In the Interest of M.S., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-0036
Filed March 29, 2023

IN THE INTEREST OF M.S.,
Minor Child,

S.T., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Rachael E. Seymour,

District Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the juvenile court order terminating her parental rights.

AFFIRMED.

Brooke J. Thompson of Miller, Zimmerman & Evans, PLC, Des Moines, for

appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Mackenzie Moran, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Lisa Kay Pendroy, Des Moines, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor

child.

Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Schumacher and Ahlers, JJ.
2

SCHUMACHER, Judge.

A mother appeals the juvenile court order terminating her parental rights.

We find termination of the mother’s parental rights is supported by clear and

convincing evidence, termination is in the child’s best interests, the mother has not

shown an exception to termination should be applied, and the court properly

denied the mother’s request for an extension of time. We affirm the termination of

the mother’s parental rights.

I. Background Facts & Proceedings

S.T.1 is the mother and E.P. is the father2 of M.S., who was born in 2019.3

The mother has a long history of substance-abuse and mental-health problems.

The mother admitted to being an IV methamphetamine user, beginning at age

sixteen, and using up to two times per day from 2020 to the removal of M.S. She

denied using when M.S. was in her home. But M.S. tested positive for

methamphetamine at an extremely high level following removal.4 The mother also

admitted to previous use of cocaine, LSD, and heroin. She served forty-four

months in federal prison after participating in the commission of a robbery. She

was released in 2018 and reported that she relapsed in 2020. The child was

removed from the mother’s custody on December 2, 2021, because the mother

was using methamphetamine and did not have stable housing. There were also

1 The mother’s petition on appeal gives her initials as S.T., but at the termination
hearing her stated name corresponded to the initials S.S.
2 The father consented to termination of his parental rights and is not a party to this

appeal.
3 The mother gave birth to two other children, who were ages ten and fourteen

years old at the time of the termination hearing. Neither of these two children are
in the mother’s custody.
4 M.S. also tested positive for THC following removal.
3

concerns of the mother dropping the child off with various friends for days at a time

without providing necessities. And the mother had a history of exposing the child

to inappropriate individuals, including one occasion when she and the child were

passengers in a car stopped by law enforcement. At the time of the stop, the driver

had a needle in his arm. The child was placed with the paternal grandparents,

where she remained at the time of the termination hearing. The placement is

willing to adopt.

The mother admitted she used methamphetamine three days before the

second day of a contested removal hearing. The child was later adjudicated to be

in need of assistance, under Iowa Code section 232.2(c)(2), (n), and (o) (2021).

The mother was inconsistent in attending visitation. When she attended, she often

brought unauthorized people with her. At times, the mother engaged in bizarre

behaviors, such as painting her face, claiming staff was poisoning clients, and

asserting that she was a spy. She made concerning comments to M.S. during

supervised visits about “not letting the serpents win” and telling M.S. that she would

eat with her, “so if it’s poisoned, we’ll both be poisoned.” The mother entered two

separate inpatient treatment programs in January 2022 but left both facilities

shortly after admittance—the first discharge because of a conflict with another

client and the second because of a refusal to follow medical advice. She began

outpatient individual therapy to address her substance-abuse and mental-health

issues.
4

On July 15, 2022, the State filed a petition seeking termination of the

mother’s parental rights.5 The termination hearing was held on August 30 and

September 30. The mother testified the last time she used drugs was on April 19,

however, she had two sweat patches after that date positive for methamphetamine

and amphetamine. She also continued to associate with drug users. She did not

complete a psychological evaluation.

The juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights under section

232.116(1)(h) and (l) (2022). The court found the child could not be returned to

the mother’s custody, noting her continued association with unsafe persons, lack

of stable housing, and unresolved mental-health issues. The court found

termination of the mother’s parental rights was in the child’s best interests. The

court also found none of the exceptions to termination located in

section 232.116(3) should be applied.

The mother filed a motion pursuant to Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.904(2),

asking the court to address her request for an extension of time to work on

reunification. The court rejected the request for an extension of time, finding the

child needed permanency. The mother now appeals.

