Forde v. Shinn et al

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WO
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
Shawna Forde,
Petitioner,
v.
Ryan Thornell,
Respondent.
No. CV-21-00098-TUC-SHR
ORDER
DEATH PENALTY CASE
Pending before the Court is Petitioner Shawna Forde’s Motion for Stay Under
Rhines v. Weber, 544 U.S. 269 (2005), and a request for authorization for federal habeas
counsel to represent her in the Arizona courts for the purpose of exhausting Claims Two
(A) and (B), and Three (A), (L), and (M) of her habeas petition. (Doc. 78.) Also pending
is Forde’s Motion to Stay Briefing Schedule. (Doc. 79.) The motions are fully briefed.
(Docs. 81, 84.) For the following reasons, the Court will grant both motions.
I. BACKGROUND
Forde is an Arizona death row inmate seeking habeas relief in this Court. She was
convicted in Pima County Superior Court of two counts of first-degree felony murder and
six other felonies committed during a home invasion in May 2009. State v. Forde, 315
P.3d 1200, 1209 (Ariz. 2014). Forde’s trial took place in January and February of 2011.
During the aggravation phase, the jury found four aggravating factors. Id. at 1210. After
receiving evidence in the penalty phase, the jury determined Forde should be sentenced to
death for each murder. Id. The trial court then imposed death sentences for the murders
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and prison sentences totaling 75 years for the noncapital counts. Id.
The Arizona Supreme Court affirmed Forde’s death sentences on direct appeal in
2014. Id. at 1234. The trial court subsequently denied post-conviction relief (“PCR”) on
April 27, 2018, and the Arizona Supreme Court summarily denied review on October 7,
2020. (See Doc. 66 at 22.)
Forde initiated federal habeas proceedings on March 9, 2021 (Doc. 1), and she filed
a second amended petition (“Petition”) on January 11, 2024, raising 35 claims and
numerous subclaims (Doc. 66). In their Answer to the Petition, Respondents allege all the
claims at issue in this motion to stay are technically exhausted and procedurally defaulted
as well as meritless. (See Doc. 75 at 25–51, 70–73, 101–05.)
II. Discussion
A. Stay and Abeyance
Federal courts may not grant a writ of habeas corpus unless “the applicant has
exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A);
Rhines v. Weber, 544 U.S. 269, 274 (2005). The exhaustion requirement is “grounded in
principles of comity” as it gives the States “the first opportunity to address and correct
alleged violations of state prisoner’s federal rights.” Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722,
731 (1991).
When a petitioner presents a mixed habeas petition containing both exhausted and
unexhausted claims, a Rhines stay “allow[s] habeas petitioners to exhaust claims in state
court that had not previously been presented there, and to do so without dismissing their
federal habeas petition” and “without running afoul of the one-year statute of limitations
established by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”).”
Doerr v. Shinn, 127 F.4th 1162, 1170 (9th Cir. 2025).
Under Rhines, “a district court must stay a mixed petition only if: (1) the petitioner
has ‘good cause’ for his failure to exhaust his claims in state court; (2) the unexhausted
claims are potentially meritorious; and (3) there is no indication that the petitioner
intentionally engaged in dilatory litigation tactics.” Wooten v. Kirkland, 540 F.3d 1019,
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1023 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Rhines, 544 U.S. at 278).
The Rhines “good cause” standard does not require “extraordinary circumstances.”
Id. at 1024 (quoting Jackson v. Roe, 425 F.3d 654, 661–62 (9th Cir. 2005)). However,
courts “must interpret whether a petitioner has ‘good cause’ for a failure to exhaust in light
of the Supreme Court’s instruction in Rhines that the district court should only stay mixed
petitions in ‘limited circumstances.’” Id. (quoting Jackson, 425 F.3d at 661). Courts must
also “be mindful that AEDPA aims to encourage the finality of sentences and to encourage
petitioners to exhaust their claims in state court before filing in federal court.” Id. (citing
Rhines, 544 U.S. at 276–77).
B. Exhaustion
Before applying the Rhines criteria to Forde’s claims, the Court must first determine
if Forde has presented a mixed petition by including unexhausted claims in her request for
habeas relief.
A claim is exhausted if (1) the petitioner has fairly presented the federal claim to the
highest state court with jurisdiction to consider it or (2) no state remedy remains available
for the claim. Johnson v. Zenon, 88 F.3d 828, 829 (9th Cir. 1996). The latter form of
preclusion is referred to as “technical exhaustion.” See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 732 (“A
habeas petitioner who has defaulted his federal claims in state court meets the technical
requirements for exhaustion; there are no state remedies any longer ‘available’ to him.”);
Smith v. Baldwin, 510 F.3d 1127, 1139 (9th Cir. 2007) (observing if state court where
petitioner would be required to present the claims would find the claims procedurally
barred, petitioner has technically exhausted the claims through procedural default);
Dickens v. Ryan, 740 F.3d 1302, 1317 (9th Cir. 2014) (“An unexhausted claim will be
procedurally defaulted[] if state procedural rules would now bar the petitioner from
bringing the claim in state court.”).
