COA 372414 IN RE DOUGLAS M LADNEY 1992 TRUST Opinion - Per Curiam - Unpublished 12/10/2025

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N
C O U R T O F A P P E A L S
In re DOUGLAS M. LADNEY 1992 TRUST.
GEORGE G. CONSTANCE, Successor Trustee of
the DOUGLAS M. LADNEY 1992 TRUST,
Appellee,
UNPUBLISHED
December 10, 2025
12:18 PM
v No. 372414
Macomb Probate Court
SHELLEY LAWSON, LC No. 2018-226517-TV
Appellant.
Before: TREBILCOCK, P.J., and PATEL and WALLACE, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Appellant appeals as of right an order granting appellee’s motion for declaratory judgment,
which found that Douglas M. Ladney’s Estate (the Estate) shall be administered separate from the
Douglas M. Ladney 1992 Trust (the Trust). We affirm.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In 1992, Marguerite Ladney established the Trust to provide her son, Douglas M. Ladney
(Ladney), with income during his life. Ladney died without issue and was survived by three
siblings. Sections 3.2 and 3.3 of the Trust, which are at issue on appeal, govern the distribution of
the Trust’s remaining assets upon Ladney’s death. Section 3.2, “General Power-Effective on
Death,” of the Trust states:
On the death of Beneficiary[1] prior to complete distribution of the trust assets, up
to one-half the remaining trust assets shall be distributed as Beneficiary may direct
1 Ladney was the Trust’s sole beneficiary.

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in an instrument executed by Beneficiary with all the formalities of a deed and
delivered to the Trustee prior to the death of the Beneficiary. [Emphasis added.]
Section 3.3, “Alternate Disposition,” states:
If Beneficiary dies leaving issue who survive Beneficiary by 180 days, the
remaining assets not distributed pursuant to exercise of the power of appointment
shall be distributed per stirpes to such surviving issue. If Beneficiary does not leave
issue who survive Beneficiary by 180 days, then the remaining assets not
distributed pursuant to exercise of any power of appointment shall be distributed
per stirpes to Settlor’s[2] then living issue.
Appellee, successor trustee of the Trust, was informed that Ladney had executed the Will shortly
before Ladney’s death. The Will disinherited Ladney’s three siblings, appointed appellant as
personal representative of the Estate, and distributed half of the Trust’s assets under Section 3.2 of
the Trust to various friends, neighbors, caregivers, and charities. The Estate requested that the
Trust pay half of its assets to the Estate. Appellee refused to comply with that request.
Instead, appellee moved for declaratory judgment seeking an order to prevent the Estate
from administering the Trust’s assets during probate because the Will was not notarized. Appellee
argued that the will failed to comply with Section 3.2 of the Trust, which required that the Will be
executed with all the formalities of a deed. Appellant responded by arguing that Section 3 of the
Trust granted Ladney a power of appointment to distribute half of the Trust’s assets upon his death,
which he exercised in the Will. Additionally, appellant argued that the trial court could overlook
technical defects in the Will under MCL 700.2503 and that the Trust’s terms violated public policy.
The trial court granted declaratory judgment and found that the Will did not conform to
Section 3.2 of the Trust, which required that an instrument disposing half of the Trust’s assets be
executed with all the formalities of a deed. The trial court explained that the plain language of
settlor’s directives and intent governed the interpretation of the Trust. The trial court also found
that the Trust’s terms were not against public policy.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review “de novo the proper interpretation of both statutes and trusts.” In re Miller
Osborne Perry Trust, 299 Mich App 525, 529; 831 NW2d 251 (2013). De novo means that we
review “the legal issue independently, without deference to the lower court.” In re Reliability
Plans of Electric Utilities for 2017-2021, 505 Mich 97, 118-119; 949 NW2d 73 (2020). “This
Court reviews the probate court’s findings of fact for clear error. A factual finding is clearly
erroneous when this Court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.”
In re Estate of Huntington, 339 Mich App 8, 17; 981 NW2d 72 (2021) (quotation marks and
citation omitted).
2 Marguerite Ladney was the Trust’s settlor.

