Frosh v. Alexia

24CA2270 Frosh v Alexia 02-05-2026

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 24CA2270
Arapahoe County District Court No. 19CV31669
Honorable Benjamin Figa, Judge

David A. Frosh,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

Angelique Alexia, a/k/a Angel Alexia, individually and in her capacity as
personal representative of the estate of Reed M. Soudani, a/k/a Marty
Soudani,

Defendants-Appellees.

ORDER REVERSED AND CASE
REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS

Division C
Opinion by JUDGE GOMEZ
Welling and Sullivan, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e)
Announced February 5, 2026

Gelman & Norberg, LLC, Scott Gelman, Gabriel Gelman, Greenwood Village,
Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellant

Montgomery Little & Soran, P.C., Alyson Evett, James Taravella, Greenwood
Village, Colorado, for Defendants-Appellees
¶1 After granting a motion to enforce a settlement agreement

between plaintiff, David A. Frosh, and defendants, Angelique Alexia

and Reed M. Soudani, the trial court denied Frosh’s request for an

award of attorney fees and costs pursuant to the settlement

agreement’s fee-shifting provision.1 Frosh appeals, asserting that

the court erred in determining that he isn’t entitled to fees and

costs under the terms of the fee-shifting provision. Because we

conclude that the court read the provision too narrowly, we reverse

and remand the case to the trial court to determine whether Frosh

is the prevailing party in the proceedings relating to defendants’

alleged breach of the settlement agreement.

I. Background

¶2 In 2019, Frosh filed a defamation suit against defendants.2 A

trial was initially set in 2022. However, about two weeks before the

trial was scheduled to start, Frosh filed a motion for a protective

1 Reed M. Soudani passed away while this appeal was pending and

was substituted by Alexia in her capacity as personal representative
of Soudani’s estate. We will refer to these parties collectively as
“defendants.”
2 Frosh initially filed the case against other defendants as well, but

his claims as to those defendants have been resolved, and those
defendants are no longer parties to the case.

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order to protect his family members’ names and private information

during the trial. Due to the time needed to review the motion and

related documents, the trial was continued. It was ultimately

rescheduled for November 2023.

¶3 After the trial was continued, defendants filed a motion to

recover the attorney fees they had incurred in preparing for the

2022 trial. In an order entered on June 9, 2022, the trial court

granted defendants’ motion and awarded them $27,281.86 in fees.

¶4 At the end of the November 2023 trial, the jury found in favor

of defendants. The court entered judgment accordingly on

November 17, 2023.

¶5 Defendants requested an award of their costs, and the court

set a hearing on that request. But before the hearing date, the

parties began negotiating a settlement and asked the court to

vacate the hearing. The court did so.

¶6 The parties eventually executed a settlement agreement.

Under the terms of that agreement, Frosh paid defendants a sum of

money in satisfaction of all claims, including those for attorney fees

and costs that had been awarded or could have been awarded. The

agreement provides, in relevant part:

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On June 8, 2023, the Court entered its “Order
Re: Defendants Alexia and Soudani’s Motion
for Attorney Fees and Costs” (the “June Order”)
and awarded Defendants $27,281.86 in
attorney fees (the “Attorney Fees Award”),
which award was against [Frosh] and his
counsel . . . .[3] No funds have been paid to
Defendants regarding the Attorney Fees
Award.

....

This Litigation proceeded to trial in November
of 2023. On November 17, 2023, the jury
returned a verdict in favor of the Defendants.
The Court accepted the verdict of the jury, and
on November 17, 2023, entered judgment in
favor of the Defendants and against the
Plaintiff (the “Judgment”).

....

Within three (3) days of the complete execution
of this Agreement, the Parties will file a joint
motion to vacate the Judgment, and a
proposed Order granting that Motion (the
“Motion to Vacate”). This Agreement is
contingent on the Court granting the Motion to
Vacate.

¶7 The agreement also includes a fee-shifting provision, which

provides,

The prevailing party in any litigation that
relates to or arises from any alleged breach of

3 The agreement erroneously indicates that this order was entered

on June 8, 2023. The correct date was June 9, 2022.

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this Agreement shall be entitled to an award of
his/her attorney fees and costs.

(Emphasis added.)

¶8 After the parties executed the agreement, Frosh’s counsel

prepared a joint motion to vacate the November 2023 judgment, as

contemplated by the agreement. Defendants’ counsel provided

consent to file the joint motion using her signature. However, when

Frosh’s counsel shared the proposed order and sought approval to

file that document with the motion to vacate, defendants’ counsel

responded,

[I]n the [proposed order] you sent it says[,]
“The Court orders that the judgment entered
in favor of Defendants and against Plaintiff
dated November 17, 2023, is hereby vacated.”
When you reference the judgment entered in
our favor, do you mean for the attorney fees in
2022? We are not agreeable to vacating the
jury’s finding in our favor.

If you change the language to “The Court
orders that the judgment entered in favor of
Defendants for attorney fees and costs and
against Plaintiff and counsel dated June 9,
2022 is hereby vacated.”

¶9 Frosh’s counsel communicated further with defendants’

counsel in an attempt to obtain approval to file the proposed order.