Therefore, in the present case, for the claims that were not raised in state court, the
Court must first determine whether Forde has state remedies currently available to her. See
Ortiz v. Stewart, 149 F.3d 923, 931 (9th Cir. 1998) (explaining district court must consider
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whether the claim could be pursued by any presently available state remedy), overruled on
other grounds by Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012). If no remedies are available,
Forde’s claims are “technically” exhausted but procedurally defaulted. Coleman, 501 U.S.
at 732, 735 n.1.
Forde alleges trial counsel were ineffective for: (1) failing to investigate, develop,
and present mitigation evidence at the penalty phase, Claim Two (A) (see Doc. 66 at 32–
90); failing to object to the trial court repeatedly misinforming the jury that Forde could be
sentenced to life with parole and failing to request an instruction that Forde was ineligible
for parole under Simmons v. South Carolina, 512 U.S. 154 (1994),1 Claim Two (B) (see id.
at 90–93); failing to use the mitigating evidence at the guilt phase, Claim Three (A) (see
id. at 108–13); failing to present a coherent theory of defense to show Forde was not guilty
of felony murder by assisting one of her co-defendants after the fact, Claim Three (L) (see
id. at 154–58); and failing to present a viable defense to felony murder, Claim Three (M)
(see id. at 158–66). The parties agree the claims were not raised in state court. (Doc. 66
at 32, 107; Doc. 75 at 26, 70.)
Respondents argue the claims are technically exhausted and procedurally defaulted.
(Doc. 75 at 26, 48, 70; Doc. 81 at 4.) Respondents assert the claims would be precluded in
a successive PCR petition under Arizona Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.2(a)(3) because
Forde could have raised them in her first post-conviction proceeding in state court, where
she elected to raise other ineffective assistance of counsel (“IAC”) claims but did not, and
because they are time-barred under Rule 32.4(b)(3)(A). (Doc. 81 at 10–11, n.3.)
Forde disagrees. Citing Doerr, 127 F.4th at 1175, she asserts the ineffective
assistance of post-conviction counsel and changes in federal habeas law support her request
for a stay. (Doc. 84 at 4–5.) “[T]he rule of procedural default applies only when ‘it is clear
1 In Simmons, the Supreme Court held “where the defendant’s future dangerousness
is at issue, and state law prohibits the defendant’s release on parole, due process requires
that the sentencing jury be informed that the defendant is parole ineligible.” 512 U.S. at
156; see Lynch v. Arizona, 578 U.S. 613 (2016) (holding Simmons applies to Arizona
capital cases). In Arizona, parole is available only for juveniles and individuals who
committed a felony before January 1, 1994, A.R.S. § 41-1604.09(I), categories that do not
include Forde.
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that the state court would hold the claim procedurally barred.’” Doerr, 127 F.4th at 1171
(quoting Franklin v. Johnson, 290 F.3d 1223, 1230–31 (9th Cir. 2002)).
Arizona’s procedural default rule precludes any post-conviction claim “waived at
trial or on appeal, or in any previous post-conviction proceeding, except when the claim
raises a violation of a constitutional right that can only be waived knowingly, voluntarily,
and personally by the defendant.” Ariz. R. Crim. P. 32.2(a)(3). “[A]ll known claims for
relief [must be raised] in a single petition to prevent endless trial-court reviews of the same
case.” State v. Anderson, 547 P.3d 345, 350 (Ariz. 2024). The preclusive effect of Rule
32.2(a) may be avoided only if a claim falls within certain exceptions and the petitioner
can justify her omission of the claim from a prior petition or her failure to present the claim
in a timely manner. See Rule 32.1(b)–(h), 32.2(b), 32.4(b)(3). The Ninth Circuit has held
“[Rule] 32.2(a)(3) is independent of federal law and has been regularly and consistently
applied, so it is adequate to bar federal review of a claim.” Jones v. Ryan, 691 F.3d 1093,
1101 (9th Cir. 2012).
Under Arizona law, collateral review proceedings are the first point at which an IAC
claim may be presented for review. State v. Spreitz, 39 P.3d 525, 527 (Ariz. 2002).
However, “[t]he ground of ineffective assistance of counsel cannot be raised repeatedly”
in state court. Anderson, 547 P.3d at 350 (citation omitted). Generally, where an IAC
claim was raised or could have been raised in a previous Rule 32 PCR proceeding,
“subsequent claims of ineffective assistance will be deemed waived and precluded.” Id.
(quoting Spreitz, 39 P.3d at 526); see Ariz. R. Crim. P. 32.2(a)(3).
The Arizona Supreme Court recently explained whether a defendant must
personally waive an IAC claim to warrant preclusion under Rule 32.2(a)(3) depends on the
particular right implicated by the allegedly ineffective representation. State v. Traverso,
576 P.3d 97, 105 (Ariz. 2025).
The right to counsel, to a jury trial, and to a twelve-person jury have been identified
as belonging to the narrow category of rights of sufficient constitutional magnitude to
require a defendant’s knowing, voluntary, and personal waiver. Id. at 106. In Traverso,
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the IAC claim at issue concerned the defendant’s right to be sufficiently informed of the
prosecution’s plea offer and to decide whether to accept it, plead guilty, and waive a jury
trial; the court found the claim to be of sufficient constitutional magnitude to require the
defendant’s knowing, voluntary, and personal waiver. Id. at 107. Forde has failed to
demonstrate the IAC claims at issue in this Motion depend on a right of sufficient
constitutional magnitude to require a personal waiver, and the Court finds there is no
exception to preclusion under Arizona law applicable to her IAC claims.
