Mukendi v. Schrock

24CA0740 Mukendi v Schrock 07-03-2025

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 24CA0740
Jefferson County District Court No. 19CV30826
Honorable Randall C. Arp, Judge
Honorable Chantel Contiguglia, Judge

Raphael Mukendi,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Bradley Schrock,

Defendant-Appellant.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED

Division IV
Opinion by JUDGE GOMEZ
Freyre and Meirink, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e)
Announced July 3, 2025

Franklin D. Azar & Associates, P.C., Joseph A. Sirchio, Timothy L. Foster,
Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee

Messner Reeves LLP, Caleb Meyer, Adam Royval, Denver, Colorado, for
Defendant-Appellant
¶1 Defendant, Bradley Schrock, appeals the trial court’s entry of

judgment on a jury award of about $725,000 in past medical

expenses to plaintiff, Raphael Mukendi, arising out of a car

accident. Schrock contends that the trial court erred by (1) denying

his motion for a directed verdict and (2) excluding expert testimony

regarding the reasonable value of Mukendi’s medical treatment.

We disagree and therefore affirm the judgment.

I. Background

A. The Underlying Dispute

¶2 This case arose out of a car accident in which Schrock’s car

crossed the center line into oncoming traffic and collided head-on

with Mukendi’s car, injuring Mukendi. Emergency medical

personnel extracted Mukendi from his car and rushed him by

ambulance to University of Colorado Hospital (UCH), a Level 1

trauma center. There, doctors treated him for eleven days and

performed multiple surgeries to treat his injuries. He was then

transferred to Swedish Medical Center (SMC), also a Level 1 trauma

center, for a week of continued treatment. Then, he was moved to a

rehabilitation center for another month of care.

1
¶3 Mukendi brought this action against Schrock, asserting claims

of negligence and negligence per se.

B. The First Trial

¶4 Prior to trial, Schrock indicated his intent to challenge

whether the amounts Mukendi was billed for his medical treatment

represented the reasonable value of that treatment. As part of that

strategy, Schrock indicated that he planned to call Richard Lacy as

an expert in “bill review.” The trial court granted Mukendi’s motion

to exclude Lacy’s testimony, reasoning that “[t]he Court cannot find

that [Mukendi] chose UCH and [SMC] to perform his medical

services,” given that he was rushed to UCH from the accident scene

and was later transferred to SMC; “the best evidence of [Mukendi’s]

medical expenses are the amounts that he was billed”; and “Lacy’s

calculation of the market value of those services is not relevant or

helpful for this case.”

¶5 At trial, Mukendi introduced a CRE 1006 summary of his

medical bills, which totaled nearly $740,000.1 He introduced no

other evidence directly showing that the billed amounts reflected

1 It is undisputed that Mukendi’s private insurer paid his medical

bills at a discounted rate.

2
the reasonable value of his medical treatment. Toward the close of

Mukendi’s case-in-chief, Schrock moved for a directed verdict on

damages for medical expenses on the grounds that Mukendi hadn’t

proved that the billed amounts represented the reasonable value of

the medical services he received. The trial court denied the motion.

¶6 The jury determined that Schrock drove negligently and

caused the accident. In addition to other damages, the jury

awarded Mukendi almost $775,000 for economic losses, including

his reasonable and necessary medical expenses. The trial court

entered judgment accordingly.

C. The First Appeal

¶7 As relevant here, in the first appeal, Schrock contended that

the trial court erred by (1) excluding Lacy’s expert testimony and

(2) denying his motion for a directed verdict. A division of this court

affirmed in part and reversed in part and remanded the case for a

retrial on Mukendi’s economic damages. See Mukendi v. Schrock,

(Colo. App. No. 21CA1710, Jan. 12, 2023) (not published pursuant

to C.A.R. 35(e)) (Mukendi I).