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Defendants’ counsel did not approve, instead insisting on changes

to the settlement agreement and related filings.

¶ 10 Frosh then filed a motion to enforce the settlement agreement

and sought an award of his attorney fees and costs incurred in

bringing that motion pursuant to the agreement’s fee-shifting

provision. Initially, defendants objected to the motion to enforce,

arguing that there had been no meeting of the minds regarding

which judgment was to be vacated under the settlement agreement.

Defendants also filed a motion to strike the motion to enforce,

arguing that Frosh had violated a confidentiality provision in the

agreement and had failed to confer before filing the motion. A few

months later, however, defendants withdrew their objection and

agreed to vacate the November 2023 judgment, while still

maintaining that Frosh wasn’t entitled to any attorney fees or costs

for bringing the motion to enforce the settlement agreement.

¶ 11 The trial court granted the motion to enforce, denied the

motion to strike, and vacated the November 2023 judgment. But

the court denied Frosh’s request for attorney fees and costs, ruling

that “[b]ecause [d]efendants have withdrawn their objection to the

. . . Motion to Enforce and have performed their duties under the

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Settlement Agreement, the Court does not find there is a breach for

which a prevailing party is entitled to attorneys fees and costs.”

II. Entitlement to an Award of Attorney Fees and Costs

¶ 12 The parties acknowledge that Colorado courts follow the

American rule, which generally requires parties to a lawsuit to pay

their own legal expenses. See S. Colo. Orthopaedic Clinic Sports

Med. & Arthritis Surgeons, P.C. v. Weinstein, 2014 COA 171, ¶ 10.

The parties also agree that through a fee-shifting provision, parties

to a contract may agree that the prevailing party in any litigation

will be entitled to recover their attorney fees and costs. See id.

¶ 13 But the parties disagree about the import of the trial court’s

ruling. Consequently, they disagree not only on how we should

resolve the appeal but also on what standard we should apply in

reviewing the trial court’s ruling.

¶ 14 Frosh contends that the trial court incorrectly determined that

defendants hadn’t breached the settlement agreement, and thus

that attorney fees and costs weren’t owed under the agreement,

simply because defendants eventually withdrew their objection to

the motion to enforce. He asks us to review the court’s contract

interpretation de novo and to determine, as a matter of law, that

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defendants breached the agreement and that he is the prevailing

party in the proceedings relating to that breach, thus entitling him

to recover his attorney fees and costs. See In re Estate of Gattis,

2013 COA 145, ¶ 35 (a trial court’s interpretation of fee-shifting

language in a contract presents a legal question subject to de novo

review); see also Morris v. Belfor USA Grp., Inc., 201 P.3d 1253,

1259 (Colo. App. 2008) (we interpret fee-shifting provisions, like

other contractual language, according to their plain and ordinary

meaning and in a “common sense manner” (quoting Butler v.

Lembeck, 182 P.3d 1185, 1189 (Colo. App. 2007))).

¶ 15 Defendants, for their part, contend that they didn’t breach the

agreement and that even if they did, Frosh breached it first by

violating the agreement’s confidentiality provision. But regardless

of any breach of the agreement, defendants interpret the trial

court’s ruling as a prevailing party determination, and they ask us

to conclude that the court acted within its discretion in determining

that Frosh is not the prevailing party. See Lawry v. Palm, 192 P.3d

550, 569 (Colo. App. 2008) (“The determination of which party

prevailed for purposes of a fee-shifting agreement is committed to

the trial court’s discretion.”); Whiting-Turner Contracting Co. v.

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Guarantee Co. of N. Am. USA, 2019 COA 44, ¶ 56 (we review a

court’s prevailing party decision for an abuse of discretion and “will

not disturb such a decision if it is supported by the record”).

¶ 16 We don’t entirely agree with either party. We agree with Frosh

that the trial court’s ruling was premised on a determination of

whether there was a breach of the settlement agreement — not on

any conclusions about who, if anyone, is the prevailing party. But

we also conclude that the settlement agreement doesn’t require

proof of an actual breach to warrant an award of attorney fees and

costs; rather, the agreement allows for an award of such fees and

costs in the event of litigation regarding an alleged breach of the

agreement. We therefore conclude that the trial court erred by

interpreting the language of the agreement’s fee-shifting provision

too narrowly, and we reverse the trial court’s order accordingly. We

decline Frosh’s request, however, to conclude that he is the

prevailing party in the proceedings relating to the alleged breach.

Because we conclude that this is a discretionary determination best

left to the trial court, we remand the case for that court to

determine whether Frosh is the prevailing party.

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¶ 17 Again, the pertinent fee-shifting provision states that “[t]he

prevailing party in any litigation that relates to or arises from any

alleged breach of this Agreement shall be entitled to an award of

his/her attorney fees and costs.” (Emphasis added.)

¶ 18 Courts construe fee-shifting provisions that use broad phrases

like “arise out of” as applying to all claims that originate from, grow

out of, or flow from the underlying subject matter. Gattis, ¶ 39.