However, because Rule 32 is also “designed to accommodate the unusual situation
where justice ran its course and yet went awry,” Anderson, 547 P.3d at 351 (quoting State
v. Carriger, 692 P.2d 991, 995 (1984)), Forde may be able to demonstrate other
circumstances sufficient to show “a nontrivial possibility that an Arizona court would find
an exception to the preclusion bar of Rule 32.2(a)(3),” Doerr, 127 F.4th at 1174.
In Doerr, the Ninth Circuit reiterated, under Arizona law, ineffective assistance by
itself does not warrant an exception to preclusion. “[N]either a defendant’s absence of
fault nor ineffective assistance of postconviction counsel by itself ‘automatically warrants
an exception to preclusion.’” Doerr, 127 F.4th at 1173 (quoting id. at 1179 (Forrest, J.,
dissenting)); see Hampton v. Shinn, 143 F.4th 1047, 1063 (9th Cir. 2025) (refusing to
“backtrack from [the court’s] default understanding that Arizona law generally precludes
later post-conviction relief where the petitioner failed to raise a claim before the state
courts”); Anderson, 547 P.3d at 350–51 (“This Court has rejected an approach to Rule 32
proceedings that would create ‘a never-ending tunnel’ in which ‘defendants could endlessly
litigate effectiveness of counsel by claiming that their latest version . . . was not presented
on earlier petitions due to counsel’s inadequate representation.”) (quoting State v. Mata,
916 P.2d 1035, 1050 (Ariz. 1996) (alteration in Mata)). Thus, to the extent Forde alleges
a petitioner can overcome state court default due to the ineffectiveness of PCR counsel by
itself, (see Doc. 84 at 6), the Court disagrees.
However, faced with other “unusual circumstances” and “[g]iven the existence” of
two Arizona Supreme Court decisions––Anderson and State v. Diaz, 340 P.3d 1069 (Ariz.
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2014)––setting out “narrow exceptions to procedural default for when the purposes of the
rule are not served by circumstances beyond the petitioner’s control,” Hampton, 143 F.4th
at 1063–64, the Ninth Circuit in Doerr determined it could not “confidently predict”
whether Arizona courts would enforce the procedural default rule against a petitioner based
in part on his failure to raise his claim of IAC at sentencing in his first PCR petition. Doerr,
127 F.4th at 1173.
Anderson and Diaz illustrate a “limited unusual-circumstances exception to
procedural default where the purpose of Rule 32.2 is not served by its application due to
circumstances beyond the defendant’s control that prevented presentation of his
postconviction claim for decision.” Doerr, 127 F.4th at 1178 (Forrest, J., dissenting). In
Doerr, the petitioner argued he was “not at fault” for his failure to raise his sentencing
phase IAC claim in his first post-conviction petition. Id. at 1172. Additionally, the Doerr
court noted, the Supreme Court’s holding in Shinn v. Ramirez, 596 U.S. 366 (2022),
“dramatically affected Doerr’s ability to litigate his ineffective assistance claim in federal
court.” Doerr, 127 F.4th at 1169. Given the existence of Diaz and Anderson and the
Arizona Supreme Court’s emphasis on “the need for flexibility in balancing the preclusive
effects of Rule 32.2(a)(3) with the demands of fairness and justice,” id. at 1173, the Ninth
Circuit concluded these circumstances together demonstrate “there is a nontrivial
possibility that an Arizona court would find an exception to the preclusion bar of Rule
32.2(a)(3),” id. at 1174, and therefore it “should ask rather than tell the state court how it
will rule on a question of state law,” id. at 1173 (citing Herb v. Pitcairn, 324 U.S. 117,
127–28 (1945)).
Accordingly, the Court examines the specific circumstances of Anderson, Diaz, and
Doerr to determine if Forde’s circumstances are sufficiently analogous to preclude a
finding of technical exhaustion through procedural default.
In Diaz, the petitioner’s first post-conviction attorney filed an untimely petition; his
second filed only a notice to file a petition. 340 P.3d at 1070. When a third attorney finally
filed a petition, it was summarily denied as precluded by Rule 32.2(a)(3) because the
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ineffective assistance claim contained in the petition could have been raised in the two
previous petitions. Id. This denial was affirmed on appeal. Id.
The Arizona Supreme Court reversed, explaining Diaz had lost the opportunity to
raise his ineffective assistance claim “through no fault of his own.” Id. at 1071. Because
Diaz “was blameless regarding his former attorneys’ failures to file an initial PCR
petition,” the court declined to “deem his IAC claim waived pursuant to Rule 32.2(a)(3).”
Id. The court then clarified its “holding in this peculiar scenario does not frustrate Rule
32’s preclusion provisions” because “[p]ermitting Diaz to file his first petition to assert an
IAC claim under the circumstances here will not result in repeated review of the IAC claim;
it would result in its first review.” Id. The court continued: “Once the petition is
adjudicated, and assuming that Diaz does not obtain relief, this and all other claims that
Diaz might have brought will be precluded and Diaz will not be able to raise them in a
successive petition.” Id.
