Zeikos Inc. v. Walgreen Co.

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
ZEIKOS, INC.,

Plaintiff,
v.

WALGREEN, CO.,

Defendant.
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No. 23 C 303

Chief Judge Virginia M. Kendall

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Zeikos, Inc. (“Zeikos”), an importer-distributor of electronic accessories, sued
Defendant Walgreen, Co. (“Walgreen”), a subsidiary of the retail pharmacy company Walgreens
Boots Alliance, Inc. (“WBA”), after the parties’ 2019 business dealings broke down. The matter
was referred to Magistrate Judge Holleb Hotaling for discovery motions and supervision. After
Magistrate Judge Holleb Hotaling’s denied Zeikos’s motion to compel the deposition of a
corporate representative, Zeiko’s appealed that denial. For the reasons below, the Court overrules
Zeikos’s Objection to the Magistrate Judge’s order [273].
LEGAL STANDARD
Section 636(b)(1)(A) of the Federal Magistrates Act and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
72(a) govern this Court’s review of non-dispositive magistrate judge decisions. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 636(b)(1)(A) (providing that a district judge “may reconsider any pretrial matter . . . where it has
been shown that the magistrate judge’s order is clearly erroneous or contrary to law”); see also
Hassebrock v. Bernhoft, 815 F.3d 334, 340 (7th Cir. 2016); Domanus v. Lewicki, 742 F.3d 290,
295 (7th Cir. 2014); Jones v. City of Elkhart, Ind., 737 F.3d 1107, 1115 (7th Cir. 2013). Typical
nondispositive discovery orders fall under Rule 72(a), and, therefore, the magistrate judge’s
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decision is overturned only if it is “clearly erroneous or contrary to law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a);
see, e.g., Nance v. City of Elgin, 2010 WL 2757164, at *1 (N.D. Ill. July 12, 2010).
As applied to a magistrate judge’s factual findings, the clearly erroneous standard holds
that “the district court can overturn the magistrate judge’s ruling only if the district court is left
with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Weeks v. Samsung Heavy
Indus. Co., 126 F.3d 926, 943 (7th Cir. 1997). A trial court’s “choice between two permissible
views of evidence cannot be considered clearly erroneous.” Thornton v. Brown, 47 F.3d 194, 196–
97 (7th Cir.1995) (defining “clearly erroneous” for Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a) analysis). The “high
hurdle” of the standard avoids the downstream consequences of handing parties “a second chance
to argue discovery disputes already decided.” JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. MAL Corp., 2009
WL 10739100, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 30, 2009) (internal citation omitted).
DISCUSSION
Zeikos objects to the Magistrate Judge’s order, (Dkt. 271), denying its motion to compel
additional Rule 30(b)(6) testimony from Walgreen’s corporate representative Heather Hughes.
(Dkt. 253 (sealed); Dkt. 254 (unsealed)). Zeikos argues that the order is clearly erroneous because
Walgreens failed to provide sufficient Rule 30(b)(6) testimony and Walgreen’s counsel’s conduct
was improper. (Dkt. 273 at 2). Zeikos also contends that it was improper for Judge Holleb Hotaling
to base her order, in part, on Zeikos’s failure to cite any case law in support of its motion to compel.
(Id.)
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Zeikos also alleges that the Magistrate Judge applied “polar opposite standards for compelling further testimony
under Rule 30(b)(6)” to its Motion compared to an earlier dispute regarding Zeikos’s 30(b)(6) witness but does not
identify the legal relevance of this assertion. (Dkt. 273 at 2).
