Harris v. Borta

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
SOUTHERN DIVISION
MARCUS HARRIS,
Plaintiff,
v.
CODY BORTA,
Defendant.
___________________________________/
Case No. 1:25-cv-227
Hon. Hala Y. Jarbou
OPINION
This lawsuit challenges the constitutionality of a traffic stop conducted by the Grand
Rapids Police Department (the “GRPD”). Plaintiff Marcus Harris initially filed suit only against
Defendant Cody Borta, an officer present at the scene. Harris now seeks to amend the complaint
to add ten additional defendants—all officers who allegedly participated in the stop—and the City
of Grand Rapids. (See 2d Mot. to Amend, ECF No. 36; Proposed Am. Compl., ECF No. 39.) Also
before the Court is Harris’s motion to strike Borta’s response to the motion for leave to amend
(ECF No. 45). For the reasons explained below, the Court will grant Harris leave to amend his
complaint but deny his motion to strike Borta’s response.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Allegations in the Proposed Amended Complaint
This lawsuit stems from a traffic stop conducted by the GRPD on the evening of July 6,
2024. (Proposed Am. Compl. ¶ 8.) Harris was in Grand Rapids that night, driving to dinner with
his brother Martez and another unnamed passenger.1 (Id. ¶¶ 8–9.) Two GRPD officers, Borta and
1 For clarity, the Court refers to Plaintiff as “Harris” and his brother as “Martez.”
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Damian Dominguez, stopped Harris’s car on Fuller Avenue. (See id. ¶ 11.) The officers informed
Harris that they had a warrant for Martez’s arrest based on a parole violation. (Id.) Harris found
out later that no parole violation had occurred—the police mistakenly thought that Martez had
violated his curfew, but it did not come into effect until several hours later. (Id. ¶ 42.)
Harris and Martez exited their car, and Borta and Dominguez pointed their revolvers at the
brothers. (Id. ¶ 12.) Around this time, several other officers arrived at or near the scene: Amanda
Stewart, Quaye Cobbs, Troy Augustat, Todd Barnett, Calvin Crandall, Sergeant Ben Johnson, M.
Siemersma, Shawn DeWent, and Caleb Eastman. (See id. ¶¶ 13–14, 16, 18, 20, 29, 32.) One
officer stepped out of Johnson’s patrol car and momentarily pointed a rifle at Harris. (Id. ¶ 15.)
Cobbs also pointed a gun at Harris and Martez, and Eastman pointed a taser at them. (Id. ¶¶ 18–
19.) The officers ordered Martez to approach them while facing backwards, handcuffed him and
patted him down, and placed him in the back of a police car. (Id. ¶¶ 21–22.) They continued to
point weapons at Harris, who was standing with his hands in the air. (Id. ¶ 23.)
Harris told the police that “he was a law-abiding citizen and that he was just going out to
dinner.” (Id. ¶ 25.) The officers ordered Harris to walk backwards towards them with his hands
raised. (Id. ¶ 26.) Harris complied. (Id. ¶ 27.) The officers handcuffed Harris, patted him down,
and placed him into a police car. (Id. ¶ 29.) They also searched Harris’s pants pockets without
permission and removed his wallet, phone, and other items. (Id. ¶ 30.) The police also directed
the unnamed passenger to exit the car. (Id. ¶ 31.)
At Johnson’s direction, officers Stewart, DeWent, and Dominguez then searched the
interior and trunk of Harris’s car. (Id. ¶¶ 32–33.) They found two empty Crown Royal bottles and
removed them. (Id. ¶ 34.) Harris protested the search, and Johnson told him that the officers’
conduct “was the policy of the Grand Rapids Police Department . . . with respect to all parole
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violation warrant arrests.” (Id. ¶¶ 35–36.) About 20 minutes after the traffic stop had begun, the
police released Harris and returned his personal items. (Id. ¶ 37.) Martez was taken to jail. (Id.
¶ 40.)
Soon after, the police called Harris to tell him that the arrest of Martez had been in error,
and asked Harris to pick up his brother. (Id. ¶ 41.) The police arranged a meeting with Harris at
a gas station about 30 minutes after they had left the scene of the traffic stop. (Id. ¶ 43.) When
Harris came to pick up his brother, Stewart told him “that the warrant for Martez Harris was not
valid and it was all a big mistake.” (Id.)