The Arizona Supreme Court recently reiterated Diaz was “ultimately decided on the
basis that no PCR petition asserting an IAC claim had ever been filed until his third notice
of PCR,” and, “as there was no need to address the exception to the waiver requirement,
there was no need for the Court to consider whether the basis for Diaz’s IAC claim was of
‘sufficient constitutional magnitude.’” Traverso, 576 P.3d at 105.
The scenario present in Diaz, however, is not present in Forde’s case. Forde filed a
PCR petition raising an IAC claim, and thus, as the Arizona Supreme Court instructs,
because she has obtained an adjudication of an IAC claim and does not assert the basis for
her IAC claims are of “sufficient constitutional magnitude,” Forde “will not be able to raise
[IAC claims] in a successive petition” under the court’s holding in Diaz. 340 P.3d at 1071.
Next, in Anderson, the Arizona Supreme Court recognized another exception to
preclusion for a successive claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. The case involved a
defendant who was advised by counsel that parole would be available if he were found
guilty at trial. 547 P.3d at 348. Relying on that advice, Anderson declined a plea deal and
was convicted at trial. Id.
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Almost twenty years after filing his initial PCR petitions, Anderson learned he was
never eligible for parole because the Arizona legislature eliminated parole in 1993, seven
years before his conviction. Id. He then filed a third PCR petition claiming ineffective
assistance of counsel, explaining he had failed to timely file a notice of PCR because he
only recently learned he was not parole eligible and his attorney’s advice was incorrect.
Id. The Arizona Supreme Court agreed and found Anderson “was not at fault for the
pervasive confusion about parole eligibility at the time of his sentencing.” Id. at 350. The
court explained while “preclusion requires defendants to raise all known claims for relief
in a single petition,” Anderson’s claim was not untimely because “it was not cognizable as
a ‘known’ claim” when his previous PCR petitions were filed. Id. at 351 (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted); accord Traverso, 576 P.3d at 107 n.12 (“Anderson’s
successive IAC claim was not cognizable as a known claim before he raised it in his notice
of PCR, which was the first time he could have reasonably done so.” (quoting Anderson,
547 P.3d at 351) (internal quotation marks omitted)). The court “excused Anderson’s
noncompliance with Rule 32.2(a)(3) on that ground as well, concluding that ‘it would be
inequitable to apply Rule 32.2(a)(3)’s preclusion bar to Anderson’s parole-misadvice
[ineffective assistance] claim where the late discovery of the claim’s basis would have been
excused’ by Rule 32.4(b)(3)(D).” Doerr, 127 F.4th at 1172 (quoting Anderson, 547 P.3d
at 351).
Unlike Anderson’s Simmons-related IAC claim, Forde’s claims were all
“cognizable as . . . ‘known’ claim[s]” at the time she filed her PCR petition. See Anderson,
547 P.3d at 351 (“Anderson’s 2022 notice of IAC claim was the first time he could have
reasonably raised the issue of erroneous advice about the availability of parole.”). If
Forde’s PCR counsel could have raised the claims during her initial PCR proceedings, then
Arizona courts would apply the preclusion rule to preclude her from raising this claim in a
successive PCR.
Forde’s own argument regarding the effectiveness of PCR counsel in failing to raise
a Simmons-related IAC claim further belies the applicability of this exception. Forde
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asserts in the instant motion that PCR counsel was “on notice that Simmons errors were
occurring routinely in Arizona, including at the time of Forde’s trial.” (Doc. 78 at 8.)
Unlike in Anderson, Forde’s failure to exhaust Claim Two (B) was no more than a “mere
failure to recognize a valid claim might exist,” Anderson, 547 P.3d at 350 (citation
omitted), and was not due to widespread confusion about parole availability. Forde’s state
court PCR counsel should have understood the significance of parole ineligibility for a
Simmons claim no later than the Supreme Court’s decision in Lynch v. Arizona, 578 U.S.
613 (2016), where the Court clarified Simmons applies in Arizona. It is therefore clear the
equitable exception applied in Anderson is not available for Forde’s parole-eligibility-
related IAC claim because the alleged sentencing error was known and recognized before
her PCR proceedings concluded. Cf. Anderson (Frank) v. Thornell, No. CV-23-08023-
PCT-GMS, 2024 WL 3091180, at *15 (D. Ariz. June 20, 2024) (finding Anderson’s
equitable exception not applicable where “the claim was known and recognized well before
[petitioner]’s PCR proceedings were concluded in state court”).
In Doerr, the Ninth Circuit found—on grounds not yet decided by the Arizona
courts—it could not “confidently predict” whether Arizona courts would enforce the
procedural default rule against Doerr where he asserted two reasons for failing to raise his
IAC claim in his first PCR petition—“the ineffectiveness of his state postconviction
counsel in failing to identify his claim, and the evolution of the relevant law.” Doerr, 127
F.4th at 1172. Because the Arizona Supreme Court had emphasized the need for flexibility
in balancing the preclusive effects of Rule 32.2(a)(3) with the demands of fairness and
justice, the Ninth Circuit concluded Diaz and Anderson should not be limited to the specific
circumstances presented in those cases. Id. at 1173. Additionally, the Ninth Circuit
rejected the respondents’ reliance on the Arizona Supreme Court’s statement in Stewart v.