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I. The Magistrate Judge’s Order
As a threshold matter, the Court must address the issue of whether Judge Holleb Hotaling’s
order sufficiently explained its reasoning. Zeikos asserts that it is “difficult” to address the
Magistrate Judge’s analysis because she cited Walgreen’s brief to justify her ruling. (Dkt. 273 at
8). The Magistrate Judge’s order denying Zeikos’s motion to compel reads as follows:
This matter coming before the Court on Plaintiff Zeikos’s opposed motion to
compel additional Rule 30(b)(6) testimony [Dkt 253 (sealed) / Dkt. 254 (unsealed)],
that motion is DENIED for the reasons enumerated in Defendant Walgreen Co’s
response in opposition [Dkt. 264 at 4-15 (sealed) / Dkt. 265 at 4-15 (unsealed)] (and
notably its citation to Bergstrom Inc. v. Glacier Bay, Inc., 2010 WL 3516190 (N.D.
Ill. Aug. 31, 2010) and Catenacci v. Lightfoot, 2022 WL 888383 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 24,
2022) as well as the fact Zeikos failed to cite any case law in the entirety of its
motion in support of any of its arguments (see in particular the case law cited at
[Dkt. 264 at 9 (sealed) / Dkt. 265 at 9 (unsealed)]).
(Dkt. 271) (citations modified).
Though Judge Holleb Hotaling’s order is sparse, brevity alone does not amount to
insufficient reasoning as a matter of law. See, e.g., Am. Hardware Mfrs. Ass’n v. Reed Elsevier
Inc., 2007 WL 1610455, at *5 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 13, 2007) (citing American Dental Ass’n Health
Foundation v. Bisco, Inc., 1992 WL 107299, *3 (N.D. Ill. 1992)) (“[A] magistrate judge’s failure
to articulate his or her reasoning is, by itself, insufficient to require a remand, especially when
there is no evidence that the analysis was conducted in anything but a careful manner[.]”). Here,
the Magistrate Judge provided case law and docket citations representing her analysis.
Accordingly, the Court will assess whether Judge Holleb Hotaling’s order, understood as
incorporating the factual contentions and legal arguments in Walgreen’s brief as its own factual
findings and legal conclusions, is clearly erroneous or contrary to law.
II. Adequacy of Rule 30(b)(6) Testimony
The next issue is whether Walgreen’s Rule 30(b)(6) testimony was sufficient. Walgreen
produced as its 30(b)(6) witness Heather Hughes, Group Vice President, General Merchandise
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Manager. (Dkt. 264 at 3 (sealed); Dkt. 265 at 3 (unsealed)). Hughes sat for an individual deposition
on April 22, 2024, and for her 30(b)(6) testimony on December 5, 2024. (Ex. 4, Dkt. 284-4 at 5:1–
13 (Hughes Tr.)). In early 2025, Zeikos moved to compel additional Rule 30(b)(6) testimony from
Walgreen. (Dkt. 253 (sealed); Dkt. 254 (unsealed)). In its motion to compel, Zeikos sought an
order requiring Hughes to provide additional Rule 30(b)(6) testimony on three topics. (Dkt. 253 at
3). Despite limiting its request to three topics, Zeikos also argued that Hughes was unprepared to
testify on fourteen of the twenty-four topics and that Hughes’s testimony was evasive. (Dkt. 253
at 2). On March 5, 2025, Judge Holleb Hotaling denied the motion in full. (Dkt. 271). Zeikos now
asserts that Judge Holleb Hotaling’s denial of Zeikos’s motion was clearly erroneous or contrary
to law. (Dkt. 273 at 8).
Rule 30(b)(6) permits a party to name a corporation as a deponent. Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(b)(6).
Upon receiving notice of a Rule 30(b)(6) deposition, the named corporation “must designate one
or more officers, directors, or managing agents, or designate other persons who consent to testify
on its behalf[.]” Id. During a Rule 30(b)(6) deposition, “[t]he persons designated must testify about
information known or reasonably available to the organization.” Id.; see Sara Lee Corp. v. Kraft
Foods Inc., 276 F.R.D. 500, 503 (N.D. Ill. 2011). Rule 30(b)(6) depositions are, thus,
“substantially different from individual depositions because the witness must be prepared to testify
not only regarding matters within his own personal knowledge, but as to matters within the
knowledge of the entity as a whole.” Trs. of Chicago Reg’l Council of Carpenters Pension Fund
v. Drive Constr., Inc., 2023 WL 415542, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 25, 2023).