And courts have applied fee-shifting provisions that use the phrase

“relating to” even more broadly, so as to encompass all issues

surrounding that subject matter. Id. at ¶ 40. Accordingly, we

interpret the fee-shifting provision in the parties’ agreement broadly

to apply to any issues surrounding the subject matter of “any

alleged breach of th[e] [a]greement.”

¶ 19 And while the trial court in its ruling — and the parties in this

appeal — focused on whether there was a breach of the settlement

agreement, the fee-shifting provision is broader than that. It allows

for the recovery of attorney fees and costs by the prevailing party in

any litigation surrounding an “alleged breach” of the agreement.

The plain and ordinary meaning of “alleged” is “[a]sserted to be true

as described” or “[a]ccused but not yet tried.” Black’s Law

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Dictionary 93 (12th ed. 2024); see also Merriam-Webster

Dictionary, https://perma.cc/UC64-39TF (defining “alleged” to

mean “accused but not proven or convicted,” “asserted to be true or

to exist,” or “questionably true or of a specified kind”). Thus, to

justify an award of fees and costs, the plain language of the

provision requires only an assertion or accusation that there was a

breach of the agreement; it doesn’t require a finding that a breach

had, in fact, occurred.

¶ 20 Plainly, that requirement was satisfied here. In his motion to

enforce the settlement agreement, Frosh asserted that the parties

had entered into a binding settlement agreement and that

defendants were breaching it by refusing to comply with it,

including by attempting to unilaterally change the language of the

agreement and by failing to perform their obligations under the

agreement. Regardless of whether defendants had in fact breached

the agreement, the litigation that ensued arose from and related to

Frosh’s accusation that defendants had entered into a binding

settlement agreement and then breached it.

¶ 21 Accordingly, we conclude the trial court erred by declining to

award attorney fees and costs on the basis that no breach had

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occurred for which a prevailing party would be entitled to such a

recovery. We thus reverse the court’s order denying fees and costs.

¶ 22 However, we decline Frosh’s request to determine in the first

instance that he is the prevailing party in the proceedings relating

to the alleged breach of the settlement agreement. Frosh sets forth

the reasons why he believes he should be deemed the prevailing

party, including that the trial court adopted his arguments for

enforcement of the settlement agreement “nearly verbatim” and that

the court “entered the exact relief” he had requested. Defendants,

in response, contend that Frosh isn’t necessarily the prevailing

party because they voluntarily changed their conduct in response to

the litigation and so the trial court never had to adjudicate the

issues.

¶ 23 The trial court is in the best position to weigh these

considerations and determine who, if anyone, is the prevailing party

in this case. See Anderson v. Pursell, 244 P.3d 1188, 1194 (Colo.

2010) (“[T]he trial court is in the best position to observe the course

of the litigation and to determine which party ultimately

prevailed.”); 23 LTD v. Herman, 2019 COA 113, ¶ 64 (“Ordinarily,

given the discretion afforded the trial court in determining which

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party is the prevailing party,” if a trial court makes a legal error that

affects a prevailing party issue, “we . . . remand to the [trial] court

for a prevailing party determination” unless there is only one

possible outcome.); see also Lawry, 192 P.3d at 570 (“[I]n a proper

case, the trial court may rule that neither party prevailed and

award no fees.”).

¶ 24 Accordingly, we remand the case to the trial court to

determine whether Frosh is the prevailing party in the proceedings

relating to the alleged breach of the settlement agreement. On

remand, the trial court should consider whether Frosh “succeed[ed]

on a significant issue in the litigation and achieve[d] some of the

benefits sought.” Anderson, 244 P.3d at 1194. The issue doesn’t

need to be “the central issue in the litigation”; it just needs to be “a

significant one.” Id. (quoting In re Water Rights of Bd. of Cnty.

Comm’rs, 891 P.2d 981, 984 (Colo. 1995)).

III. Appellate Attorney Fees and Costs

¶ 25 Lastly, both Frosh and defendants request an award of

appellate attorney fees and costs pursuant to C.A.R. 39.1 and the

fee-shifting provision in the settlement agreement.

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¶ 26 Once again, the fee-shifting provision allows the “prevailing

party in any litigation” relating to or arising from an alleged breach

of the settlement agreement to recover an award of fees and costs.

Because there has not yet been a determination of who, if anyone,

is the prevailing party in this litigation, any allocation of attorney

fees and costs at this stage would be premature. See Sheridan

Redevelopment Agency v. Knightsbridge Land Co., 166 P.3d 259,

267 (Colo. App. 2007) (determining that a party’s request for

statutory attorney fees wasn’t yet ripe because the case was being

remanded for further proceedings on the merits).

¶ 27 We therefore deny the parties’ requests for appellate attorney

fees and costs. However, the trial court may consider the requests

on remand after it makes a prevailing party determination.

IV. Disposition

¶ 28 The trial court’s order is reversed to the extent that it denied

Frosh’s request for an award of attorney fees and costs, and the

case is remanded to the trial court to determine whether Frosh is

the prevailing party in the proceedings relating to defendants’

alleged breach of the settlement agreement.

JUDGE WELLING and JUDGE SULLIVAN concur.

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