Smith, 46 P.3d 1067 (Ariz. 2002), that when a petitioner asserts an IAC claim in one PCR
petition and a different IAC claim in a second PCR petition, “preclusion is required without
examining facts.” Doerr, 127 F.4th at 1173 (quoting Stewart, 46 P.3d at 1071); see also
Traverso, 2025 WL 2699486, at *5–6 (declining to apply and disavowing the language in
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Stewart requiring automatic preclusion for successive IAC claims but limiting the
examination to whether the rights implicated by the IAC claims are of sufficient
constitutional magnitude). The circumstances presented in Doerr, the Ninth Circuit
concluded, are enough to show “it is not clear that the Arizona courts would hold” his claim
barred. Doerr, 127 F.4th at 1174 (quoting Cassett v. Stewart, 406 F.3d 614, 623 (9th Cir.
2005)).
As the Ninth Circuit stated in Hampton, the “Doerr petition was filed at a time when
federal habeas law was in flux.” 143 F.4th at 1062. In Doerr, the Ninth Circuit explained,
Under Ramirez, the new evidence Doerr presented to the
district court in support of his ineffective assistance claim
cannot be considered by a federal court because it was not first
presented to the state court. Ramirez restricts Doerr to the
evidence presented in state court even though the evidence that
was not presented in that court, due to the fault of
postconviction counsel, is the basis for his claim of ineffective
assistance by that counsel. That is, after Ramirez, the evidence
supporting Doerr’s ineffective assistance claim in federal court
is limited to the evidence presented by the state court counsel
charged with providing ineffective assistance, despite the fact
that Doerr’s claim depends on the evidence that this counsel
did not present. Doerr will be restricted to that previously
presented evidence unless he is allowed to return to state court
to present the new evidence upon which his claim of ineffective
assistance depends.
Doerr, 127 F.4th at 1169.
Although “[i]t will be a rare case that is so similar to Doerr that there is even a
question about whether Arizona’s procedural default rule would apply,” Hampton, 143
F.4th at 1063, Forde asserts, in addition to the ineffectiveness of PCR counsel, like the
evolution of the relevant law in Doerr, those same changes in federal habeas law support
Forde’s request for a stay. (Doc. 84 at 5.) The Court agrees. As Respondents recently
argued in their petition for rehearing in Doerr, the majority in Doerr “decided Doerr was
entitled to a Rhines stay because the federal courts can no longer consider his new evidence
under Ramirez.” Doerr v. Shinn, Nos. 09-99026; 10-99007; 20-99002 (Respondents-
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Appellees/Cross Appellants’ Petition for Rehearing En Banc) (March 14, 2025) (Dkt. 144-
1). Similarly, after Ramirez, this Court can no longer consider the new evidence Forde
presents in her habeas petition in support of her claims of ineffective assistance of PCR
counsel as cause under Martinez to excuse the procedural default of her unexhausted IAC
claims. While there are procedural differences between the instant case and Doerr, as set
forth below, the Court finds these differences insufficient to distinguish the holding in
Doerr.
First, Doerr did not claim in his petition for post-conviction relief that trial counsel
had provided ineffective assistance during the sentencing phase of his proceeding. Doerr,
127 F.4th at 1167. Forde, on the other hand, raised at least one sentencing IAC claim in
her PCR, which was denied. (See Doc. 66, Claim Two (H).) The Court is not aware,
however, of any Arizona case premising a procedural default ruling on the bifurcation of
ineffectiveness claims. See Anderson, 547 P.3d at 350 (“Generally, ‘where ineffective
assistance of counsel claims are raised, or could have been raised, in a Rule 32 post-
conviction relief proceeding, subsequent claims of ineffective assistance will be deemed
waived and precluded.’” (citation omitted)).
Next, while Doerr’s first appeal from the district court’s denial of his federal habeas
petition was pending, the Supreme Court decided Martinez, which “effectively eliminated”
the district court’s basis for rejecting the petitioner’s argument for excusing the procedural
default. Doerr, 127 F.4th at 1168. As such, the Ninth Circuit remanded the Doerr petition
so the district court could hear new evidence under case law that has since been overruled.
Id. Forde, however, initiated her habeas proceedings after the Supreme Court opened the
door to the equitable consideration of the ineffective assistance of PCR counsel serving as
cause to excuse the procedural default of a trial-counsel IAC claim, see Martinez, 566 U.S.
at 1, and after the Ninth Circuit held Martinez’s procedural-default exception allowed
federal habeas courts to consider evidence not previously presented to the state court, see
Detrich v. Ryan, 740 F.3d 1237, 1246 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc); Jones v. Shinn, 943 F.3d
1211, 1221 (9th Cir. 2019). However, the remand filings in Doerr and the petition in
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Forde’s case are on equal footing, since both were filed after the Martinez decision and
both argue the ineffectiveness of PCR counsel excuses the procedural default of an IAC
claim.
