State of Iowa v. Jacob Scott Duhrkopf

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 19-2038
Filed November 4, 2020

STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

JACOB SCOTT DUHRKOPF,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, Bradley J.

Harris, Judge.

Jacob Duhrkopf appeals his conviction of third-degree burglary claiming the

trial court erred by striking a potential juror for cause. AFFIRMED.

Dylan J. Thomas, Mason City, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Genevieve Reinkoester, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and May and Ahlers, JJ.
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MAY, Judge.

Jacob Duhrkopf appeals from his conviction for third-degree burglary.

Duhrkopf claims it was wrong for the district court to strike a potential juror for

cause. But we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion. Also, Duhrkopf

has not shown prejudice. So we affirm.

I. Summary of Facts

Duhrkopf was charged with third-degree burglary. At the beginning of jury

selection, a question arose as to whether juror twenty-eight had a felony

conviction, which would disqualify him from service as a juror. See Iowa R. Crim.

P. 2.18(5)(a) (allowing a challenge for cause based on “[a] previous conviction of

the juror of a felony”). The court and counsel questioned juror twenty-eight

individually. Here are the relevant portions of the transcript:

THE COURT: Then we’ll proceed to the voir dire. Before we
just—the court did note that one of the prospective jurors, I believe it
was the number twenty-eight in—the second to the last one called. I
believe he had an assault with a weapon.
PROSECUTOR: Right.
THE COURT: Do we want to check and see if that’s a felony
charge before we proceed or not?
PROSECUTOR: It would be a good idea.
THE COURT: [Defense counsel], any objection to that?
DEFENSE COUNSEL: No objection to that.
(Juror twenty-eight is present in the jury room.)
THE COURT: Please have a seat. Juror number twenty-eight,
we asked you to come back because in looking at your questionnaire
I noted that you—that you had a conviction of an assault with a
deadly weapon; is that correct?
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: That’s correct.
THE COURT: Was that here in Iowa?
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: That’s correct.
THE COURT: Do you know what level of an offense that was?
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: I don’t.
THE COURT: Do you recall what type of sentence you
received for that?
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: Two years suspended sentence.
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THE COURT: Two-year sentence so—
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: Suspended.
THE COURT: Okay. So that would make it probably an
aggravated misdemeanor. How long ago was that?
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: Fourteen years ago.
THE COURT: Okay. Anything about that that would make
it difficult for you to be a juror in this case?
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: Yes.
THE COURT: And want to explain that?
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: I was wrongly convicted of a crime
that I didn’t commit in this courtroom.
THE COURT: Okay. And how would that make it difficult for
you to be a juror in this case?
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: I have a negative view of this court.
THE COURT: Okay. Do you understand that this case is
different from yours and could you make your decision based upon
the evidence that you heard in this case, or do you come in with a
decision already that this defendant is guilty or not guilty?
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: I have no preconceived ideas of
the defendant, but I do have preconceived of the district attorney.
THE COURT: Do you know this particular county attorney or
is it a different county attorney?
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: Not personally, no.
THE COURT: Has to do with his office, is that what you’re
saying?
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: Yes.
THE COURT: Can you—would that make it—would you listen
to the evidence in this case and make a decision on the evidence
that you heard, or would you make your decision on this
preconceived—
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: I would have a hard time giving
fair judgment over a case like this with a district attorney and a
regular person.
THE COURT: Was your conviction here in Black Hawk
County?
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: Correct.
THE COURT: [Prosecutor], any questions?
PROSECUTOR: If we presented evidence in this case, and
you listened to all the evidence and you believe that the state had
proven its case to find the defendant guilty, would you render a
verdict of guilty? JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: Would I have a choice?
PROSECUTOR: Well, it takes a unanimous group of twelve
people to convict somebody and the jurors vote either guilty or not
guilty. Would you vote guilty in that situation? JUROR TWENTY-
EIGHT: If the evidence convicted me, I suppose I would—or
convinced me, not convicted. Excuse my words.
