In re the Marriage of San Nicolas Law

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 20-1286
Filed May 12, 2021

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF NICHOLAS SAN NICOLAS LAW
AND NACRINA SAN NICOLAS LAW

Upon the Petition of
NICHOLAS A. SAN NICOLAS LAW, n/k/a NICHOLAS ADAM LAW,
Petitioner-Appellee,

And Concerning
NACRINA SAN NICOLAS LAW, n/k/a NACRINA SAN NICOLAS TIGRETT,
Respondent-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Muscatine County, Thomas G.

Reidel, Judge.

Nacrina San Nicolas Tigrett appeals the physical care and visitation

provisions of a modification order. AFFIRMED.

Laura J. Lemos of John C. Wagner Law Offices, P.C., Amana, for appellant.

Alexander S. Momany of Howes Law Firm, P.C., Cedar Rapids, for

appellee.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Tabor and Ahlers, JJ.
2

BOWER, Chief Judge.

Nacrina San Nicolas Tigrett appeals the physical care and visitation

provisions of a custody modification order. Nacrina asserts the court should have

awarded her physical care of the children with Nicholas (Nick) Law. In the

alternative, she seeks a change to allow her a midweek overnight visit. We affirm.

I. Background Facts & Proceedings

Nacrina and Nick were married from 2012 until February 4, 2019. In their

marriage dissolution, the parties stipulated to joint legal custody and joint physical

care of the couple’s two minor children, born in 2013 and 2015. The children

alternated weeks between Nacrina and Nick’s care.

Nacrina started her present employment as a loan processor shortly before

the trial and had worked in temporary positions prior. Nacrina is able to work from

home full time. She has both an undergraduate and graduate degree and had

planned further schooling but recently changed her plans. Nacrina owns her own

home. Nacrina remarried shortly after she and Nick divorced.1 This second

marriage was highly volatile and marked by many incidents of domestic violence

including threats of death and serious injury. Police intervention was necessary

on several occasions.2 Some of the domestic abuse occurred in front of the

children. Nacrina and her husband both violated a no-contact order many times,

also requiring police intervention with the children present. Nacrina states she has

1Nacrina’s second husband began residing with her and the children in mid-2018.
2The record includes many police incident reports and videos between Nacrina
and her second husband during the period after he moved out. Nacrina testified
she did not remember most of the incidents.
3

filed for divorce from her second husband, but they remain friends and were

entering into a business venture at the time of the modification hearing.

Nick is a teacher and military veteran. He has a college degree and is

pursuing a graduate degree. Nick was honorably retired from the military in 2016

due to a disability, though his condition has since stabilized and he needs no on-

going treatment. He owns his current home; his parents live with him, and his

mother helps with childcare while Nick is working.

The marriage between Nick and Nacrina was marked with violence, mental-

health issues,3 physical disability, blame, and childish behavior. The acrimony

between Nacrina and Nick continued after the dissolution. As the district court

observed,

Each party has made multiple reports to [the department of
human services (DHS)] alleging abuse by the other. Allegations
were also made against [family members of each parent]. All
allegations have been unfounded. It is likely that the parties are
causing harm to the children by their repeated false allegations
against the other.

As a result of the acrimony, the court entered an injunction in August 2019

limiting Nick and Nacrina to communicating only about the children in a written

format, specifying drop-off procedures, and otherwise enjoining them from being

in each other’s presence or around the other’s residence. The reports to DHS of

abuse allegations continued however, including another unfounded report by

Nacrina two weeks before the custody modification hearing.

3Both Nacrina and Nick have a history of mental-health issues for which each
sought treatment.
4

In February 2020, Nick filed a petition to modify, seeking sole legal custody

and physical care of the children. He also filed an application for an injunction to

prevent Nacrina from moving out of state with the children.4 The court granted the

injunction. In March, Nacrina filed her answer, also seeking sole legal custody and

physical care. Both Nick and Nacrina asserted a substantial change in

circumstances had occurred since the February 2019 decree meriting a

modification of the custody order. Each claimed to be able to provide superior care

for the children.

The district court determined the extreme dysfunction displayed by both

parties and the lack of co-parenting warranted a change in physical care of the

children. The court noted, “Both parties take actions that are designed to assist

them in a custody case rather than foster good relationships that nurture the best

interests of the children.” The court found while each party had their strengths,

Nick was better able to care for the children based on his stability and support

system.