B. Timing of the Motion for Leave to Amend
In order to address the propriety of Harris’s motion for leave to amend, it is necessary to
recount the circumstances surrounding it. The allegations in the proposed amended complaint are
largely based on the officers’ body camera footage. Harris’s attorney, William Piper, initially
sought the footage from the City of Grand Rapids via a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
request on August 12, 2024, before this lawsuit was filed. (2d Mot. to Amend ¶ 2.) He received
no response, and sent a follow-up on January 7, 2025. (Id. ¶¶ 3–4.) The following day, the GRPD
requested a deposit for the FOIA request and indicated that it would take six to eight months to
fulfill the request. (Id. ¶ 5.) On January 9, Piper mailed the deposit to the City. (Id.¶ 6.)
On February 4, 2025, Piper’s secretary called the GRPD to check on the status of the FOIA
request; she was told it would be fulfilled in six to eight months. (Id. ¶ 7.) Piper did have access
to a redacted police report that indicated Borta was one of the officers at the scene (id. ¶ 8), so he
filed this lawsuit naming just Borta as a defendant on February 26. On April 3, 2025, the GRPD
emailed Piper to confirm that he still wanted to pursue his FOIA request; Piper responded that he
did. (Id. ¶¶ 10–11.) On July 14, the GRPD sent Piper an invoice for the remaining balance
regarding the request. (Id. ¶ 14.)
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At this point, Piper concluded that the FOIA process was not proceeding quickly enough
and that he could instead obtain the body camera footage through discovery. (Id. ¶ 15.) Thus, on
July 25, 2025, his assistant emailed the GRPD to cancel the FOIA request and ask for a refund.
(7/25/2025 Email, ECF No. 36-12.) Earlier that month, on July 9, Harris had sent a request for
production of the body camera footage to Borta. (2d Mot. to Am. ¶ 13.) Borta responded on
September 2, 2025; he did not produce the footage, but instead said that Harris would get them
through the FOIA process. (Id. ¶ 16.) According to Borta, he informed Harris in his discovery
response that he had no ability to provide the footage. (Def.’s Br. in Opp’n to 2d Mot. to Amend
5, ECF No. 43.)
Under the Court’s case management order (ECF No. 18), the parties were required to
submit all requests for leave to amend the pleadings by September 15, 2025. Harris apparently
intended to submit an amended pleading to include the other officers at the scene as defendants,
but without access to the body camera footage he could not determine which acts had been
committed by which officers. Thus, in order to ensure he met the September 15 deadline, he
submitted a proposed amended complaint on September 9 that named additional officers as
defendants but did not clarify which conduct each one had engaged in. (2d Mot. to Amend ¶ 17;
see 1st Mot. to Amend, ECF No. 24.)
Having not received the footage from Borta, on September 26 Piper contacted the GRPD
to re-open his FOIA request and pay the required deposit. (2d Mot. to Amend ¶ 26.) The following
day, he attempted to contact Borta’s counsel about the issue, but did not receive a response. (Id.
¶ 22.) On October 2, Piper received the body camera footage from Borta’s counsel. (Id. ¶ 25.)
On October 30, before the Court had ruled on Harris’s first motion for leave to amend his
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complaint, he withdrew that motion and submitted a new motion with a proposed amended
complaint that specifies the conduct of each officer. That motion is now before the Court.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
When more than 21 days have passed since a defendant responded to a complaint, the
plaintiff can only amend the complaint with consent of the defendant or leave of the Court. Fed.
R. Civ. P. 15(a). “The court should freely give leave when justice so requires.” Id. 15(a)(2).
“Denial may be appropriate, however, where there is ‘undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on
the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed,
undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of the
amendment, etc.’” Morse v. McWhorter, 290 F.3d 795, 800 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting Foman v.
Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)).
When a plaintiff seeks to amend their complaint after the deadline set for such amendments
in the Court’s scheduling order, the plaintiff must meet the requirements of Rule 16, which allows
amendment of the scheduling order “only for good cause.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4); see Leary v.