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PROSECUTOR: Okay. Are you going to be holding the State
to a higher burden than—than what the law requires? The law
requires that the State be held to a burden of beyond a reasonable
doubt. It is not beyond all doubt, not beyond any possible doubt, but
beyond a reasonable doubt. Are you going to hold the State to a
higher burden than that? JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: No.
PROSECUTOR: Okay. Is the State at any type of
disadvantage if you were a juror in this case? JUROR TWENTY-
EIGHT: I would say so.
PROSECUTOR: And can you explain how the State is at a
disadvantage? JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: It is hard for me not to
hold a grudge, that I’m currently a part of and on probation.
PROSECUTOR: You’re currently on probation? JUROR
TWENTY-EIGHT: Currently on probation, yes.
PROSECUTOR: Okay. The conviction that we discussed was
from fourteen years ago; is that correct? JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT:
Uh-huh.
PROSECUTOR: Yes? JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: Yes.
PROSECUTOR: And have you had other convictions then?
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: Several.
PROSECUTOR: Okay. Can you tell us what other convictions
you’ve had? JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: The most recent is the
criminal mischief charge which I’m on probation for right now. They
should have all been on the questionnaire, or at least two or three of
them.
PROSECUTOR: The only thing that we have listed on the
questionnaire that we received was the assault with a deadly
weapon. Do you have—you’re currently on probation for criminal
mischief? JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: Correct.
PROSECUTOR: What level of offense was that? JUROR
TWENTY-EIGHT: I’m not sure.
PROSECUTOR: Do you know if you’ve been convicted of any
felony offenses? JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: No. Not that I’m aware
of.
PROSECUTOR: Have you ever been sentenced to a five-year
sentence or more? JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: No.
PROSECUTOR: And have you ever been sentenced to a
prison term? JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: Two years suspended
sentence.
PROSECUTOR: Okay. I guess, can you give me an idea of
the other convictions that you have? JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT:
Disorderly conduct, criminal mischief; things like that.
PROSECUTOR: Last one? JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT:
Criminal mischief, disorderly conduct.
PROSECUTOR: Okay. I have no further questions.
THE COURT: [Defense counsel], questions?
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DEFENSE COUNSEL: Yes, just briefly. You stated that the
State would be at a disadvantage by having you serve on the jury,
but you also said that if the evidence convinced you beyond a
reasonable doubt, you could still find the defendant guilty; is that
correct? JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: Correct.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: So do you think despite the feelings
that you may have for the county attorney’s office and currently being
on probation, you can still render a fair and impartial verdict?
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: I can’t say honestly that I would.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Would you at least listen to the
evidence that’s presented in a fair and impartial way? JUROR
TWENTY-EIGHT: Yes.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: As far as the defendant is concerned,
you don’t have any preconceived notions of his guilt or innocen[ce]?
JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: Negative.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: No further questions.
THE COURT: [Prosecutor], anything further?
PROSECUTOR: Do you believe that you could be a fair
and impartial juror? JUROR TWENTY-EIGHT: No.
PROSECUTOR: I have no further questions.
THE COURT: [Defense counsel]?
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Nothing further.
THE COURT: You can go back and have a seat in the jury.
Thank you, sir. [Prosecutor]?
PROSECUTOR: We will ask to strike juror number twenty-
eight. Although his answers were somewhat equivocal and he was
very indefinite, on final question said that he could not be a fair and
impartial juror.
THE COURT: [Defense counsel]?
DEFENSE COUNSEL: I do agree with [prosecutor] in that he
kind of gave flip-flopping answers, but I think ultimately he did say if
convinced beyond a reasonable doubt, he could still find the
defendant guilty so I think that shows that he has the potential to sit
and listen to the evidence and render a fair verdict.
THE COURT: [Prosecutor]?
PROSECUTOR: Nothing further.
THE COURT: Well, the court has concerns. He stated that
the State is at a disadvantage. Although he said that he could—he
would listen to the evidence and could find a guilty verdict, he also
said that he could not be fair and impartial. The court also has
concerns that at this time he is presently on probation which would
give him, again, somewhat of a slanted view of where we are. The
court is going to allow the strike for cause and remove the juror.