The court expressed concern for the effect on the children of Nacrina’s

abusive relationship with her husband. In particular, the court found “Nacrina’s

downplaying of [a severe domestic-abuse] incident is alarming and casts a dark

shadow over her credibility.” The court further observed, “Nacrina’s refusal to

acknowledge the abuse in her marriage and its impact on [the children] is

4 The stipulated dissolution decree included a provision contemplating Nacrina and
the children would relocate in June 2020 so she could attend graduate school and
Nick would move within twenty-five miles of the city where the graduate program
was located. Nacrina did not enroll in a graduate program in 2020.
5

concerning. It creates distrust in the co-parenting relationship and leads to

concern regarding her ability to truly protect the children’s best interest.”

The court awarded Nick physical care of the children but maintained joint

legal custody. The court set Nacrina’s visitation during the school year for

alternating weekends from Friday night to Monday. Neither party disputes the legal

custody determination.

Nacrina appeals, seeking physical care of the children or, in the alternative,

additional midweek overnight school-year visitation.5

II. Standard of Review

An action to modify a dissolution decree is an equitable proceeding, so our

review is de novo. Iowa R. App. P. 6.907; In re Marriage of Brown, 778 N.W.2d

47, 50 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). We examine the record and adjudicate the rights of

the parties anew. In re Marriage of Williams, 589 N.W.2d 759, 761 (Iowa Ct. App.

1998). “Although we make our own findings of fact, ‘when considering the

credibility of witnesses the court gives weight to the findings of the trial court’ even

though we are not bound by them. In re Marriage of Hoffman, 867 N.W.2d 26, 32

(Iowa 2015) (citation omitted).

III. Analysis

A former spouse seeking to modify a joint physical care arrangement must

prove a substantial change in circumstances since the decree was entered

justifying the modification. In re Marriage of Harris, 877 N.W.2d 434, 440 (Iowa

2016). We agree with the district court that the level of hostility and unwillingness

5 The remaining modifications to the decree are not disputed and will not be
discussed.
6

to co-parent displayed by both parties since the decree constitutes a substantial

change of circumstances not contemplated at the time of the decree, justifying a

modification of the shared physical care arrangement. See id. at 441 (noting

discord between parents that disrupts the children’s lives can constitute a

substantial change of circumstances for purposes of a physical care modification).

Finding a modification from joint physical care is warranted, each parent

asserts they are the better parent to care for the children.

Physical care issues are not to be resolved based upon perceived
fairness to the spouses, but primarily upon what is best for the child.
The objective of a physical care determination is to place the children
in the environment most likely to bring them to health, both physically
and mentally, and to social maturity.

In re Marriage of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d 683, 695 (Iowa 2007). We consider the

factors listed in Iowa Code section 598.41(3) (2020) and other relevant facts and

circumstances in determining the best physical care arrangement for the children.

Id. at 696. “[S]tability and continuity of caregiving have traditionally been primary

factors” in physical care decisions. Id.

Nacrina asserts it would be in the children’s best interests to be placed in

her physical care, citing her ability to work from home, her hands-on approach to

caring for the children, and her historically more-dominant caregiving role.

The court found positives in each parent’s care of the children but had

serious reservations about Nacrina’s ability to provide a safe and stable home for

the children given her volatile and abusive relationship with her second husband.

The court specifically stated, “It is . . . inconsistent that safety is Nacrina’s biggest

issue when she has maintained a relationship with [her second husband].” It is

concerning Nacrina could not remember the domestic violence incidents that
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resulted in police intervention. It is also concerning she is maintaining her

relationship with her second husband and violates a no-contact order. Nacrina’s

decisions reflect on her ability to provide emotional and physical safety, structure,

and stability for the children.

The court noted Nick had a concrete plan for the future and his parents’ help

to provide a stable familial support system in his home. Under the circumstances,

we agree with the district court that Nick provides more stability and a safer home

for the children. We affirm the district court ruling placing the children in Nick’s

physical care.

With respect to Nacrina’s alternative request for additional midweek

overnight visitation “for continuity of contact,” we discern no reason to disturb the

court’s ruling. See In re Marriage of Salmon, 519 N.W.2d 94, 95 (Iowa Ct. App.

1994) (“[W]e recognize the reasonable discretion of the trial court to modify

visitation rights and will not disturb its decision unless the record fairly shows it has

failed to do equity.”). We affirm.

AFFIRMED.