II. Standard of Review

Our review of termination proceedings is de novo. In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d

764, 773 (Iowa 2012). The State must prove its allegations for termination by clear

and convincing evidence. In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000). “‘Clear

and convincing evidence’ means there are no serious or substantial doubts as to

5 The State filed the petition for termination of parental rights after the court
instructed it to do so following a contested permanency hearing.
5

the correctness [of] conclusions of law drawn from the evidence.” Id. Our primary

concern is the best interests of the child. In re J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36, 40 (Iowa

2014).

In general, we follow a three-step analysis in reviewing the termination of a

parent’s rights. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 39 (Iowa 2010). We first consider

whether there is a statutory ground for termination of the parent’s rights under

section 232.116(1). Id. Second, we look to whether termination of the parent’s

rights is in the child’s best interests. Id. (citing Iowa Code § 232.116(2)). Third,

we consider whether any of the exceptions to termination in section 232.116(3)

should be applied. Id.

III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

The mother claims there is not clear and convincing evidence in the record

to support termination of her parental rights. She asserts that the child could have

been returned to her custody at the time of the termination hearing. She points out

that she had stable housing and a job. The mother claims she has been sober

since April 2022. And she adds she was meeting with a therapist to address

concerns about her mental health.

“We will uphold an order terminating parental rights where there is clear and

convincing evidence of the statutory grounds for termination.” In re T.S., 868

N.W.2d 425, 434 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015). “When the juvenile court orders

termination of parental rights on more than one statutory ground, we need only find

grounds to terminate on one of the sections to affirm.” Id. at 435. We elect to

focus on the termination of the mother’s parental rights under section
6

232.116(1)(h).6 One of the criteria in section 232.116(1)(h) is whether a child can

be returned to the parent at the time of the termination hearing. In re A.M., 843

N.W.2d 100, 111 (Iowa 2014).

The mother discounts the two positive sweat patches after April 2022,

disputing the reliability of the testing. “[S]weat-patch tests are a generally reliable

method for determining drug use.” In re A.C., No. 20-0736, 2020 WL 4516075, at

*2 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 5, 2020) (quoting In re S.B., No. 19-1170, 2019 WL

4301591, at *3 n.1 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 11, 2019)). The mother does not offer any

compelling reasons to show that the results of the sweat patches were erroneous.

See id. While the mother offered a negative hair stat test, an expert called by the

State at the termination hearing discounted the value of such test based on the

mother’s hair dye.7 We determine the evidence shows the mother tested positive

for methamphetamine. Also, while the mother had been meeting with a therapist,

she did not complete a recommended psychological evaluation to evaluate her

mental-health status. We determine the child could not be safely returned to the

6 Section 232.116(1)(h) provides for termination of parental rights when the court
finds:
(1) The child is three years of age or younger.
(2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
assistance pursuant to section 232.96.
(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months,
or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home
has been less than thirty days.
(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child
cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided
in section 232.102 at the present time.
7 The mother also provided some negative urinalysis tests. The State’s expert,

Dr. Leo Kadehjian, testified as to the limited length of time methamphetamine can
be detected in this type of test or how it may be diluted.
7

mother’s custody. See In re T.W., No. 20-0145, 2020 WL 1881115, at *3 (Iowa Ct.

App. Apr. 15, 2020) (finding section 232.116(1)(h)(4) is satisfied if the evidence

shows “[t]he child could not be safely returned at the time of the termination

hearing”). We conclude clear and convincing evidence exists in the record to

support termination of the mother’s parental rights under section 232.116(1)(h).

IV. Best Interests

The mother claims termination of her parental rights is not in the child’s best

interests. In considering the best interests of a child, we give “primary

consideration to the child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-

term nurturing and growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional

needs of the child under section 232.116(2).” P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 40. “It is well-

settled law that we cannot deprive a child of permanency after the State has proved

a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) by hoping someday a parent will

learn to be a parent and be able to provide a stable home for the child.” Id. at 41.

In addressing the best interests of the child, the juvenile court stated:

The child’s safety is a primary consideration. Unfortunately, the
safety concerns that led to removal continue to exist today. Further,
the child needs a long-term commitment from a parent to be
appropriately nurturing, supportive of their growth and development,
and who can meet their physical, mental, emotional and safety
needs. No parent has demonstrated they are willing or able to fulfill
this parental role. The parents’ sporadic and lackluster engagement
in services shows an inability or unwillingness to make necessary
changes to have the child placed in their care.

