Traci Eileen Hoult

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

In re:

TRACI EILEEN HOULT,

Debtor.

Case No. 26-90018

OPINION

Traci Hoult owes her ex-spouse Justin Hefner $117,437.92 due to a judgment
entered by a state court in their divorce case. Hoult has filed for bankruptcy under
Chapter 13, and Hefner has filed a proof of claim in the amount of the judgment debt.
He asserts that the debt is a domestic support obligation. Hoult disagrees and objects to
the proof of claim. Although the judgment stems from the couple’s divorce, it is not a
debt in the nature of support, so Hoult’s objection will be sustained.

I. Background

On June 27, 2023, the Vigo County (Indiana) Superior Court entered an order
after conducting a “hearing on assets/debt allocation” in the divorce proceedings

SIGNED THIS: June 12, 2026
_________________________________
Peter W. Henderson
Chief United States Bankruptcy Judge
___________________________________________________________
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between Justin Hefner and Traci Hefner (now Hoult). The following facts are taken
from that order.

Hefner and Hoult were married in June 2016. Neither spouse worked; both
subsisted on Hefner’s disability payments from the Social Security Administration in
the amount of $3,000 to $4,000 per month, which they maintained in a joint checking
account. The couple had no children together. In February 2018, Hefner was arrested
and detained. The next month, he received a direct deposit in the joint checking account
from the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) in the amount of $121,191.17,
representing retroactive compensation for a service-related disability. Over the next 21
months, while Hefner was incarcerated, Hoult spent all of that money. Hefner had not
authorized Hoult to spend the money; he had intended to use it to build a retreat center
for veterans. Hefner discovered that the money was gone only when he was released
from jail in December 2019. He filed for divorce the next month. Since that time, Hefner
has been entitled to, and has received, ongoing VA disability benefits at a 100% rating.

Hoult’s misuse of the retroactive lump-sum VA payment was not subtle. Two
days after the payment was deposited, Hoult transferred $50,000 to her own individual
bank account by writing herself a check drawn on the joint account. On the same date,
she withdrew $9,000 in cash from the joint account. Two weeks later, she cashed out
another $2,000. A month later, she cashed out $7,000 and transferred another $7,000 to
her individual account. In addition, she routinely withdrew $500 in cash from the joint
account using different ATMs; in May 2018 alone she withdrew a total of $22,000. And
so forth. Hoult testified that she had spent the entire VA payment, but she “could not
recall exactly how she spent the money and ha[d] no receipts for any purchases.” The
court did not find Hoult—who tried to downplay her past conviction for perjury (in a
case where she was also charged with welfare fraud and theft)—credible.

Indeed, the court was outraged by Hoult’s conduct. It ordered, among other
things, that Hoult repay the entire VA payment to Hefner. Whether or not the VA
payment was a marital asset, the court concluded, Hefner was entitled to a money
judgment in his favor in the amount of $121,191.17 “so that he may seek any collection
efforts.” Though it was unlikely that Hefner would be able to recover from Hoult, it
would be a “true injustice for him not to be able to recover these benefits which are to
assist in replacing his future income due to the permanent disability.” Because no other
assets (apart from two cars and several pieces of personal property) remained in the
marital estate, no other monetary award was entered in favor of either party.

In January 2026, Hoult filed a Chapter 13 bankruptcy petition. At the time, she
owed $117,437.92 on the judgment debt.
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II. The judgment debt is not a domestic support obligation.

Domestic support obligations, or DSOs, receive special protections under
bankruptcy law. United States v. Windsor, 570 U.S. 744, 772 (2013). While debtors are
generally entitled to a fresh start, bankruptcy does not provide “a means of avoiding
enforcement of the obligation, moral and legal, devolved upon the husband to support
his wife and to maintain and educate his children.” Wetmore v. Markoe, 196 U.S. 68, 77
(1904); see Matter of Trentadue, 837 F.3d 743, 749 (7th Cir. 2016). DSOs are therefore
entitled to priority status, 11 U.S.C. §507(a)(1), which means they must be paid in full in
a Chapter 13 plan, 11 U.S.C. §1322(a)(2). They are not dischargeable. 11 U.S.C.
§523(a)(5); 11 U.S.C. §1328(a)(2).