¶8 As to the first issue, the division determined that the trial

court reversibly erred by excluding Lacy’s expert testimony about

3
the reasonable value of Mukendi’s medical treatment. Id. at ¶¶ 14-

48. The division reasoned, in part, that “by choosing the ‘best

evidence’ of reasonable value, the court usurped the jury’s role to

determine that fact, whether such value is the amount billed, the

providers’ cost plus a profit margin, or some other amount.” Id. at

¶ 44. But the division made clear that it was not expressing any

opinion on other bases for excluding Lacy’s testimony, including

any potential lack of reliability. Id. at ¶¶ 19 n.2, 35 n.4.

¶9 As to the second issue, the division concluded that the trial

court didn’t err by denying Schrock’s motion for a directed verdict

because the amount Mukendi was billed for his medical services

was “some evidence of their reasonable value.” Id. at ¶ 63.

¶ 10 Based on its rulings, the division remanded the case for a

retrial on Mukendi’s economic damages. Id. at ¶ 65.

D. Proceedings on Remand

¶ 11 On remand, Schrock again sought to introduce expert

testimony from Lacy, and Mukendi again moved to exclude that

testimony. Following a hearing conducted pursuant to People v.

Shreck, 22 P.3d 68 (Colo. 2001), the trial court excluded Lacy’s

opinion testimony on the reasonable value of Mukendi’s medical

4
services, concluding that Lacy’s methodology wasn’t sufficiently

reliable. However, the court permitted Lacy to testify as an expert

as to healthcare provider billing practices in general.

¶ 12 Again, Mukendi introduced a summary of his medical bills

pursuant to CRE 1006. Over Schrock’s objection, the trial court

admitted the summary as Exhibit 15 and found that the exhibit was

an accurate summary of the voluminous underlying medical bills.

¶ 13 At the close of Mukendi’s case-in-chief, Schrock moved for a

directed verdict on Mukendi’s claim for medical expenses. Schrock

argued that Mukendi had failed to establish the reasonableness and

necessity of his medical expenses, particularly because Exhibit 15

shouldn’t have been admitted. The trial court denied Schrock’s

motion, reasoning that Exhibit 15 was admissible and was some

evidence of the reasonable value of Mukendi’s medical services.

¶ 14 The jury awarded Mukendi about $765,000 in economic

damages, including nearly $725,000 in medical economic losses.

The court entered judgment accordingly.

II. Directed Verdict

¶ 15 Schrock first contends that the trial court erred by denying his

motion for a directed verdict on Mukendi’s claim for past medical

5
expenses. Relatedly, Schrock asserts that the trial court abused its

direction by admitting the summary of Mukendi’s medical bills

under CRE 1006. We aren’t persuaded.

A. Relevant Legal Principles and Standard of Review

¶ 16 A trial court shouldn’t grant a motion for a directed verdict

“unless the evidence compels the conclusion that reasonable jurors

could not disagree and that no evidence or inference has been

received at trial upon which a verdict against the moving party

could be sustained.” Gilley v. Oviatt, 2025 COA 27, ¶ 11 (quoting

MDM Grp. Assocs., Inc. v. CX Reinsurance Co., 165 P.3d 882, 885

(Colo. App. 2007)). In considering such a motion, the court must

view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party

and should grant the motion only if there is no evidence to support

an element of a claim. Id. at ¶¶ 11-12. We review a trial court’s

ruling on a motion for a directed verdict de novo. Id. at ¶ 12.

¶ 17 To recover past medical expenses, a plaintiff must show that

“the expenses were reasonable, necessary, and incurred as a result

of the injury at issue.” Id. at ¶ 13. Such a claim for damages may

be established by “substantial evidence, which together with

reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom provides a reasonable

6
basis for computation of the damage.” Id. (quoting Palmer v. Diaz,

214 P.3d 546, 552 (Colo. App. 2009)). Evidence of the amount

billed for medical services is “some evidence of the reasonable value

of the medical services.” Id. at ¶ 29; see also Lawson v. Safeway,

Inc., 878 P.2d 127, 131 (Colo. App. 1994) (testimony as to the

amount a plaintiff was billed for medical services following an injury

was some evidence of the reasonable value of those services).