The remaining difference then, is Doerr’s petition was fully briefed before the
Supreme Court reversed the Detrich decision in Ramirez. Forde’s petition is not yet fully
briefed, and her second amended petition was filed before the decision in Ramirez; thus, in
finalizing her petition, Forde, unlike Doerr, is cognizant of the limitations imposed by
Ramirez. Although Forde has alleged the ineffectiveness of PCR counsel as cause to
excuse the procedural default of her IAC claims, she has not yet filed a Notice of Request
for Evidentiary Development, and thus it is not clear whether she will attempt to support
the allegations of ineffectiveness of PCR counsel with new evidence. But certainly
Ramirez has now impacted her ability to do so.2
Significantly, a different panel of the Ninth Circuit explained in Hampton that the
“hesitation” in deciding whether an Arizona court would enforce the state’s procedural
default rule in Doerr “stemmed from the fact that the petitioner had already presented
evidence on that claim––evidence that district courts are now barred from considering.”
143 F.4th at 1062 (citing Doerr, 127 F.4th at 1173). While this may be true, the Ninth
Circuit majority in Doerr did not explicitly constrain its finding to instances where the
petitioner had already presented evidence in the district court, instead emphasizing its
holding was based on the “evolution of the relevant law” in Ramirez preventing federal
courts from hearing that evidence if a petitioner has not first presented it in state court. 127
F.4th at 1172. Additionally, the statement in Hampton is dicta; there, the parties agreed
the claims were technically exhausted. The question before the Ninth Circuit was whether
Hampton could overcome procedural default, not whether a Rhines stay was appropriate.
2 “Ineffective-assistance claims frequently turn on errors of omission: evidence that
was not obtained, witnesses that were not contacted, experts who were not retained, or
investigative leads that were not pursued. Demonstrating that counsel failed to take each
of these measures by definition requires evidence beyond the trial record.” Ramirez, 596
U.S. at 402 (Sotomayor, J. dissenting) (citing Trevino v. Thaler, 569 U.S. 413, 424 (2013)
(observing “the inherent nature of most ineffective assistance” claims means the “trial court
record will often fail to ‘contai[n] the information necessary to substantiate’ the claim”)).
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In conclusion, while the Court finds Forde’s circumstances are not analogous to the
circumstances in Diaz, Anderson, or Traverso, the Court determines Forde has presented
circumstances sufficiently analogous to those in Doerr––ineffective assistance of PCR
counsel combined with the evolution of the relevant federal law––to control this Court’s
decision. Because, under Doerr, the Court cannot confidently predict whether the Arizona
courts would enforce their procedural default rule against Forde based on her failure to
raise ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims in her first PCR petition, these claims
are unexhausted, Forde has presented a mixed petition, and a Rhines stay is therefore
available to her.
C. Rhines Analysis – Claim Two (B)
In Claim Two (B), Forde alleges the trial court repeatedly misinformed the jury she
could be sentenced to life with the possibility of release. (Doc. 66 at 90–91 (citing Ariz.
Rev. Stat. §§ 13-703(A), 41-1604.09(I))). “Because of the elimination of parole, however,
the only ‘release’ available to capital defendants convicted after 1993 was, and remains,
executive clemency.” Cruz v. Arizona, 598 U.S. 17, 21 (2023). Forde was convicted of
crimes that occurred after 1993 and was thus categorically ineligible for parole.
Forde alleges trial counsel was ineffective for (1) failing to object to the erroneous
instruction and reinforcing the instructional error by arguing to the jury “life with the
possibility of parole was a sufficient sentence,” (Doc. 66 at 91–92 (quoting RT 2/18/11 at
53) (emphasis added)), and by failing to request a so-called Simmons instruction, which
would have informed the jury Forde was ineligible for parole (id. at 92). Forde alleges trial
counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced her because the State put her future
dangerousness at issue throughout trial, “painting Forde as a violent, unfeeling person who
planned to commit more violence.” (Id. at 93.) Finally, Forde asserts there is a reasonable
probability at least one juror would not have voted for death if the jurors had been informed
of the fact Forde could not pose a future danger to the public even if sentenced to life. (Id.
at 93.)
. . . .
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1. Good Cause
Forde asserts the ineffective assistance of PCR counsel qualifies under Rhines as
good cause for failure to exhaust Claim Two (B). (Doc. 78 at 7–9.) That Forde has no
right to constitutionally effective post-conviction counsel and no right to raise a stand-alone
PCR counsel ineffectiveness claim in her habeas petition, as Respondents assert, (see Doc.
81 at 13–14), has no bearing on this factor. The Ninth Circuit has held the ineffective
assistance of post-conviction counsel can constitute good cause to obtain a stay for
purposes of exhausting a claim in state court. Blake v. Baker, 745 F.3d 977, 982–83 (9th
Cir. 2014). “[G]ood cause turns on whether the petitioner can set forth a reasonable excuse,
supported by sufficient evidence, to justify [the failure to exhaust].” Id. at 982. The good
cause standard under Rhines “cannot be any more demanding than a showing of cause
under Martinez to excuse state procedural default.” Dixon v. Baker, 847 F.3d 714, 721
(9th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). A district court is required to consider whether post-
conviction counsel’s alleged ineffectiveness provided a reasonable excuse, supported by
sufficient evidence, to justify petitioner’s failure to exhaust claims. Bolin v. Baker, 994
F.3d 1154, 1157 (9th Cir. 2021).
