald did not involve
double jeopardy issues. But that does not make them irrelevant in this context. Double
jeopardy protections apply insofar as the Legislature has not acted to impose multiple
punishments. Swafford, 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 7. Where the Legislature acts in a clear
manner, 	courts 	are 	bound 	to 	follow 	its 	direction 	unless 	its 	command 	is
unconstitutional. Three cases have now opined that Section 31-18-15(A)(4) is the
proper basic sentencing provision for second degree felonies resulting in death.
Double jeopardy concerns do not alter that conclusion.
{32} 	In particular, we conclude that the rule of lenity does not require a different
result. Double jeopardy does no more than prevent the sentencing court from imposing
greater punishment than the Legislature intended. Swafford, 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 7.
The presumption of lenity arises only after the language, structure, and legislative
history of the statutes fail to provide a clear answer. Id. ¶ 15. Here, we see no lack of
clarity. The language of Section 30-3-8(B) applies on its face to this crime. Death is
a recognized basis for prosecution under Section 30-3-8(B). A death occurred as a
result of Defendant’s actions that fit the crime’s definition. And, Section 31-18-
15(A)(4) fits the crime committed for sentencing purposes because the crime resulted
“in the death of a human being.” The end result is one crime, punished one time.
Double jeopardy principles require no more.

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{33} 	On the surface Keith, Haddenham, Franklin, and Lacey seem to support
Defendant’s position. Lacey’s statement that “multiple use of the same facts to prove
a predicate offense and to enhance the sentence is precluded by double jeopardy,”
Lacey, 2002-NMCA-032, ¶ 12, echoes Defendant’s assertion about the double use of
the death here. There is an important distinction, however, between all of these cases
and Defendant’s situation. Defendant has been given the basic sentence for one crime.
In contrast, each of those cases involve true sentence enhancements. That is, in each,
the defendant received the basic sentence for his crime and then additional punishment
was imposed under separate provisions of the sentencing statutes. In Keith, a prior
armed robbery conviction was used to elevate his second armed robbery conviction
to a first degree felony. 1985-NMCA-012, ¶ 1. He received the basic sentence for a
first degree felony and then the State used the same first armed robbery conviction to
argue for imposition of an habitual offender sentence. Id. In Haddenham, a prior
felony was used to convict the defendant of being a felon in possession of a firearm.
1990-NMCA-048, ¶ 3. Again, he received the basic sentence for the crime, and then
he received a habitual offender enhancement based on the same prior felony. Id. In
Franklin, the defendant was charged with involuntary manslaughter by negligent use
of a firearm. 1993-NMCA-135, ¶ 2. The state sought to pursue a firearm enhancement
of the basic sentence for the crime charged. Id. And in Lacey, 2001-NMCA-684, ¶¶
3-4, the defendant was convicted of a first degree felony based on a prior trafficking

17
conviction. Absent the prior trafficking conviction, he could only have been charged
with a second degree felony. Id. ¶ 4. The district court then used the same prior
conviction (along with two others) to impose the maximum habitual offender
sentence. Id.
{34} 	Defendant fails to acknowledge that imposition of an enhanced sentence over
and above the basic sentence for a crime is simply different than imposing a basic
sentence based on the elements of a crime as defined. Here, Defendant has now
received the appropriate basic sentence.
CONCLUSION
{35} 	Defendant’s sentence is affirmed.
{36} 	IT IS SO ORDERED.
MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
WE CONCUR:
__________________________________
MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Chief Judge
__________________________________
JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge