Case Name in Immigration Case - Unavailable

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO
MOLLY JOSEPHINA KEABETSWE,
Petitioner,
v. No. 2:26-cv-00156-KG-KK
HECTOR RIOS, et al.,
Respondents.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
This matter is before the Court on Molly Josephina Keabetswe’s Petition for a Writ of
Habeas Corpus, Doc. 1, and the Government’s Motion to Dismiss, Doc. 10. Because Ms.
Keabetswe’s challenge presents a purely legal question, the Court declines to hold a hearing, see
28 U.S.C. § 2243, grants her petition, and denies the Government’s Motion to Dismiss.
I. Background
Ms. Keabetswe, a 50-year-old Botswanan citizen, entered the United States in 2017
through the advanced parole program. Doc. 1 at 6. For the past decade, she has remained
compliant with his conditions of release and has no criminal record. Id. She lives in New York
City. Doc. 10-1 at 1.
On July 11, 2025, DHS arrested Ms. Keabetswe following a regularly scheduled ICE
check-in. Doc. 1 at 7. Ms. Keabetswe remains detained at the Otero County Processing Center
in New Mexico. Id. at 4. Ms. Keabetswe claims she has a statutory right to relief and a bond
hearing and the Government’s failure to provide her one “violates the Due Process Clause.” Id.
at 10. She therefore seeks immediate release, or, in the alternative, a prompt bond hearing. Id. at
11.
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II. Standard of Review
A petition for a writ of habeas corpus seeks “release from unlawful physical
confinement.” Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 485 (1973). Habeas corpus review is
available if a noncitizen is “in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the
United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3); see also Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 687.
III. Analysis
For the reasons below, the Court finds that (A) 8 U.S.C. § 1226 governs Ms. Keabetswe’s
detention, (B) Ms. Keabetswe’s detention violates his right to due process, and (C) the proper
remedy is a bond hearing where the Government bears the burden of proof.
A. Section 1226 governs Ms. Keabetswe’s detention.
The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) establishes distinct detention regimes
depending on whether a noncitizen is “seeking admission” to the United States. See Jennings v.
Rodriguez, 583 U.S. 281, 288–89 (2018). Section 1225(b)(2)(A) applies to “applicant[s] for
admission” who are “seeking admission” and “not clearly and beyond a doubt entitled to be
admitted.” The “provision mandates detention and affords no bond hearing.” Pu Sacvin v. De
Anda-Ybarra, 2025 WL 3187432, at *1 (D.N.M.) (Gonzales, J.). By contrast, § 1226(a)
authorizes the arrest and detention, “on a warrant issued by the Attorney General,” of noncitizens
“pending a decision on whether [they are] to be removed.” Noncitizens “detained under this
second detention regime are entitled to individualized bond hearings at the outset of detention.”
Pu Sacvin, 2025 WL 3187432, at *1.
Consistent with the overwhelming majority of district courts to consider the issue and this
Court’s prior findings, the Court finds that § 1226 governs here. See Barco Mercado v. Francis,
2025 WL 3295903, at *13 (S.D.N.Y.) (collecting 362 district-court opinions nationwide and
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noting that challengers prevailed in at least 350 of them, in decisions by over 160 judges across
fifty courts); Pu Sacvin, 2025 WL 3187432 (Gonzales, J.); Danierov v. Noem, 2026 WL 45288,
at *2 (D.N.M.) (Gonzales, J.). Section 1225(a)(1) defines an “applicant for admission” as a
noncitizen “who has not been admitted or who arrives in the United States.” In contrast,
§ 1225(b)(2)(A)’s detention mandate applies only to noncitizens “seeking admission” (emphasis
added). Noncitizens “seeking admission” are those who have not “effected an entry” into the
United States. DHS v. Thuraissigiam, 591 U.S. 103, 140 (2020). Noncitizens “who entered the
country years earlier” are not “seeking admission,” and therefore fall under § 1226 rather than
§ 1225(b)(2)(A). Pu Sacvin, 2025 WL 3187432, at *3. The Court acknowledges the recent Fifth
Circuit decision holding that “[w]hile [noncitizens] remain applicants” for admission, “they
are...seeking admission.” Buenrostro-Mendez v. Bondi, --- F.4th ----, 2026 WL 323330, at *5
(5th Cir.). However, the Tenth Circuit has not yet addressed this question.