The term “domestic support obligation” is defined, in relevant part, as a debt “in
the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support ... of [a] spouse, former spouse, or child
or the debtor ... without regard to whether such debt is expressly so designated.” 11
U.S.C. §101(14A)(B). Whether a state court divorce order contains a DSO is a matter of
federal law. Trentadue, 837 F.3d at 748. State-law labels are not dispositive; substance
controls over form. Id. Where there is no settlement agreement, bankruptcy courts look
to the intent of the state court in rendering its judgment, which is accomplished by
considering three factors:

(1) the language and substance of a judgment in the context of the
surrounding circumstances, using extrinsic evidence if necessary;

(2) the parties’ financial circumstances at the time of the judgment; and

(3) the function served by an obligation at the time of the judgment.

Id. at 749. Debt for a support obligation typically is contrasted with debt resulting from
a division of marital assets, which is treated as normal, non-priority debt. Matter of
Reines, 142 F.3d 970, 972 (7th Cir. 1998); see In re Sprecher, 672 B.R. 86, 95–96 (Bankr. E.D.
Pa. 2025) (describing difference between support obligations and division of marital
assets).

Under the three Trentadue factors, I find that the state court did not intend to
impose an obligation in the nature of maintenance, alimony, or support in ordering
Hoult to repay Hefner. Instead, it intended to provide Hefner with a collectible
judgment to compensate for Hoult’s conversion of his benefits. The debt therefore is not
a DSO.
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A. The language and substance of the state court order does not impose an
obligation in the nature of maintenance.

I start by noting the statutory authority invoked by the state court. The order
expressly relies upon Indiana Code §31-15-7-4, which governs the division of property
and directs the court to divide the property in a just and reasonable manner. Section
31-15-7- 4 does not address support obligations. Instead, Indiana Code §31-15-7- 1
permits a court to order maintenance after making findings under §31-15-7- 2. The court
here did not mention §31-15-7- 1 or make findings under §31-15-7- 2. Under state law the
court purported to enter the judgment against Hoult under the property-division
statute, rather than the maintenance statute. There is some evidence, therefore, that the
court intended by its order to divide property rather than award support. Indeed, every
other part of the order addresses the division of property (cars and other personal
property), and the order was entered after a hearing “on assets/debts allocation.”

If we deem relevant the dichotomy Indiana law recognizes between property
division and maintenance, this money judgment falls on the property-division side of
the line. Goodman v. Goodman, which the state court cited, describes the distinction:

Various factors are considered in determining whether periodic payments
are properly characterized as maintenance or a property settlement.
Factors indicating that periodic payments are maintenance include: the
designation as maintenance; provisions terminating the payments upon
the death of either party; payments made from future income; provisions
for termination upon remarriage; provisions calling for modification
based upon future events; and payments for an indefinite period of time.

Factors indicating that periodic payments are a property settlement
include: payments for a sum certain payable over a definite period of time;
a lack of provisions for modification based on future events; the obligation
to make payments survives the death of the parties; the provision calls for
interest; and the award does not exceed the value of the marital assets at
the time of dissolution.

754 N.E.2d 595, 601 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). Here, of course, we have a lump sum payment,
not periodic payments, which by itself suggests property division. Id. at 600 (“[A]n
obligation to be paid in a lump sum ... is more likely to be considered a property
settlement.”); s ee also In re Siner, 651 B.R. 240, 250 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2023). Putting that
aside, the payment is for a sum certain, cannot be modified in the future, survives the
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death of the parties, calls for interest, and is based upon the value of the asset (the VA
payment) that was dissipated. On the other hand, in practical terms the judgment may
be satisfied only with payments from future income because the VA money had been
completely dissipated by the time of the divorce petition (a subject I discuss below). On
the whole, though, the judgment appears to represent a division of property, not an
award of maintenance or support. The court did not intend to impose a maintenance
obligation under Indiana law.