¶ 18 To the extent that our inquiry requires consideration of the

trial court’s decision on the admissibility of evidence, we review that

decision for an abuse of discretion. Gilley, ¶ 15. A court abuses its

discretion when its ruling is manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable, or

unfair or is based on a misapprehension or misapplication of the

law. Far Horizons Farm, LLC v. Flying Dutchman Condo. Ass’n,

2023 COA 99, ¶ 17.

¶ 19 Under CRE 1006, “[t]he contents of voluminous writings . . .

which cannot conveniently be examined in court may be presented

in the form of a chart, summary, or calculation.” To admit such

summary evidence, the proponent must (1) identify the documents

underlying the summary and show they are voluminous;

(2) establish that the underlying documents are otherwise

7
admissible evidence; (3) provide the other party with a copy of the

summary in advance; and (4) provide the other party a reasonable

time and place to examine the documents underlying the summary.

Curry v. Brewer, 2025 COA 28, ¶ 53; see also CRE 1006.

B. Admissibility of Exhibit 15

¶ 20 Schrock contends that the trial court abused its discretion by

admitting Exhibit 15, the summary of Mukendi’s medical bills,

under CRE 1006 because (1) Mukendi didn’t establish the

admissibility of the underlying bills and (2) the summary is

inaccurate. Schrock doesn’t dispute that the bills are voluminous

and that he was provided copies of them in advance of trial.

¶ 21 For his first contention, Schrock argues that Mukendi failed to

lay a foundation for the admissibility of the underlying medical

bills. It is true that “the offering party must lay a foundation for . . .

the admissibility of the underlying material” before a CRE 1006

summary may be admitted. Int’l Tech. Instruments, Inc. v. Eng’g

Measurements Co., 678 P.2d 558, 562 (Colo. App. 1983),

superseded by statute on other grounds, Ch. 107, sec. 3, § 13-17-

103, 1984 Colo. Sess. Laws 461. Nonetheless, we agree with the

8
trial court that Mukendi laid a sufficient foundation regarding the

medical bills.

¶ 22 To the extent that Schrock suggests the underlying bills are

inadmissible hearsay, rendering the summary inadmissible, cf.

Curry, ¶¶ 46-56, he didn’t make that argument in a timely manner

in the trial court. Rather, his only objection at the time the

summary was proffered was that there wasn’t sufficient foundation

to establish the reasonableness and necessity of the billed charges.

Thus, we limit our consideration on appeal to that issue. See

Brooktree Vill. Homeowners Ass’n v. Brooktree Vill., LLC, 2020 COA

165, ¶ 71 (“If a party makes no contemporaneous objection to the

introduction of evidence, we will not review the alleged error on

appeal.” (quoting Antolovich v. Brown Grp. Retail, Inc., 183 P.3d 582,

600 (Colo. App. 2007))); State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Goddard,

2021 COA 15, ¶ 85 (an objection to evidence on one basis doesn’t

preserve objections on other bases).

¶ 23 And we discern no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s

rejection of Schrock’s objection that the underlying bills were

inadmissible due to concerns about their reasonableness and

necessity. As the court noted, the issue of whether the charges

9
represented in the bills were reasonable and necessary was “the

ultimate question for the jury” — not a question that pertained to

the admissibility of the bill summary itself.

¶ 24 For his second contention, Schrock argues that Exhibit 15

wasn’t an accurate summary. Schrock points to Mukendi’s

testimony that he didn’t review all the medical bills but merely

forwarded them to his counsel’s office and that he couldn’t verify

the bills’ accuracy. But he ignores other evidence that supports the

accuracy of Exhibit 15. In particular, Mukendi testified that

Exhibit 15 was “a true and accurate summary of [his] medical bills

for the treatment [he] received as a result of this crash.”