Daeschner, 349 F.3d 888, 907 (6th Cir. 2003). Demonstrating good cause requires a plaintiff to
“show[] that despite their diligence they could not meet the original deadline.” Leary, 349 F.3d at
907. The court must also consider the potential prejudice to the defendant of allowing the plaintiff
to belatedly amend. See id. at 909. However, “courts consider the extent of prejudice to the
nonmoving party only if the movant proceeded diligently, and then only to ascertain whether there
exist additional reasons to deny a motion.” Smith v. Holston Med. Grp., P.C., 595 F. App’x 474,
479 (6th Cir. 2014) (quotation marks omitted). In other words, “[a] movant who fails to show he
acted diligently will not be accorded relief . . . merely because the opposing party will not suffer
substantial prejudice.” Carroll v. Young, No. 1:19-CV-00153-GNS-HBB, 2022 WL 14151977, at
*4 (W.D. Ky. Oct. 24, 2022).
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III. ANALYSIS
A. Motion to Strike
Before ruling on Harris’s motion for leave to amend, the Court must address Harris’s
motion to strike Borta’s response to the motion for leave. The Federal Rules allow the Court to
“strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or
scandalous matter.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). But a response brief is not a “pleading,” so Harris’s
motion to strike is improper. See, e.g., Dawson v. City of Kent, 682 F. Supp. 920, 922 (N.D. Ohio
1988) (Rule 12(f) “relates only to pleadings and is inapplicable to other filings”); Reeves v. Case
W. Rsrv. Univ., No. 1:07-CV-1860, 2009 WL 3242049, at *13 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 30, 2009) (“While
some courts have employed [Rule 12(f)] to strike an affidavit or a brief, or portions thereof, there
is no basis in the Federal Rules for doing so.”).
Moreover, the Court is not persuaded by Harris’s arguments for striking Borta’s response.
First, Harris argues that Borta’s response is “fundamentally unfair” because it “reads like a motion
to dismiss,” and “filing it in this fashion, as a response to a motion for leave to amend . . . deprives
the plaintiff of an opportunity to respond.” (Pl.’s Mot. to Strike ¶ 5, ECF No. 45.) But Harris
points to no authority supporting the view that Borta’s response is improper. Furthermore, while
it is somewhat unclear whether a motion for leave to amend qualifies as a dispositive motion and
thus entitles Harris to file a reply, he could certainly have sought leave to file a reply brief if he
thought Borta’s response warranted additional argument. See W.D. Mich. LCivR 7.3(c).
Second, Harris contends that Borta cannot argue that Harris’s claims against the additional
proposed defendants would be futile, because Borta lacks standing to raise arguments on behalf of
other defendants. But the cases Harris cites for this proposition do not support it: they discuss
when a plaintiff has Article III standing to bring a lawsuit, see Simon v. E. Ky. Welfare Rts. Org.,
426 U.S. 26 (1976); Wittman v. Personhuballah, 578 U.S. 539, 549 (2016), which is an entirely
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different question from when a defendant is entitled to make a particular argument. Contrary to
Harris’s contention, Borta does not need “standing to invoke the jurisdiction of [this] court”
because arguing against a motion to amend is not a request for the Court to “exercise remedial
powers on [Borta’s] behalf.” (Pl.’s Br. in Supp. of Mot. to Strike 2, ECF No. 46.)