B. The substance of the state court order does not impose an obligation
based upon a division of marital assets, either.

The order purports to divide property. The court concluded that Hoult had
engaged in waste, misuse, and aimless spending and had thus engaged in dissipation of
marital assets, which is a concept relating to property division. Ind. Code §31-15-7- 5(4).
It found “no reason to award [Hoult] with any of the lump sum payment even if it was
still existing at the time” the divorce petition was filed. “Under the theory that the VA
disability lump sum payment is a marital asset,” the court awarded the entirety of the
asset to Hefner after concluding that Hoult engaged in dissipation of assets.
Alternatively, if it were not a marital asset, the court still entered a money judgment
against Hoult so that Hefner could “seek any collection efforts.”

This is where the issue gets muddy. The state court did not have authority under
the property-division statute to impose a money judgment in the amount of $121,191.17.
A divorce court may not “claw back” money that was dissipated before the date of the
“final separation,” which refers to the date the divorce petition was filed. Pitman v.
Pitman, 721 N.E.2d 260, 266–67 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). The VA money was gone by
January 2020, when Hefner filed for divorce. The state court could only have awarded
Hefner compensation from marital assets existing in January 2020. See Layne v. Layne, 77
N.E.3d 1254, 1264 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017), citing In re McManama, 399 N.E.2d 371 (Ind.
1980). “Property division ... cannot exceed the value of the marital assets without being
considered an improper form of maintenance and an abuse of discretion.” In re Marriage
of Sloss, 526 N.E.2d 1036, 1038 (Ind. Ct. App. 1988). True, if a party dissipated a marital
asset, a court may award an “equalization” payment from other marital assets to
account for the dissipation of that asset. See Layne, 77 N.E.3d at 1262. Hefner rightly
recognizes, though, that the court here did not impose the money judgment as an
equalization payment. No other marital assets were available to equalize Hoult’s
dissipation of the VA payment.

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As noted above, the court made two alternative findings; neither represented a
proper division of property under §31-15-7- 4. First, the court assumed the VA payment
was a marital asset:

Under the theory that the VA disability lump sum payment is a marital
asset, the Court concludes that [Hoult] engaged in dissipation of assets.
For this reason, [Hefner] is awarded the entire lump sum payment of
$121,191.17 for [Hoult] to repay to [Hefner].

That language tracks the typical analysis that would attend to property division under
§31-15-7- 4, even though the court did not have authority to divide an asset that did not
exist at the time the divorce petition was filed.

The court then analogized Social Security benefits (at issue in Severs v. Severs, 837
N.E.2d 498 (Ind. 2005)) to VA benefits and concluded:

Based on ... Severs, the VA disability lump sum payment was not even a
divisible marital asset and combined with the fact that [Hoult] had no
authority to spend that money, the entire lump sum amount is awarded to
[Hefner].

That language tracks the analysis that Indiana courts use to determine whether an asset
is part of the marital “pot” that may be divided under §31-15-7- 4. See Luttrell v. Luttrell,
994 N.E.2d 298, 303 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). But again, the asset did not exist at the time of
the divorce, so the asset could not be awarded to anyone. And anyway when an asset is
excluded from the marital estate there is no reason to “award” it to either party; the
party that owns the asset simply retains the asset because it is “not subject to
distribution.” See Beckley v. Beckley, 822 N.E.2d 158, 162 (Ind. 2005). So while the
language of the order tracks the property-division statute, in substance the entry of a
money judgment against Hoult for wasting a non-marital asset that had belonged to
Hefner is not actually the division of marital property under Indiana law.

The order would therefore be improper as a division of property under
§31-15-7- 4. A federal bankruptcy court, of course, does not sit in review of state court
judgments—especially those involving domestic relations—so I do not mean to suggest
that the order is anything other than valid and binding. See Taylor v. Cowger, No. 25-
2508, 2026 WL 457242, at *1 (7th Cir. 2026) (nonprecedential) (citing relevant doctrines).
My task is only to determine whether the debt resulting from the judgment is a DSO,
which requires determining the intent of the state court. The language of the order
suggests that the court intended to divide the marital estate (or set aside the VA
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payment from the marital estate) under §31-15-7- 4, but the substance of the order does
not correspond to the way marital property may be divided under Indiana law.

C. The substance of the state court order imposes a civil tort judgment
against Hoult based upon her conversion of non-marital funds.