As with any deposition, a corporation does not fulfil the 30(b)(6) requirements by simply
presenting a witness, but by the quality and substance of that witness’s subsequent testimony. The
deposing party can move for additional testimony where that standard is not met. Rule 37(a)(3)(B)
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provides that “[a] party seeking discovery may move for an order compelling an answer . . . [where]
a deponent fails to answer a question asked under Rule 30[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(3)(B); see also
Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(4) (“[A]n evasive or incomplete . . . answer, or response must be treated as a
failure to . . . answer, or respond.”). “When a district court considers a motion to compel, it must
evaluate such factors as timeliness, good cause, utility, and materiality.” CSC Holdings, Inc. v.
Redisi, 309 F.3d 988, 993 (7th Cir. 2002) (noting that a district court may deny a motion to compel
deposition testimony “that would not aid in ‘the exploration of a material issue.’ ”) (internal
citation omitted).
Even so, a witness’s inability to answer specific inquiries does not automatically justify a
grant of additional testimony. Rule 30(b)(6) depositions are “not designed to be a memory
contest.” Seaga Mfg., Inc. v. Intermatic Mfg. Ltd., 2013 WL 3672964, at *2 (N.D. Ill. July 12,
2013). The designated Rule 30(b)(6) witness need not be the “most knowledgeable witness,” but
rather must be competent to testify about information “known or reasonably available to the
corporation.” Centagon, Inc. v. Bd. of Dirs. of 1212 Lake Shore Dr. Condo. Ass’n, 2002 WL
356483, at *7 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 5, 2002).
Walgreen and Zeikos offer different views on the thoroughness of discovery obtained from
Hughes’s deposition. Zeikos provides multiple transcript references where Hughes’s testimony
failed to meet Plaintiff’s desired specificity. For example, Zeikos notes that Hughes identified “an
Excel workbook bearing production number WAG15505” as the “key document” for her
preparation, but that Hughes did not know exactly how Walgreen created the document. (Dkt. 273
at 8–9). Zeikos also takes issue with the fact that Hughes did not speak directly with Todd Polarolo,
the individual who communicated Walgreen’s practice regarding unfulfilled purchase orders to
Zeikos, though Zeikos admits that Hughes was able to “generally acknowledge[]” the existence of
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the practice. (Id. at 10). Walgreen, on the other hand, asserts that Hughes’s testimony represented
adequate preparation, experience, and knowledge for a 30(b)(6) witness, including direct
preparation with numerous Walgreen executives whose decision-making is relevant to the
litigation. (Dkt. 284).
The parties also disagree on whether Zeikos’s requests for additional information fall
within the pre-approved deposition topics—for example, Zeikos argues that Hughes’s inability to
pinpoint exactly how Walgreen developed certain documents such as the Excel workbook amounts
to a failure to meet the scope of the topics. (Dkt. 273 at 8–9). Walgreen, on the other hand, counters
that this specific example falls within topics the parties agreed not to cover in the deposition. (Dkt.
284 at 10). But both parties have already been reminded that “courts addressing depositions of
corporate representatives designated pursuant to Rule 30(b)(6) have almost uniformly agreed that
the scope of a Rule 30(b)(6) deposition is not limited to the topics listed in the Rule 30(b)(6)
notice.” (Dkt. 236 at 2); see also Medline Indus., Inc. v. Wypetech, LLC, 2020 WL 6343089, at *2
(N.D. Ill. Oct. 29, 2020). Thus, the key inquiry is whether, when Hughes’s testimony is evaluated
in the aggregate, Walgreen satisfied the Rule 30(b)(6) requirement.