Although Harris does not cite them, there are some cases holding that a defendant cannot
oppose a plaintiff’s proposed amendment to the extent that the amendment adds other parties as
defendants. See, e.g., Conrad v. Lopez De Lasalle, 681 F. Supp. 3d 371, 379 (D.N.J. 2023) (“[A]
current party unaffected by a proposed amendment lacks standing to raise a futility argument on
behalf of proposed parties in opposition to a motion for leave to amend or supplement a
complaint.”); Coleman v. Apple Eight Hosp. Mgmt., Inc., No. 16-1343, 2017 WL 1836974, at *3
(D. Kan. May 8, 2017) (same). However, the Court finds these cases unpersuasive. Rule 15 states
that “[t]he court should freely give leave [to amend] when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
15(a)(2). This implies that the Court must make an independent determination as to whether the
amendment would be in the interests of justice (including whether it would be futile) regardless of
what specific arguments the defendant makes. See Adeleke v. Suffolk Cnty. Police Dep’t, No. 21-
CV-03681 (GRB) (LGD), 2023 WL 11844273, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 8, 2023) (“The Court may
sua sponte decline to permit amendment as futile for reasons independent of those provided by
Defendants.” (citing Shoemaker v. California, 101 F.3d 108 (2d Cir. 1996))). Because the Court
can consider the futility of a proposed amendment on its own initiative, it would be pointless and
counterproductive to bar one defendant from arguing futility on behalf of others. Cf. L.H. v. Red
Roof Inn, Inc., No. 3:22-CV-625-CHB-RSE, 2025 WL 714385, at *19 (W.D. Ky. Mar. 5, 2025)
(regardless of whether one defendant can argue on behalf of others against motion for leave to
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amend, “the Court must evaluate the merits of Plaintiff’s motion” to determine whether to grant
leave).
In sum, the Court will deny Harris’s motion to strike. In his response to the motion to
strike, Borta also asks the Court to sanction Harris for filing a frivolous motion. However, the
Court is not persuaded that sanctions are warranted. As noted above, there is some authority for
the principle that one defendant cannot argue futility on behalf of another, so Harris’s contention
was not legally baseless. And while a motion to strike is not the proper way to respond to an
opposing party’s brief, Harris’s motion was in essence a reply brief, which he likely would have
been entitled to file had he used the proper procedural vehicle to do so. Thus, the unnecessary
motion to strike did not cause any undue prejudice to Borta, and the Court declines to grant
sanctions.
B. Good Cause
Turning to the motion for leave to amend, Borta argues that Harris should be denied leave
because he cannot establish good cause for filing his motion after the deadline set by the scheduling
order. As detailed above, Harris’s explanation for his delay is that he did not have access to the
body camera footage until October 2, 2025, several weeks after the deadline to move for leave to
amend had passed. Borta argues that Harris should have obtained the footage long ago by seeking
a subpoena from the Court under Rule 45. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 45. Instead, Harris waited on the
FOIA request and then eventually withdrew it, choosing to instead seek the footage via a request
for production. Borta suggests that this request for production was misdirected, presumably
because individual officers do not have access to or control over police body camera footage.
Borta also points to various delays—such as the gap between Harris’s receipt of Borta’s
interrogatory response on September 2 and renewal of the FOIA request on September 26, or
between Harris’s receipt of the video footage on October 2 and filing of the second motion for
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leave to amend on October 30—as evidence that Harris did not act diligently in attempting to
obtain the footage.
Although the Court acknowledges that subpoenaing the GRPD would likely have been a
more prudent course of action, it ultimately finds that Harris and his counsel acted diligently in
attempting to procure the footage. Even if Borta was not the proper target of the request for
production of the video, Harris’s counsel’s mistaken belief to the contrary was excusable given
that the Grand Rapids City Attorney initially represented Borta in this lawsuit. And it is hard to
characterize Harris’s belief that Borta could obtain the video as patently unreasonable given that
Borta did ultimately provide the footage. Moreover, Harris’s filing of the FOIA request and
follow-up inquiries indicate that he made a good-faith effort to obtain the footage before the
amendment deadline.
The good cause inquiry also requires evaluating prejudice to the defendant. Borta argues
that the amendment would cause him significant prejudice because “[e]ach new iteration,
additional party, and new allegation expands discovery obligations and extends litigation on claims
that lack legal viability.” (Def.’s Br. in Opp’n to 2d Mot. to Amend 9–10.) But Harris’s allegations
against Borta are essentially the same in the operative complaint and the proposed amended
complaint, so amending will not create additional litigation for Borta on those issues. And it is not
clear why adding additional defendants would increase Borta’s discovery obligations. Borta also
argues that “[g]ranting leave would prejudice Defendant Borta by requiring defense of facially
deficient claims against newly named officers who have never been served, identified, or
implicated in any misconduct.” (Id. at 10.) Again, it is difficult to understand why adding claims
against new defendants would require any additional defense on Borta’s part.