If the court did not intend to impose maintenance, and did not in fact divide
marital property, what was the court’s real intention? I conclude that the court intended
to hold Hoult civilly liable for converting Hefner’s money, as if Hefner were a plaintiff
in a tort suit, see, e.g., Mahvash K, LLC v. Hardwood Timber & Veneer, Inc., 236 N.E.3d 689,
696–97 (Ind. Ct. App. 2024). The court purported to act under the state’s divorce laws
but in fact used its power as a court of general jurisdiction to enter a civil judgment
against Hoult for her tortious acts:

[T]he VA disability lump sum payment was not even a divisible marital
asset and combined with the fact that [Hoult] had no authority to spend that
money, the entire lump sum amount is awarded to Justin.

The language I have emphasized is unnecessary to a finding under the divorce laws; if
an asset is not a marital asset, it is not subject to distribution, period. I find that, by
mentioning that Hoult “had no authority to spend that money,” the court determined
that Hoult had converted the funds and was therefore liable in the amount of funds
converted. Cf. Ind. Code §35-43-4-3(a); see generally Harper v. S&H Leasing, LLC, 277
N.E.3d 87 (Ind. 2026) (describing conversion under Indiana law). The court’s intent was
clear: it reduced its order to a money judgment “so that [Hefner] may seek any
collection efforts.” See Ind. Trial R. 69; Ind. Code §24-4.6-1- 101. Substantively, this is not
maintenance or property division—it complies with neither §31-15-7- 1 (maintenance)
nor §31-15-7- 4 (property division)—but rather a civil tort judgment enforceable as such.

The court also suggested that the Social Security Administration
1
look into
whether it could reissue the VA lump sum payment to Hefner. Why suggest such a
thing? It is obvious the court felt strongly about Hoult’s conversion of benefits from a
disabled veteran. The court was trying to restore the benefits Hefner had been entitled
to, that were squandered by Hoult, by any means it could think of. The court hoped that
the government would reinstate the award to Hefner and then pursue Hoult for the

1
I assume the court either meant the VA or did not appreciate the difference between Social
Security disability and VA disability.
Compare 38 U.S.C. §1101 et seq. (VA disability) with 42
U.S.C. §401 et seq. (Social Security disability).

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misuse of funds because it knew that Hoult had no income and would not be able to
pay the judgment herself. “It is unlikely that [Hefner] will be able to recover those assets
from [Hoult].” The judgment represents, in substance, a ( likely uncollectible) civil
judgment debt, not a debt in the nature of support.

D. The debt is not in the nature of support.

The language of the order suggests that it was intended to be an order dividing
property, not an award of support. The substance of the order indicates that it was
intended to be a collectible civil tort judgment, not an award of support. Under the first
Trentadue factor, therefore, the state court did not intend to impose a support obligation.

The two other Trentadue factors are in accord. With regard to the parties’
financial circumstances, Hefner, who had been approved to receive both Social Security
and VA benefits, was better situated than Hoult, who did not work during the marriage
and apparently did not earn any income at the time of the divorce either. It would be
odd to require the spouse with no income to support the spouse with regular income.
See Reines, 142 F.3d at 973; Ind. Code §31-15-7- 2(3)(C) (directing court to consider
earning capacity of each spouse in determining whether to impose maintenance
obligation); contrast with Trentadue, 837 F.3d at 751 (finding support obligation where
award was entered in part based on debtor’s ability to pay).

As for the function served by the obligation, the state court intended both that
Hefner would have a collectible judgment against Hoult and that the federal
government would know the court’s view that Hoult had misused the VA lump sum
payment. The function was not that Hoult would support Hefner in the future; the
court concluded that was unlikely.

I therefore find that the state court did not intend to impose, and did not actually
impose, an obligation in the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support.

E. Hefner’s arguments to the contrary are not persuasive.

Hefner urges me to infer that the state court’s intent was that Hoult provide
support by paying a judgment that would provide Hefner with future income. He relies
upon the penultimate paragraph of the order (with my emphasis added):

It is unlikely that [Hefner] will be able to recover those assets from [Hoult]
which Hefner earned after being disabled from his service to our country.
It would be a true injustice for him not to be able to recover these benefits
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which are to assist in replacing his future income due to the permanent
disability.