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III. LAW AND APPLICATION
The trial court did not err by ordering that the Estate and the Trust be administered
separately because the Will failed to conform with the formalities of a deed as required under
Section 3.2 of the Trust. Therefore, the Estate is not entitled to half of the Trust’s assets.
Appellant argues that Section 3 of the Trust granted Ladney a general power of
appointment to distribute the Trust’s assets, which he carried out in the Will. Appellant attempts
to sidestep the language in Section 3.2 of the Trust by arguing that the language in Sections 3.2
and 3.3 is inconsistent. Appellant instead argues that the settlor’s general intent to grant Ladney a
power of appointment controls and may be carried out by any legal instrument, such as a valid
will. We disagree because appellant’s interpretation is contrary to the plain language of the Trust.
When interpreting language in a trust, our primary goal is “to determine and give effect to
the trustor’s intent.” Le Gassick v Univ of Michigan Regents, 330 Mich App 487, 496; 948 NW2d
452 (2019). “Interpretation begins with an examination of the trust language, and if there is no
ambiguity, the trust terms are interpreted according to the plain and ordinary meaning.” Id.
Importantly, when interpreting the language in a trust, we must “read a trust as a whole,
harmonizing its terms with the intent expressed, if possible.” Bill & Dena Brown Trust v Garcia,
312 Mich App 684, 694; 880 NW2d 269 (2015).
Here, appellant incorrectly argues that Ladney had a general power of appointment not
subject to the conditional language in Section 3.2 because Sections 3.2 and 3.3 of the Trust are not
inconsistent. The Trust’s unambiguous language in Section 3.2 granted Ladney a power of
appointment to distribute half of the Trust’s assets upon death if he executed an instrument with
all the formalities of a deed. The ordinary meaning of settlor’s reference to “all the formalities of
a deed” required Ladney to distribute the Trust’s assets in an instrument that met the requirements
for a valid deed. Under MCL 565.8, “[d]eeds . . . shall be acknowledged before any judge, clerk
of a court of record, or notary public within this state.” Moreover, as appellee states, under MCL
565.201(1)(c),
[a] register of deeds shall not receive for recording an instrument executed after
October 29, 1937 unless the instrument complies with each of the following
requirements:
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(c) The name of any notary public whose signature appears on the instrument is
legibly printed, typewritten, or stamped on the instrument and appears on the same
page near the signature of the notary public.
Thus, in order for the Will to be executed with all the formalities of a deed it must be acknowledged
before a judge, clerk, or notary public, i.e., it had to be notarized. However, appellant concedes
that the Will was not notarized. Therefore, the Will failed to satisfy Section 3.2 of the Trust, which
was a specific condition set forth by settlor limiting how Ladney’s power of appointment could be

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carried out. Because we must give meaning to the settlor’s clear directives, the Estate is not
entitled to half of the Trust’s assets because the Will was not executed with all the formalities of a
deed, as required by Section 3.2 of the Trust.
Appellant seems to rely on language in Section 3.3 to argue that the conditional language
in Section 3.2 should not be given effect. We disagree. Section 3.3 states, in part, that “the
remaining assets not distributed pursuant to exercise of any power of appointment shall be
distributed per stirpes to Settlor’s then living issue.” (Emphasis added.) The phrase “any power
of appointment” in Section 3.3 merely references the power of appointment granted to Ladney in
Section 3.2. It does not, as appellant argues, negate the conditional language in Section 3.2, which
required Ladney to carry out said power in an instrument with all the formalities of a deed.
Appellant’s interpretation of Section 3.3 would negate the conditional language in Section 3.2,
which the settlor specifically set forth. Appellant’s argument also fails to read the Trust as a whole,
which we are required to do when interpreting a Trust. Bill & Dena Brown Trust, 312 Mich App
at 694. Therefore, the trial court correctly found that the Will failed to comply with Section 3.2 of
the Trust because it was not executed with all the formalities of a deed.
Appellant also incorrectly argues that any technical defects in the Will should be
overlooked under MCL 700.2503. But, as the trial court stated, this case does not involve a
challenge to the validity of the Will. Therefore, MCL 700.2503 is inapplicable in this case.3
Finally, appellant argues that the trust provisions violate public policy, relying solely on In
re Cudnik v William Beaumont Hospital, 207 Mich App 378 (1994), which is inapplicable here.
The plaintiff in Cudnik brought a medical malpractice action that the defendant challenged due to
an exculpatory clause the plaintiff was required to sign before undergoing treatment at a hospital.
In deciding that such an exculpatory clause was unenforceable as against public policy, this Court
followed multiple other jurisdictions that had previously decided the issue. Id. at 383-387. We
see no similarity between the issue in Cudnik and the present case, and appellant offers no
3 Appellant also argues that there is no rational basis to suggest that Ladney was incapable of
drafting an estate plan, that he was fully capable of drafting the Will in 2023, and that the Will
clearly states his intent to distribute his property to numerous individuals and entities. But appellee
does not dispute the validity of the will. Rather, appellee has simply argued that the Will was not
executed with all of the formalities of a deed, despite the clear requirements of Section 3.2 of the
Trust, so the Estate is not entitled to half of the Trust’s assets. We agree.

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explanation as to why that case or any other authority should convince this Court to hold that the
Trust is unenforceable as against public policy.
Affirmed.
/s/ Christopher M. Trebilcock
/s/ Sima G. Patel
/s/ Randy J. Wallace

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