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Ultimately, the Court concludes that in these early stages of litigation, adding additional
defendants will not significantly prejudice Borta, especially given that the allegations in the
amended complaint remain restricted to a single event. It is also worth noting that if the Court
denied the motion to amend based on Harris’s delay, he could simply raise his claims against the
proposed defendants in a separate action that would likely be eventually consolidated with this
one. “Such a posture would result in effectively the same outcome as granting Plaintiff’s motion
in a manner requiring multiple procedural steps in the interim,” so “the principle of judicial
economy disfavors this course of action.” Red Roof Inn, 2025 WL 714385, at *21 (cleaned up).
In short, the Court concludes that Harris has established good cause for the delay in filing
his motion for leave to amend. Accordingly, it will evaluate the merits of the motion for leave.
C. Futility
Borta argues that Harris’s motion should be denied because his proposed amendment
would be futile. “A proposed amendment is futile if the amendment could not withstand a Rule
12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.” Rose v. Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co., 203 F.3d 417, 420 (6th Cir.
2000). Borta makes several arguments as to why Harris’s amended complaint would not survive
a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, but none are persuasive.
First, Borta argues that the proposed amended complaint does not sufficiently specify
which officers committed which acts during the traffic stop. It is true that some of the allegations
lack clarity in this regard. (See, e.g., Proposed Am. Compl. ¶¶ 15 (“The defendant Eastman or
another officer then exited Sergeant Johnson’s vehicle . . . .”), 26 (“[T]he defendant officers Borta,
Stewart, and others ordered Mr. Harris to walk to them slowly . . . .”), 30 (“The defendants
Augustat, Eastman, and Siemersma, or others, with the acquiescence of other officers at the scene,
also did a search.”).) However, even in the summary judgment context—i.e., at a much later stage
of litigation than this case has reached—a plaintiff who, “because of circumstances beyond his
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control,” cannot specify exactly which officer committed which specific acts can still maintain a
claim “when he introduces sufficient evidence to place the officer at the scene.” Batson v. Hoover,
788 F. App’x 1017, 1020 (6th Cir. 2019). Here, Harris has alleged that each proposed defendant
was at the scene, and many of his allegations specifically indicate the actions of each officer.
Moreover, any uncertainty as to which defendants committed which acts can be eliminated in
discovery. Thus, the proposed amendment would not be futile due to its lack of specificity.
Second, Borta contends that Harris’s claims are barred by qualified immunity because the
officers in question had a facially valid warrant for Martez’s arrest. As an initial matter, while the
Court explained above that it can generally address Borta’s futility arguments on behalf of other
defendants, it arguably cannot address Borta’s qualified immunity argument because that is an
affirmative defense that those defendants could choose to waive. See Blue Chip 2000 Com.
Cleaning, Inc. v. Wash. Prime Grp., Inc., No. 1:23-CV-718, 2025 WL 2061465, at *5 (S.D. Ohio
Mar. 11, 2025) (a defense that is “waivable only by the affected parties . . . cannot be raised on
another’s behalf by anyone else”). Regardless, Borta’s qualified immunity argument fails anyway
because Harris’s claims are not based on the (un)lawfulness of Martez’s arrest. Rather, Harris
alleges that it was unlawful for the officers to point weapons at him, search him, handcuff him,
place him in a police car, and search his car. None of these actions would necessarily be excused
by a facially valid warrant for Martez’s arrest.
Third, Borta asserts that Harris has not stated a plausible excessive force claim because
officers are justified in pointing firearms at people “during a high-risk stop.” (Def.’s Br. in Opp’n
to 2d Mot. to Amend 7.) But even assuming that this was a “high-risk stop,” the risk would have
come from Martez, who was suspected of violating parole, not from Harris. Thus, it is unclear
what the officers’ justification was for pointing weapons at Harris. And the Sixth Circuit has
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“recognized that pointing a gun at an individual can constitute excessive force under the Fourth
Amendment.” Wright v. City of Euclid, 962 F.3d 852, 870 (6th Cir. 2020). Thus, the Court cannot
conclude that Harris’s amended complaint will fail to state an excessive force claim.