Forde bears the burden of supporting her good cause argument with more than “bald
assertion[s].” Blake, 745 F.3d at 982. The petitioner in Blake, for example, argued he had
not exhausted his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim because state post-
conviction counsel failed to discover evidence the petitioner suffered extreme abuse as a
child, as well as “organic brain damage and psychological disorders.” Id. at 982. He
supported this argument with evidence of his abusive upbringing and history of mental
illness. Id. In light of this showing, the Ninth Circuit found the district court had abused
its discretion in denying a stay and remanded the case. Id. at 983–84.
Forde has carried her burden regarding Claim Two (B). In her habeas petition,
Forde alleges her PCR counsel’s performance fell below the standard of reasonably
competent assistance by failing to adequately investigate and raise the unexhausted claims.
(See Doc. 66 at 302.) In her motion for a stay, Forde points to specific deficiencies in PCR
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counsel’s performance regarding Claim Two (B). (See Doc. 78 at 8–9.) She alleges,
despite the Supreme Court’s decision in Lynch making clear Simmons applied in Arizona,
PCR counsel failed to raise a Simmons-related claim. Forde alleges she was prejudiced by
PCR counsel’s failure to research the parole statute and Supreme Court precedent because
there is a reasonable probability of a different outcome had post-conviction counsel
challenged trial counsel’s ineffectiveness.
Respondents disagree, asserting the jury was properly instructed because Forde’s
jury was told she could receive a release-eligible sentence, not a parole-eligible sentence.
(See Doc. 75 at 48–50; Doc. 81 at 19.) The Court need not reach the issue of instructional
error here because even if the instructions were correct,3 Forde was nonetheless entitled to
a Simmons instruction. See Lynch, 578 U.S. at 615 (“Simmons expressly rejected the
argument that the possibility of clemency diminishes a capital defendant’s right to inform
a jury of his parole ineligibility.”). Addressing this latter argument, Respondents assert the
claim lacks merit because PCR counsel would have been unable to demonstrate a
reasonable probability of a different outcome had trial counsel requested a Simmons
instruction as jurors would be unlikely to believe Forde would present a danger if released
at age 77. (Doc. 75 at 50–51.) Respondents cite no law in support of this assertion and
Forde cites persuasive authority to the contrary. (See Doc. 84 at 7–8 (citing State v.
Escalante-Orozco, 386 P.3d 798, 830 (Ariz. 2017) (finding Simmons error not harmless in
part because defendant was “in his forties, and the jury could have believed he would live
to see release” if sentenced to life without the possibility of release for 25 years), abrogated
on other grounds by State v. Escalante, 425 P.3d 1078 (Ariz. 2018))).4 Additionally, Forde
3 The Court does not determine the instructions were correct. In State v. Hulsey, the
Arizona Supreme Court stated instructions specifying if a jury found a life sentence
appropriate, the defendant would be sentenced “to either life imprisonment without the
possibility of release from prison, or life imprisonment with the possibility of release after
25 years” were “improper,” and, without rectification, created the impression the defendant
could be released on parole if he were not executed. 408 P.3d 408, 435–37 (Ariz. 2018);
see also Cota v. Thornell, No. CV-16-03356-PHX-DJH, 2023 WL 4595176, at *43 (D.
Ariz. July 18, 2023) (Although “instructing the jury that a life sentence might allow for
release after twenty-five years” was “a correct statement of Arizona law at the time, it was
an incorrect statement of clearly-established federal law, namely” Simmons. (citing Cruz,
598 U.S. at 20–22)).
4 Forde also asserts the possibility of future release was a serious concern in her case
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alleges the State placed her future dangerousness at issue by claiming she was “someone
capable of riling up others and recruiting them to do her bidding,” (Doc. 66 at 27 (citing
RT 2/10/11 at 78, 80)), not because she was physically capable of carrying out the violence
herself.
Because Forde does more than make a bare allegation of ineffective assistance by
PCR counsel, see Blake, 745 F.3d at 983–84, she has demonstrated good cause under
Rhines.
2. Potentially Meritorious
Forde must establish at least one of her claims is not “plainly meritless.” Dixon,
847 F.3d at 722. A federal court should refrain from ruling on the merits of a claim unless
“it is perfectly clear that the [petitioner] does not raise even a colorable federal claim.”
Cassett, 406 F.3d at 623; see Dixon, 847 F.3d at 722–23 (finding claim met second prong
of Rhines test because it was not “plainly meritless”). If “a reasonable state court might be
persuaded to grant relief” on a claim, it is potentially meritorious. Gonzalez v. Wong, 667
F.3d 965, 972 (9th Cir. 2011).
Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are governed by the familiar principles
set out in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). To prevail under Strickland, a
petitioner must show counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness and the deficiency prejudiced the defense. Id. at 687–88. Unless both
showings are made, “it cannot be said that the conviction or death sentence resulted from
as evidenced by the juror questionnaires filled out by the seated jurors: “Ten of the twelve
deliberating jurors ranked public protection ‘against defendants who might get out of jail
in the future’ as one of the top two rationales that would cause them to vote in favor of
imposing death.” (Doc. 84 at 8; see also Doc. 66 at 93.) Consideration of these
questionnaires is improper and the Court declines to do so. As the Arizona Supreme Court
has explained, “[w]e cannot know what role the possibility of release played in the jurors’
minds as they decided the propriety of the death penalty.” Escalante-Orozco, 386 P.3d at
830 (citing Andres v. United States, 333 U.S. 740, 752 (1948) (“In death cases,” doubts
with regard to the prejudicial effect of trial error “should be resolved in favor of the
accused.”)); see also Hanna v. Riveland, 87 F.3d 1034, 1039 (9th Cir. 1996) (stating a
judge conducts a proper harmless error inquiry in habeas proceedings “based on the
record’s facts”); Dickson v. G.E. Sullivan, 849 F.2d 403, 406 (9th Cir. 1988) (“[T]he
question of prejudice is an objective, rather than a subjective, one.”); Walker v. United
States, 298 F.2d 217, 226 (9th Cir. 1962) (“[W]hen objection rests upon the juror’s
testimony as to what were the reasons that in fact induced them to find their verdict, the
court will not hear them.” (citation omitted)).
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a breakdown in the adversary process that renders the result unreliable.” Id. at 687.
Forde’s claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel for failing to request the jury
be informed of her parole ineligibility under Simmons is sufficiently supported by argument
and evidence. Respondents’ repeated assertion Forde cannot demonstrate prejudice
because the jury would be unlikely to believe Forde would present a danger if released at
77 years of age (Doc. 81 at 19) fails for the same reason discussed above. The strength of
this argument is not enough to support a ruling that Forde’s claim is plainly meritless for
purposes of Rhines. Forde must only show a reasonable court could conclude “at least one
juror would have struck a different balance.” Andrus v. Texas, 590 U.S. 806, 822 (2020)
(per curiam) (quoting Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 537–38 (2003)). While the jury
found substantially weighty aggravating factors for each murder charge, the availability of
parole is also a significant consideration. As Justice Stevens has noted, “the available
sociological evidence suggests that juries are less likely to impose the death penalty when
life without parole is available as a sentence,” explaining it is this insight that drove the
Court’s decision in Simmons. Baze v. Rees, 553 U.S. 35, 79 & n.12 (2008) (Stevens, J.,
concurring).
To find otherwise would require this Court to rule on the merits of Forde’s IAC
claim, weighing the evidence in aggravation and mitigation and considering the impact
Forde’s parole ineligibility would have on that calculus, and “deprive state courts of the
opportunity to address a colorable federal claim in the first instance and grant relief if they
believe it is warranted.” Dixon, 847 F.3d at 722 (quoting Cassett, 406 F.3d at 624); see
also State v. Rushing, 404 P.3d 240, 250–51 (Ariz. 2017) (“[I]t is not possible to know
whether even the remote prospect of release affected any juror’s decision to impose the
death penalty.”); Escalante–Orozco, 386 P.3d at 830 (“We cannot know what role the
possibility of release played in the jurors’ minds as they decided the propriety of the death
penalty.”).
In sum, the Court concludes at least one of Forde’s unexhausted claims is not
“plainly meritless.” Although it remains unclear at this stage whether the claim will
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eventually warrant federal habeas relief, Forde has satisfied the less-demanding standard
required to obtain a stay under Rhines. See Dixon, 847 F.3d at 723 (explaining a habeas
petitioner’s burden to show a claim is not “plainly meritless” does not require him to
“conclusively establish” his claim has merit).
The second Rhines criterion is satisfied.
3. Dilatory Litigation Tactics
Respondents do not dispute Forde has not engaged in dilatory tactics. The third
Rhines criterion is satisfied.
Because Forde has demonstrated Claim Two (B) is not plainly meritless, she is
entitled to a stay under Rhines. Dixon, 847 F.3d at 722. “One claim requiring a stay acts
as an umbrella for all claims.” Brown v. Smith, No. 1:19-CV-01796-ADA, 2023 WL
2938295, at *8 n.11 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2023) (citation omitted); see e.g., Pandeli v. Shinn,
No. CV-17-01657-PHX-JJT, 2022 WL 16855196, at *5 n.3 (D. Ariz. Nov. 10, 2022)
(“[B]ecause Pandeli has demonstrated that at least one of his claims is not plainly meritless,
he is entitled to a stay under Rhines.” (citing Dixon, 847 F.3d at 722)).
The Court will also grant Forde’s request for the FPD to represent her in pursuing
these claims in state court. See Harbison v. Bell, 556 U.S. 180, 190 n.7 (2009) (“Pursuant
to [18 U.S.C.] § 3599(e)’s provision that counsel may represent her client in ‘other
appropriate motions and procedures,’ a district court may determine on a case-by-case basis
that it is appropriate for federal counsel to exhaust a claim in the course of her federal
habeas representation.”).
III. CONCLUSION
IT IS ORDERED Forde's motion (Doc. 78) is GRANTED and this case is
STAYED and ABEYED pending the completion of exhaustion of Forde's state-court
proceedings.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED Forde's federal habeas counsel is authorized to
represent her in her state-court proceedings.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, starting from this Order's filing date, Forde shall
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file a report every 90 days on the status of her state-court proceedings and within 21 days
of the state-court proceedings' conclusion, Forde shall move to have this Court lift the stay.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED Forde's Motion to Stay Briefing Schedule (Doc. 79)
is DENIED as moot.
Dated this 1st day of December, 2025.
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