Though Hughes was not able to answer specific questions about the production history of
the Excel workbook, she testified at length about the substance contained in the workbook, the
value of the document’s output, her conversations with other Walgreen employees about the
workbook, and her own endorsement of its accuracy. (Hughes Tr. 119:7–126:21). “Simply because
defendant’s witness could not answer every question posed to [her] does not equate to the fact that
defendant did not satisfy its obligations to prepare its 30(b)(6) witness.” Georgia-Pac. Consumer
Prods. LP v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 749 F. Supp. 2d 787, 802 (N.D. Ill. 2010), aff’d, 647 F.3d 723
(7th Cir. 2011) (internal citation omitted). Moreover, while Hughes did not always have the
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specific preparatory conversations that Zeikos hoped—such as with Todd Polarolo—overall, her
testimony indicates that the conversations she had, as well as her independent preparation,
provided her adequate capacity to discuss relevant Walgreens procedures as the company’s
30(b)(6) witness. (Hughes Tr. 217:1–221:18). Based on the information before the Court, Judge
Holleb Hotaling’s denial of the motion to compel additional Rule 30(b)(6) testimony is not clear
error.
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III. Objections & Conduct During Rule 30(b)(6) Deposition
Next is the issue of Walgreen’s counsel’s conduct during the deposition. In its motion to
compel, Zeikos sought an order instructing Walgreen’s counsel not to make speaking objections
or give improper limiting instructions. (Dkt. 253 at 9). Zeikos argued that Walgreen’s counsel
obstructed the deposition by interrupting Hughes’s testimony with speaking objections and
improper instructions for Hughes to limit her responses to certain questions. (Dkt. 253 at 1). On
March 5, 2025, Judge Holleb Hotaling denied the motion. (Dkt. 271). Zeikos’s Objection argues
that the Magistrate Judge’s denial of the motion was clearly erroneous or contrary to law. (Dkt.
273 at 8).
A. Scope Objections & Instructions to Answer Based Only on Personal
Knowledge
As discussed in Section II of this opinion, both parties focus in part on whether Zeikos
properly constrained itself to the specific topics listed in the Rule 30(b)(6) notice despite the
Magistrate Judge’s instruction that the scope of a Rule 30(b)(6) deposition need not be so limited.

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Zeikos also suggested that the holding in Bergstrom, Inc. v. Glacier Bay, Inc., 2010 WL 3516190 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 31,
2010), referenced in the Magistrate Judge’s order, is unsupportive because the magistrate judge in Bergstrom required
the defendant to certify the testimony of its 30(b)(6) witness as complete in order to assuage the plaintiff’s concerns
for completeness; here, “Walgreen provided no such certification.” (Dkt. 273 at 5). This argument incorrectly
construes the Bergstrom magistrate judge’s specific remedy on those facts as a legal requirement, rather than a
discretionary tool of resolution. The Court finds no clear error in Magistrate Judge Holleb Hotaling’s decision not to
utilize such a certification.
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The implications of this confusion carry through to the parties’ disagreement over Walgreen’s
counsel’s behavior during the 30(b)(6) deposition. Zeikos agrees with Walgreen’s contention that
“Walgreen’s witness did not need to prepare for questions beyond the scope of the Topics.” (Dkt.
273 at 5). Zeikos, however, objects to how Walgreen’s counsel dealt with questions he deemed
beyond the scope of the topics—namely, his instruction to Walgreen’s corporate representative
that these responses should be based on her personal knowledge. (Id. at 11; Dkt. 253 at 9–14).
Zeikos both disagrees with this methodology and argues that Walgreen’s counsel improperly
utilized it in the face of questions that Zeikos believes fell squarely within preapproved topics.
(Dkt. 273 at 11–13).
The sanctity of the 30(b)(6) notice is not so obvious on the face of the rules. Rule 30
explains that the named corporation “may set out the matters on which each person designated will
testify” while also noting that 30(b)(6) “does not preclude a deposition by any other procedure
allowed by these rules.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(b)(6) (emphasis added). Courts deciding whether the
questioning of a Rule 30(b)(6) deponent is limited to those subjects identified in the Rule 30(b)(6)
notice have generally found that “matters outside the witness’s testimony as a corporate
representative may still be the subject of Plaintiff’s questions” under the standard theory of
relevancy. See, e.g., First Fin. Bank, N.A. v. Bauknecht, 2014 WL 949640, at *3 (C.D. Ill. Mar.