Fourth, Borta argues that Harris cannot state a claim for unlawful search of his car. Borta
contends that the search was constitutional because the officers found open alcohol containers in
the car, which violates Michigan law. But Harris alleges that the containers were empty, and
carrying empty containers does not appear to be prohibited by the statute Borta cites. See Mich.
Comp. Laws § 257.624a(1) (outlawing the “transport[ation] or possess[ion of] alcoholic liquor in
a container that is open or uncapped or upon which the seal is broken”). Moreover, these
containers could not provide the basis for a search if the officers only discovered them after
conducting the search. Borta also argues that the search of Harris’s car was incident to an arrest,
but such a search is justified “only when the arrestee is unsecured and within reaching distance of
the passenger compartment at the time of the search,” Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 343 (2009),
which does not appear to be the case based on Harris’s allegations. Police are also permitted to
search a car without a warrant when they have probable cause to believe it contains contraband,
see Maryland v. Dyson, 527 U.S. 465, 467 (1999), but there is no indication that such probable
cause existed here.
Fifth, Borta argues that Harris cannot bring a claim against the City of Grand Rapids
because he does not allege that the officers acted pursuant to City policy during the traffic stop.
See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978) (cities are only liable under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 for actions of employees taken pursuant to governmental “policy or custom”). Harris’s
claims against the City are based on the allegation that Johnson told Harris that the officers’
conduct during the traffic stop “was the policy of the Grand Rapids Police Department . . . with
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respect to all parole violation warrant arrests.” (Proposed Am. Compl. ¶ 36.) Borta asserts that
“[a] single comment from a non-policymaking sergeant does not establish a municipal policy or
custom.” (Def.’s Br. in Opp’n to 2d Mot. to Amend 8.) But Harris is not arguing that the single
comment establishes a policy; he is suggesting that it is evidence that a policy exists. And while
there is some ambiguity in Johnson’s statement as to which aspects of the traffic stop were pursuant
to City policy, the allegation is sufficient at this stage to make the proposed amendment not futile.
Sixth, Borta argues that Harris cannot bring state law claims for false arrest, false
imprisonment, assault and battery, and conversion because he has not sufficiently alleged the
elements of these claims. Borta does not elaborate on what elements Harris fails to allege, and the
Court is satisfied that Harris’s proposed amended complaint contains sufficient allegations going
to the elements of each of these claims.
Finally, Borta contends that Harris cannot bring state law tort claims against the proposed
defendant officers or the City of Grand Rapids because they are entitled to governmental
immunity. As an initial matter, Harris’s state law claims are only against the “individual
defendants” (Proposed Am. Compl. ¶ 75), not Grand Rapids. As to the officers, since individual
governmental immunity is a waivable affirmative defense, Odom v. Wayne Cnty., 760 N.W.2d
217, 227–28 (Mich. 2008), it is not clear that Borta can raise it on behalf of other defendants, for
the reasons discussed above. More importantly, “[t]o be entitled to governmental immunity, [a]
defendant must establish that she was acting in the course of her employment and at least
reasonably believed that she was acting within the scope of her authority, that her actions were
discretionary in nature, and that she acted in good faith.” Id. at 228–29. Given that the only facts
before the Court are those alleged by Harris, it cannot be said that any defendants have established
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their good faith or reasonable belief that they acted within the scope of their authority. Therefore,
it would be inappropriate to deny the motion to amend on that basis.
In sum, the Court finds that Harris’s proposed amendment would not be futile. Moreover,
none of the other potential reasons for denying a motion to amend—undue delay, bad faith, failure
to cure prior pleading deficiencies, or undue prejudice—are present here. See Morse, 290 F.3d at
800.
IV. CONCLUSION
The Court will grant Harris’s motion for leave to amend his complaint, deny his motion to
strike Borta’s response, and direct the Clerk of Court to enter Harris’s proposed amended
complaint on the docket as the operative complaint. An order will enter in accordance with this
Opinion.
Dated: January 12, 2026 /s/ Hala Y. Jarbou
HALA Y. JARBOU
CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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