(Emphasis added.)
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After the court excused juror twenty-eight, another potential juror replaced

him. Eventually, the court empaneled a jury. The jury found Duhrkopf guilty.

Duhrkopf appeals.

II. Discussion

Duhrkopf argues that, by excusing juror twenty-eight, the district court

“violate[d] Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.18(5)(k)” or, alternatively, “both the

federal and state constitutional guarantees of due process and a fair trial.” We

start with his constitutional arguments.

A. Constitutional Argument

Before addressing the merits, we consider error preservation. Top of Iowa

Co-op. v. Sime Farms, Inc., 608 N.W.2d 454, 470 (Iowa 2000) (“In view of the

range of interests protected by our error preservation rules, this court will consider

on appeal whether error was preserved despite the opposing party’s omission in

not raising this issue at trial or on appeal.”). An issue is not preserved for appellate

review unless it was raised and decided at trial. Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d

532, 537 (Iowa 2002) (“It is a fundamental doctrine of appellate review that issues

must ordinarily be both raised and decided by the district court before we will

decide them on appeal.”). This rule “applies with equal strength to constitutional

issues.” State v. Biddle, 652 N.W.2d 191, 203 (Iowa 2002).

In his brief, Duhrkopf does not contend he raised any constitutional

arguments during trial.1 And we have found none in the record. So we conclude

1 Iowa Rule of Appellate Procedure 6.903(2)(g)(1) states,
The argument section shall be structured so that each issue raised
on appeal is addressed in a separately numbered division. Each
division shall include . . . [a] statement addressing how the issue was
7

Duhrkopf did not preserve error as to his constitutional issues. And we turn our

attention to his arguments about the Iowa Rules of Criminal Procedure.

B. Rules Argument

Duhrkopf contends the district court abused its discretion by striking juror

twenty-eight for cause under Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.18(5)(k).

Duhrkopf argues that, because the juror stated he didn’t have any preconceived

ideas of Duhrkopf’s guilt or innocence, the rule did not authorize a strike for cause.

We review rulings on motions to strike potential jurors for cause for an

abuse of discretion. State v. Jonas, 904 N.W.2d 566, 570–71 (Iowa 2017). “The

district court is vested with broad discretion in such rulings.” Id. at 571. “A ruling

based on an erroneous interpretation of a rule can constitute an abuse of

discretion.” Morris-Rosdail v. Schechinger, 576 N.W.2d 609, 611 (Iowa Ct. App.

1998).

Like all of our procedural rules, rule 2.18(5)(k) has the force and effect of

law. See State v. Mootz, 808 N.W.2d 207, 221 (Iowa 2012). We interpret rules as

we do statutes. Id. So we look for the meaning of rule 2.18(5)(k) in its words. See,

e.g., State v. Trujillo, No. 19-0686, 2020 WL 4499559, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 5,

2020) (noting “we must find the meaning of [Iowa Code] section 724.16A(1) ‘in the

“text of the statute,” the “words chosen by the legislature”’”) (citation omitted)).

Rule 2.18(5)(k) states:

A challenge for cause may be made by the state or defendant, and
must distinctly specify the facts constituting the causes thereof. It
may be made for any of the following causes:

preserved for appellate review, with references to the places in the
record where the issue was raised and decided.
(Emphasis added.)
8

....
Having formed or expressed such an opinion as to the guilt or
innocence of the defendant as would prevent the juror from rendering
a true verdict upon the evidence submitted on the trial.

(Emphasis added.)

This text lends some support to Duhrkopf’s argument. By its plain terms,

rule 2.18(5)(k) permits a challenge for cause when a juror has formed or expressed

“an opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant.” Juror twenty-eight had

no opinion at all about the defendant. Rather, his negative opinions concerned the

court and, even more so, the county attorney’s office.

As an intermediate appellate court, though, we must follow the precedents

of the Iowa Supreme Court. In re Estate of O’Banion, No. 19-0485, 2020 WL

567271, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 5, 2020). The Iowa Supreme Court has said the

test under this rule2 is “whether the juror holds such a fixed opinion on the merits

of the case that he or she cannot judge impartially the guilt or innocence of the

defendant.” Neuendorf, 509 N.W.2d at 746 (citation omitted). Applying this

standard, we do not believe the district court abused its broad discretion. Juror

twenty-eight was frank about his negative views toward the county attorney. He

said he “would have a hard time giving fair judgment over a case like this” because

the county attorney was involved. And he said the State was at a disadvantage

because he holds “a grudge” from his own prosecutions. When asked directly if

he could render a fair and impartial verdict, he said he did not believe so. And

when asked directly if he could be a fair and impartial juror, he answered no.

2 State v. Neuendorf actually refers to rule “17(5)(k),” a previous numbering of rule
2.18(5)(k). 509 N.W.2d 743, 746 (Iowa 1993). The text has not changed except
that the older rule referred to “the prisoner” instead of “the defendant.”
9

Yet his answers were not always consistent. At one point, he agreed he

would listen to the evidence “in a fair and impartial way.” And, despite his

preconceived notions, he left open the possibility that he could be convinced to

vote for conviction.

Even so, the juror’s explicit admissions of bias and impartiality provided

ample grounds to strike for cause. See Jonas, 904 N.W.2d at 571 (“Under the

actual-bias cases, a later affirmative response to a ‘magic question’ using the

words fair and impartial is not enough to rehabilitate the potential juror.”).

Moreover, even if the court erred in striking the juror, this alone would not justify

reversal. “Prejudice from the erroneous exclusion of a juror will not be presumed.”

Summy v. City of Des Moines, 708 N.W.2d 333, 339 (Iowa 2006), overruled on

other grounds by Alcala v. Marriott Int’l, Inc., 880 N.W.2d 699 (Iowa 2016).

“Rather, the defendant must show the court’s actions resulted in the seating of a

partial juror.” State v. Morrow, No. 14-2126, 2016 WL 3003355, at *3 (Iowa Ct.

App. May 25, 2016) (emphasis added). Duhrkopf has not made this showing. So

his appeal fails.

AFFIRMED.