11, 2014); FireBlok IP Holdings, LLC. v. Hilti, Inc., 2024 WL 4881355, at *1 (N.D. Ill. July 3,
2024); Medline Industries, Inc. v. Wypetech, LLC, 2020 WL 6343089, at *2 (N.D. Ill Oct. 29,
2020); Am. Gen. Life Ins. Co. v. Billard, 2010 WL 4367052, *4 (N.D. Iowa Oct. 28, 2010)
(collecting cases).
In this vein, the provision in Rule 30(b)(6) that allows the organization to set out the matters
on which the representative will testify may be better understood as distinguishing between a
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witness as an organization’s representative and a witness testifying in their personal capacity. See
Baxter Int’l, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 2020 WL 424918, at *13 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 27, 2020)
(noting that testimony outside the scope of the 30(b)(6) topics is not “testimony of the corporation
but of the individual”); Medline Indus., Inc. v. Wypetech, LLC, 2020 WL 6343089, at *2 (N.D. Ill.
Oct. 29, 2020) (admonishing an attorney for instructing 30(b)(6) witnesses to not answer questions
beyond the deposition scope and directing the parties to distinguish questions answered in a
personal capacity); Falchenberg v. New York State Dep’t of Educ., 642 F. Supp. 2d 156, 164
(S.D.N.Y. 2008), aff’d, 338 F. App’x 11 (2d Cir. 2009) (“Questions and answers exceeding the
scope of the 30(b)(6) notice will not bind the corporation, but are merely treated as the answers of
the individual deponent.”); but see Catenacci v. Lightfoot, 2022 WL 888383, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Jan.
24, 2022) (finding a 30(b)(6) witness had “no reason . . . to have been prepared to testify” about
questions outside the predetermined scope). Regardless, the parties’ briefing provided limited case
law on the issue of exactly how and when a 30(b)(6) witness’s testimony should be designated as
separate and apart from the entity it represents. Thus, this Court need not surgically dissect whether
certain questions fell squarely within an approved topic and will focus instead on whether
Walgreen’s counsel appropriately managed the distinction between the witness’s corporate and
personal testimony.
Zeikos makes much of the fact that Medline states that the company “could have designated
[its witness’s] answers to those questions as testimony in her personal capacity rather than as a
corporate representative” versus instructing the witness to state in her answers that certain
testimony represented her personal knowledge and not that of the company. (Dkt. 273 at 12 (citing
Medline at *2 n.3 and adding emphasis)). But what Walgreen’s attorney could have done is
different from what it was compelled to do. Zeikos fails to cite any authority that instructs attorneys
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defending a Rule 30(b)(6) deposition on how specifically they are to designate the witness’s
testimony. So, although Judge Holleb Hotaling’s order did not explicitly address the manner in
which Walgreen’s attorney designated personal capacity testimony, the Court will not disturb the
decision, because it was not clear error or contrary to law to conclude that Walgreen’s attorney’s
methodology appropriately distinguished the 30(b)(6) testimony.