Additionally, Mukendi’s counsel admitted that he’d been provided

with and had an opportunity to review “all of the underlying bills”

comprising Exhibit 15. And in assessing Schrock’s objection, the

trial court asked repeatedly which portion of the summary he

claimed was in error. Schrock never articulated in the trial court —

and still has not articulated on appeal — any perceived error in the

summary. Thus, as the trial court correctly noted, Schrock’s

objection went to the weight, rather than the admissibility, of the

10
summary. See Gilley, ¶ 24; Airborne, Inc. v. Denver Air Ctr., Inc.,

832 P.2d 1086, 1090 (Colo. App. 1992).

¶ 25 Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court didn’t abuse its

discretion by admitting Exhibit 15 as a summary of Mukendi’s

medical bills under CRE 1006.

C. “Some Evidence” of Necessity and Reasonableness

¶ 26 Schrock contends that because Exhibit 15 is inadmissible, the

trial court erred by denying his motion for a directed verdict. We’ve

already determined, however, that the trial court didn’t abuse its

discretion by admitting Exhibit 15 as a summary of Mukendi’s

medical bills from the accident. And because the amount billed for

medical services is “some evidence of their reasonable value,” the

trial court properly concluded that there was sufficient evidence to

support Mukendi’s claim for past medical expenses. Gilley, ¶ 29

(citing Lawson, 878 P.2d at 131).

¶ 27 Schrock also contends that a directed verdict in his favor is

required because Mukendi failed to establish that the medical

treatment he received and the charges billed for that treatment were

medically necessary.

11
¶ 28 To the extent that Schrock suggests expert testimony is

required to establish whether Mukendi’s medical treatment was

medically necessary, no such requirement exists. See Lawson, 878

P.2d at 131 (Evidence that medical expenses were reasonable and

necessary “does not have to be in the form of expert testimony.”).

¶ 29 The two cases Schrock cites on this issue are inapposite. Both

cases applied a previous statutory requirement that a plaintiff

seeking to recover in tort following a car accident must establish

that they had a reasonable need for medical services reasonably

valued at over $2,500 based on the average cost of services

published by the insurance commissioner. See Neiberger v. Fed Ex

Ground Package Sys., Inc., 566 F.3d 1184, 1186 (10th Cir. 2009)

(citing § 10-4-714(1)(e), C.R.S. 2002); Jorgensen v. Heinz, 847 P.2d

181, 182-83 (Colo. App. 1992) (same). That statute was repealed

long before the accident here and does not apply in this case. See

Ch. 255, sec. 8, 1997 Colo. Sess. Laws 1452. Additionally, the

court in Neiberger indicated that expert evidence was needed in that

case to establish causation — that the medical expenses at issue

were caused by the subject accident and not by the plaintiff’s other

health conditions. 566 F.3d at 1193. No such causation issues are

12
presented in this case. And the plaintiffs in Jorgensen offered little

evidence of their claimed injuries, see 847 P.2d at 182-83, whereas

Mukendi introduced substantial evidence of his injuries and the

treatment he received for them.

¶ 30 The following evidence was sufficient to support a finding by

the jury that the medical treatment Mukendi received and the

charges billed for that treatment were medically necessary:

• Mukendi’s testimony about the accident and his injuries

from it, including broken ribs, a broken sternum,

multiple leg fractures, and a part of one of his hands that

“was detached from the bone”;

• photos from the scene showing the damage to Mukendi’s

car and an open fracture on his leg;

• Mukendi’s testimony that his situation after the accident

was “critical” and that the medical treatment he received

“saved [his] life”;

• Mukendi’s testimony about the medical treatment he

received at UCH, including “more than three surgeries”;

13
• medical records from UCH detailing Mukendi’s

diagnoses, the procedures performed on him during his

stay there, and the providers’ treatment summaries;

• Mukendi’s testimony about his transfer to SMC and the

medical treatment he received there;

• medical records from SMC detailing Mukendi’s injuries,

diagnoses, and treatment plan while in that hospital;

• a colorized x-ray showing the fractures in Mukendi’s leg;

• a photo of Mukendi in a hospital bed with medical

personnel tending to his leg; and

• Mukendi’s testimony that he believed his medical bills

were reasonable.