Under this framework, § 1226 governs Ms. Keabetswe’s detention. ICE arrested her
nearly a decade after her initial entry into the United States and did not apprehend her at or near
the border. Doc. 1 at 7. Accordingly, § 1225’s mandatory detention provision does not apply
because Ms. Keabetswe effected an entry into the United States by living here for 8 years. Pu
Sacvin, 2025 WL 3187432, at *3.
B. Mr. XX’s detention violates his right to due process.
Courts analyze due process claims in two steps: first, whether there exists “a protected
liberty interest under the Due Process Clause,” and second, whether the procedures used to
deprive that interest “accord with the Constitution.” Domingo v. Castro, 2025 WL 2941217, at
*3 (D.N.M.).
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Here, Ms. Keabetswe has a protected liberty interest. After residing in the United States,
noncitizens acquire “a protectable liberty interest in remaining out of custody on bond.”
Danierov, 2026 WL 45288, at *2.
Ms. Keabetswe was also entitled to procedural safeguards before he was detained. In
determining what process is due, courts consider (1) “the private interest” affected; (2) “the risk
of erroneous deprivation” through the procedures used and the probable value of additional
safeguards; and (3) “the Government’s interest,” including the fiscal and administrative burdens
of additional procedures. Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976).
To start, Ms. Keabetswe’s private interest in remaining free from detention is substantial.
“Freedom from imprisonment...lies at the heart of the liberty that [the Due Process] Clause
protects.” Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 690 (2001).
There is also a significant risk of erroneous deprivation. Courts require “a material
change in circumstances as to whether the noncitizen poses a danger to the community or an
unreasonable risk of flight” before DHS revokes a noncitizen’s freedom. Danierov, 2026 WL
45288, at *2. Ms. Keabetswe was redetained after 8 years without a bond hearing. Doc. 1 at 7.
No assessment was made as to whether any material facts had changed, creating a substantial
risk of erroneous deprivation of his liberty interest.
Finally, the Government’s interest in detaining Ms. Keabetswe without a hearing is
limited and the administrative burden of providing a bond hearing is minimal. See Danierov,
2026 WL 45288, at *2 (the “cost of providing a bond determination is not terribly burdensome”).
C. The remedy is a bond hearing where the Government bears the burden of proof.
The proper habeas remedy is a prompt bond hearing at which the Government must
prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that Ms. Keabetswe is a flight risk or danger to the
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community. Although “under normal circumstances, the burden” at a § 1226 hearing “is on the
noncitizen” to show that detention is unwarranted, Ms. Keabetswe’s “unlawful detention in
violation of his constitutional rights shifts that burden to the Government.” Pu Sacvin, 2025 WL
3187432, at *3. A noncitizen’s “strong private interest in being free from civil detention”
outweighs the Government’s “comparatively minimal burden to justify custody.” Id.
IV. Conclusion
The Court therefore grants Ms. Keabetswe’s petition, Doc. 1., and denies the
Government’s Motion to Dismiss, Doc. 10. The Court orders that the Government provide Ms.
Keabetswe with a bond hearing under § 1226(a) before an IJ within seven days of this Order. At
that hearing, the Government must justify Ms. Keabetswe’s continued detention by clear and
convincing evidence. If the Government fails to provide a bond hearing within that timeframe, it
must release Ms. Keabetswe.
The Court further orders the Government to file a status report within ten days of this
Order confirming that it has provided Ms. Keabetswe with a bond hearing or released her.
IT IS SO ORDERED
/s/Kenneth J. Gonzales___________________
CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
• Please note that this document has been
electronically filed. To verify its
authenticity, please refer to the Digital File
Stamp on the NEF (Notice of Electronic
Filing) accompanying this document.
Electronically filed documents can be found
on the Court’s PACER public access
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