B. Speaking Objections
Zeikos also takes issue with Judge Holleb Hotaling’s ruling on Walgreen’s speaking
objections. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 30(c)(2) prescribes the proper form of objections
during depositions, requiring that “an objection be stated concisely in a nonargumentative and
nonsuggestive manner.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(c)(2). In doing so, Rule 30(c)(2) prohibits so-called
speaking objections—those “that are argumentative or that suggest an answer to a witness . . . . ”
Specht v. Google, Inc., 268 F.R.D. 596, 598 (N.D. Ill. 2010). Zeikos argues that Walgreen’s
counsel “made over 51 speaking objections or interjections . . . . [that] directly impacted the
witness’s testimony” (Dkt. 273 at 13). Judge Holleb Hotaling’s order, as laid out in the adopted
reasoning of Walgreen’s brief, refutes the characterization, determining that most of the objections
were limited to “object in form,” with the remainder in response to “argumentative and repetitive
questions” (Dkt. 264 at 14–15 (sealed); Dkt. 265 at 14–15 (unsealed)). Zeikos identifies examples
of Walgreen’s counsel interjecting to emphasize the witness’ ability to characterize her knowledge
as specifically personal, or outside the scope of the deposition. Take, for example, the following
exchange:
Q: Now, it’s clear to you, isn’t it, that Albert [Gehrke] is referring to the saddle
fixture as a two-sided fixture, right?
WALGREEN’S COUNSEL: I’m going to note, again, this is outside the scope of
the topic, so you can answer based on your personal knowledge, if you’re able to
say what Albert was thinking.
THE WITNESS: I don’t know what Albert was thinking.
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(Hughes Tr. 35:3–11).
In isolation, these interactions could be construed as disruptive of the 30(b)(6) testimony
and outside the bounds of a proper objection. Once restored to the context of the full testimony,
however, Zeikos’s chosen snippets frequently follow significant cumulative and duplicative
questioning from Zeikos’s counsel. For example, the above exchange comes only after the witness
declined to accept Zeikos’s lawyer’s characterization of the particular design feature twice on her
own terms. Zeikos’s counsel continued to push for her to accept his characterization of the matter
despite repeated disagreement on the issue. (Hughes Tr. 34:6–35:11).
To be sure, constant objections by Walgreen’s counsel are unhelpful and usually not
necessary. It also lengthens deposition time and generally leads to another task for the judge to
clean up before trial. Objections should be placed strategically and not disruptively. Yet, the
behavior here is not sufficient to set aside the Magistrate Judge’s decision under Rule 72(a). Fed.
R. Civ. P. 72(a).
IV. Legal Support for Zeikos’s Motion to Compel
Beyond the perfunctory nature of Judge Holleb Hotaling’s order itself, Zeikos also asks the
Court to assess whether the Magistrate Judge erroneously relied, in part, on the brevity of Zeikos’s
own legal arguments in her decision. In denying Zeikos’s motion to compel, Judge Holleb Hotaling
referenced “the fact Zeikos failed to cite any case law in the entirety of its motion in support of
any of its arguments . . . .” (Dkt. 271). Zeikos takes issue with this characterization, identifying its
“six citations to the court’s prior order and opinion” as substantive case law (Dkt. 273 at 7).
The key inquiry is not whether a party provides specific case law but whether the party
performs “the legal research and analysis necessary” to support the party’s motion. Cent. States,
Se. & Sw. Areas Health & Welfare Fund v. Pathology Lab’ys of Arkansas, P.A., 1994 WL 362187,
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at *10 (N.D. Ill. July 11, 1994). The Court “has no duty to research and construct legal arguments
available to a party.” United States v. Black, 2007 WL 9752034, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 24, 2007)
(internal citation omitted). Zeikos, however, provided the required “substantive argument, legal
citations, [and] references to the record.” (Id. at 3). For some issues, such as those concerning
discovery disputes, the applicable federal rule, not case law, may be the most relevant legal
authority. In addition to the citations to Judge Holleb Hotaling’s prior order discussing the same
issues, Zeikos made frequent citations to the governing procedural rules. Thus, this reason, without
more, would not be sufficient grounds upon which to deny Zeikos’s original motion to compel.
Nonetheless, the Magistrate Judge’s decision stands on ample ground for the above reasons, and
the Court thus declines to set aside.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons above, the Court overrules Zeikos’s Objection [273] to the Magistrate
Judge’s order granting Walgreen’s motion to compel.

Date: September 22, 2025

Virginia M. Kendall
United States District Judge
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