SMITH v. TRUMP

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
K.L. SMITH,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 25-cv-03602 (CJN)
DONALD J. TRUMP,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff K.L Smith, proceeding pro se, sues President Donald J. Trump alleging that he is
not lawfully the President of the United States and requests that the Court enter “a writ of quo
warranto” to remove him from office. See ECF No. 1-1 (“Compl.”).
In particular (and to the extent it can be understood), Smith’s Complaint, which he titles a
“Petition for Leave for Issuance of Relief in the Nature of a Writ of Quo Warranto,” alleges that
President Trump is unlawfully occupying that office, “undermin[ing] constitutional governance
and the rule of law.” Id. at 6.1 He claims that President Trump engaged in an insurrection against
the United States and therefore cannot be President under Section Three of the Fourteenth
Amendment. See id. at 14–15. And he contends that “a quo warranto action is sufficient to enforce
Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Id. at 16.
To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1), a plaintiff—even one proceeding pro
se—bears the burden of establishing that the Court has subject-matter jurisdiction over his claims.
See Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992); Strunk v. Obama, 880 F. Supp. 2d 1, 3
1 The Court cites to the page numbers generated by CM/ECF.
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(D.D.C. 2011) (“[T]he requirement that courts liberally interpret pro se pleadings does not
dispense with the constitutional requirement of standing.”).2 In deciding a 12(b)(1) motion, the
Court “need not limit itself to the allegations of the complaint.” Grand Lodge of the Fraternal
Ord. of Police v. Ashcroft, 185 F. Supp. 2d 9, 14 (D.D.C. 2001). Rather, the Court “may consider
materials outside the pleadings in deciding whether to grant a motion to dismiss for lack of
jurisdiction.” Jerome Stevens Pharm., Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005).
Additionally, the Court must “assume the truth of all material factual allegations in the complaint
and construe the complaint liberally, granting plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that can be
derived from the facts alleged.” Am. Nat. Ins. Co. v. FDIC, 642 F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C. Cir. 2011)
(internal quotation marks omitted). The factual allegations in a plaintiff’s complaint, however,
“‘will bear closer scrutiny in resolving a 12(b)(1) motion’ than in resolving a 12(b)(6) motion for
failure to state a claim.” Grand Lodge, 185 F. Supp. 2d at 13–14 (quoting 5A Charles A. Wright
& Arthur R. Miller, Fed. Practice & Procedure § 1350 (2d ed. 1987)). If the Court finds that it
lacks jurisdiction over a claim, it must dismiss that claim without prejudice. Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(1), 12(h)(3); see N. Am. Butterfly Ass’n v. Wolf, 977 F.3d 1244, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2020).
Article III of the Constitution limits federal courts’ jurisdiction to resolving “cases” or
“controversies.” U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 1. “A showing of standing is [therefore] an essential
and unchanging predicate to any exercise of [federal court] jurisdiction.” Grand Lodge, 185 F.
2 The government also moves to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), arguing
that Smith’s complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. See ECF No. 14 at
13. Because the Court concludes that it lacks jurisdiction over Smith’s claims, it need not decide
whether Smith’s complaint satisfies Rule 12(b)(6). See Newby v. Obama, 681 F. Supp. 2d 53, 55
n. 6 (D.D.C. 2010) (“Because the Court concludes that it does not have subject matter jurisdiction
over plaintiff's claims, it need not reach the question of whether plaintiff adequately stated a claim
under Rule 12(b)(6) or whether the doctrines of collateral estoppel and res judicata apply.”);
Curran v. Holder, 626 F. Supp. 2d 30, 32 (D.D.C. 2009).
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Supp. 2d at 14 (alterations in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Florida
Audubon Soc. v. Bentsen, 94 F.3d 658, 663 (D.C. Cir. 1996)). “[T]o establish standing, a plaintiff
must show (i) that he suffered an injury in fact that is concrete, particularized, and actual or
imminent; (ii) that the injury was likely caused by the defendant; and (iii) that the injury would
likely be redressed by judicial relief.” TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 594 U.S. 413, 423 (2021)
(citing Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560–61). “For an injury to be particularized, it must affect the plaintiff
in a personal and individual way,” and for it to be concrete, it must be “real, and not abstract.”
Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 339–40 (2016) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, Smith “lacks standing to challenge President [Trump’s] current tenure in office, just
as others who have made similar claims contesting [presidents’] eligibility for the presidency were
found to lack standing.” Sibley v. Obama, 866 F. Supp. 2d 17, 20 (D.D.C. 2012), aff’d, No. 12-
5198, 2012 WL 6603088 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 6, 2012). His complaint contains no factual allegations
explaining how he has been personally or concretely injured by Trump’s allegedly unlawful
Presidency. See generally Compl.; cf. Strunk, 880 F. Supp. 2d 1 at 4 (finding that a plaintiff
asserted “only a generalized grievance [ ], rather than a particularized injury” where he claimed
that the President was ineligible for office, making his acts “void ab initio”). Because Smith’s
complaint alleges no facts establishing a “particularized stake in the litigation,” it amounts to
“precisely the kind of undifferentiated, generalized grievance about the conduct of government
that” federal courts cannot entertain. Lance v. Coffman, 549 U.S. 437, 442 (2007); see
Hollingsworth v. Perry, 570 U.S. 693, 706 (2013) (“A litigant ‘raising only a generally available
grievance about government—claiming only harm to his and every citizen’s interest in proper
application of the Constitution and laws, and seeking relief that no more directly and tangibly
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benefits him than it does the public at large—does not state an Article III case or controversy.’”
(quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 573–74)).
Accordingly, this matter is dismissed without prejudice. A separate Order will accompany
this Memorandum Opinion.
DATE: April 16, 2026
CARL J. NICHOLS
United States District Judge
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