In my view, the focus of the entire paragraph is on the “true injustice” of what
happened. The court intended to emphasize that Hoult’s acts were particularly
egregious because they d eprived a veteran of disability benefits he had earned “after
being disabled from his service to our country.” Those past benefits were meant “to
assist in replacing his future income due to the permanent disability.” I do not read the
court’s words to say that the judgment it entered was intended to assist in replacing
Hefner’s future income. In the first sentence of that paragraph, the court explicitly
acknowledged that Hoult would not be able to pay the judgment; that’s why the court
wanted the government to get involved. Moreover, the benefits that were converted
were meant to replace past, not future, income; since January 2020, the VA has issued
benefits to Hefner at a 100% rating to replace his future income due to his permanent
disability. The court ruled that any future benefits belong to Hefner.
2
Therefore, I find
that, notwithstanding some imprecise language
3
in paragraph 18, the court did not
intend to impose a judgment to assist Hefner in replacing his future income. It intended
to compensate Hefner for a past wrong. Paragraph 17, not 18, contains the salient
evidence of intent: the judgment was entered “so that [Hefner] may seek any collection
efforts” on what is in substance a civil tort judgment.

Hefner relatedly argues that the judgment debt is in the nature of support
because it represents restoration of the VA payment, which was issued by the
government to support him. He bases his argument on language found in Trentadue,
where the state court had awarded $25,000 in attorney fees as a lump sum to the non-
debtor spouse because the debtor had taken a scorched-earth approach to the family
court litigation. 837 F.3d at 749. The award was “restorative” in nature, not punitive. Id.
And it was issued after a trial concerning child support; the state court intended to
make sure that its distribution of child support was not undermined by the debtor’s
costly legal tactics. Id. at 751. Putting those threads together, Hefner argues that the

2
Again, the court did not distinguish between Social Security disability benefits and VA
disability benefits. I read the order to implicitly find that any VA benefits received after the
filing of the divorce petition belong to Hefner, even though the court only mentions post-
petition Social Security benefits.
3
Had the court written, “It would be a true injustice for him not to be able to recover these
benefits, which were to assist in replacing his future income due to the permanent disability,”
Hefner’s argument would be considerably weaker. Reading the entire order and construing the
judgment as a whole, I find that understanding “are” to mean “were” in paragraph 18 more
precisely expresses the court’s intent. See Trentadue, 837 F.3d at 750 (emphasis in original).
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state court order here meant to restore Hefner’s VA benefit, which was in the nature of
support, so as in Trentadue it too should be considered a DSO.

Trentadue is not quite on point, though, for two reasons. First, Trentadue
announced that it was reviewing the bankruptcy court’s determination of the state
court’s intent for clear error. 837 F.3d at 748. The premise of clear error review is that
there are often two permissible views of the evidence, Cooper v. Harris, 581 U.S. 285, 299
(2017), so the fact that the bankruptcy court’s view in Trentadue was affirmed on appeal
does not mean it was the only permissible view of the evidence. In other words,
although Trentadue is binding precedent, it does not compel me to construe the facts
here in a certain way. My view of the evidence is that the state court did not intend to
impose a support obligation; the fact that the converted money represented the
proceeds from a disability benefit payment does not change that view.

Second, Trentadue affirmed the bankruptcy court’s findings, in large part,
because failing to award the non-debtor spouse with $25,000 in attorney fees would
have undermined the child support order the state court did impose. 837 F.3d at 751.
The state court took “a holistic view of the couple’s financial position” and knew that
the non-debtor spouse would not be able to afford a large legal bill. Id. The bankruptcy
court found that the expensive litigation would have had an adverse financial effect on
the children if the non-debtor spouse were not compensated. Id. Here, by contrast,
support was never at issue at the hearing on “assets/debts allocation.” The judgment
was not entered to ensure that Hefner would maintain a certain standard of living. Had
the court not entered the judgment, Hefner would not have been placed in financial
peril, because he receives ongoing disability benefits at a 100% rating from the VA. The
judgment was not entered based upon an evaluation of the couple’s respective financial
conditions. Trentadue involved a very different situation.

* * *

In summary, the state court did not order that Hoult continue to support Hefner.
The judgment debt is not in the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support. T he
Debtor’s objection to Claim #4- 1 is therefore SUSTAINED. Claim #4- 1 shall be treated as
a general unsecured debt and not a domestic support obligation.

# # #

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