The court noted the mother was unable to acknowledge her problems and so was

unable to resolve those concerns. We agree with the court’s findings and conclude

termination of the mother’s parental rights is in the child’s best interests.
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V. Exceptions

As part of the mother’s best-interests argument, she asserts that the court

should have elected not to terminate her parental rights because the child was

placed with a relative and due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship.

Although the mother does not reference specific code sections, we interpret her

arguments to invoke section 232.116(3)(a) and (c), which provides a court may

elect not to terminate a parent’s rights if a relative has custody of the child or

“[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that the termination would be detrimental

to the child at the time due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship.”

The exceptions to termination found “in section 232.116(3) are permissive,

not mandatory.” In re W.T., 967 N.W.2d 315, 324 (Iowa 2021) (citation omitted).

“The court may exercise its discretion in deciding whether to apply the factors in

section 232.116(3) to save the parent-child relationship based on the unique

circumstances of each case and the best interests of the children.” In re A.R., 932

N.W.2d 588, 591 (Iowa Ct. App. 2019). “[O]nce the State has proven a ground for

termination, the parent resisting termination bears the burden to establish an

exception to termination under Iowa Code section 232.116(3) . . . .” In re A.S., 906

N.W.2d 467, 476 (Iowa 2018). The child’s best interests remain our first

consideration. Id. at 475.

The paternal grandparents have custody of M.S., and the mother suggests

in passing that a guardianship could be established. Given M.S.’s young age, a

guardianship would simply add another dimension of uncertainty to her young life

story. “[A] guardianship is not a legally preferable alternative to termination.” Id.

at 477 (quoting In re B.T., 894 N.W.2d 29, 32 (Iowa Ct. App. 2017)). Guardianships
9

can be modified or terminated. See id. at 477–478 (discussing the practical

realities of guardianships); In re Z.G., No. 20-1083, 2020 WL 7383528, at *3 (Iowa

Ct. App. Dec. 16, 2020). We decline to impose this exception to termination.

And as we have often referenced, the existence of a bond between a parent

and child is not enough to come within the statutory exception to termination of

parental rights as not in the best interest of the child; the law requires clear and

convincing evidence that termination would be detrimental to the child at the time

due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship. Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c);

In re A.B., 956 N.W.2d 162, 169 (Iowa 2021).

The mother has not offered clear and convincing evidence that the

termination of her parental rights would be detrimental to M.S. Since removal, the

mother’s visits have been fully supervised. And “our consideration must center on

whether the child will be disadvantaged by termination, and whether the

disadvantage overcomes [the mother’s] inability to provide for [the child’s]

developing needs.” In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 709 (Iowa 2010). Following our

de novo review of this record, we conclude that the exception in section

232.116(3)(c) should not be applied to preclude termination.

VI. Extension of Time

The mother requests a six-month extension to work on reunification with the

child. She states that she is addressing her substance-abuse and mental-health

concerns and has a job and housing. The mother claims the child could be placed

with her within six months.

A six-month extension of time may be granted under sections 232.104(2)(b)

and 232.117(5) if parental rights are not terminated following a termination hearing.
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In re D.P., No. 21-0884, 2021 WL 3891722, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 1, 2021).

An extension of time may be granted if the court “determin[es] that the need for

removal of the child from the child’s home will no longer exist at the end of the

additional six-month period.” In re A.A.G., 708 N.W.2d 85, 92 (Iowa Ct. App. 2005)

(quoting Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b)). “The judge considering [the extension]

should however constantly bear in mind that, if the plan fails, all extended time

must be subtracted from an already shortened life for the child[ ] in a better home.”

Id. (citation omitted).

In the order concerning the rule 1.904(2) motion, the court denied the

mother’s request for a six-month extension of time. The court determined the child

should not have to wait any longer for a permanent home. The court concluded

this “was best achieved by way of termination and adoption.” The mother has not

fully addressed the problems that led to the removal of the child during the CINA

proceedings. Given the extensive history of drug use and relapse, we find the

mother has not shown that after an additional six months, the need for removal

from the child’s home would no longer exist. We determine the court properly

denied the mother’s request for an extension of time.

We affirm the termination of the mother’s parental rights.

AFFIRMED.