¶ 31 While Schrock cites other evidence that might have supported

a verdict in his favor (particularly as to Mukendi’s ability to assess

the reasonableness of his medical bills), we cannot say that the

evidence admitted at trial was insufficient to establish the medical

necessity of the treatment and the bills. See Gilley, ¶¶ 11-12.

¶ 32 Therefore, we conclude that the trial court didn’t err by

denying Schrock’s motion for a directed verdict. Indeed, the

division in Mukendi I held as much based on similar evidence

14
presented in the first trial, and we agree with its assessment. See

Mukendi I, slip op. at ¶¶ 61-64.

III. Expert Testimony

¶ 33 Alternatively, Schrock contends that the trial court abused its

discretion by excluding Lacy’s expert testimony about the

reasonable value of Mukendi’s medical services. We disagree.

A. Relevant Legal Principles and Standard of Review

¶ 34 CRE 702 governs the admissibility of opinion testimony by

expert witnesses. Under this rule, a witness may be qualified to

provide expert testimony based on knowledge, skill, experience,

training, or education.

¶ 35 An expert’s testimony is admissible under CRE 702 when

(1) the scientific principles at issue are reasonably reliable; (2) the

witness is qualified to opine on those principles; (3) the testimony is

useful to the jury; and (4) the probative value of the evidence

outweighs any potential prejudice. Est. of Ford v. Eicher, 250 P.3d

262, 267 (Colo. 2011).

¶ 36 In determining the reliability of an expert’s methodology under

the first element of this test, a trial court may consider the following

nonexclusive list of factors:

15
(1) Whether the technique can and has been
tested;

(2) Whether the theory or technique has been
subjected to peer review and publication;

(3) The scientific technique’s known or
potential rate of error, and the existence and
maintenance of standards controlling the
technique’s operation;

(4) Whether the technique has been generally
accepted;

(5) The relationship of the proffered technique
to more established modes of scientific
analysis;

(6) The existence of specialized literature
dealing with the technique;

(7) The non-judicial uses to which the
techniques are put;

(8) The frequency and type of error generated
by the technique; and

(9) Whether such evidence has been offered in
previous cases to support or dispute the merits
of a particular scientific procedure.

Id. at 267-68; see also Shreck, 22 P.3d at 77-78.

¶ 37 The court must consider the totality of the circumstances and

is not restricted to these specific factors. Ford, 250 P.3d at 266.

¶ 38 The trial court is granted broad discretion over the

admissibility of expert testimony; thus, we will not overturn its

16
decision absent an abuse of discretion. Bocian v. Owners Ins. Co.,

2020 COA 98, ¶¶ 63-64.

B. Additional Facts

¶ 39 In response to Mukendi’s motion to exclude Lacy as an expert

witness, the trial court held a Shreck hearing to determine the

reliability of Lacy’s methodology for calculating the reasonable value

of medical services. There was no dispute that Lacy was qualified

to opine on the reasonable value of medical services and that his

testimony would be helpful to the jury.

¶ 40 During the hearing, Lacy explained his methodology for

calculating the reasonable value of the medical services Mukendi

received from UCH and SMC.

¶ 41 First, Lacy determined UCH’s and SMC’s costs to provide the

services Mukendi received. To do this, he used each hospital’s cost-

to-charge ratio, representing the amount a hospital bills compared

to the hospital’s cost to render services. The ratio for each hospital

was published and calculated by the Colorado Department of

Health Care Policy and Financing. The department’s report

indicated that, on average across their entire range of services,

17
UCH’s and SMC’s costs during the time period at issue were

roughly 17% and 12%, respectively, of what they bill patients.

¶ 42 Using these ratios, Lacy determined that the nearly $510,000

that UCH billed Mukendi for medical services only cost UCH about

$85,000, and the nearly $90,000 that SMC billed Mukendi only cost

SMC about $10,000.

¶ 43 Next, Lacy added a profit margin of 45% to UCH’s value and

35% to SMC’s value. Lacy acknowledged, however, that the

published profit margins for UCH and SMC were around 20%

during the relevant period. Lacy stated that he usually applies a

profit margin of between 35% and 75%, and that he chose the 45%

and 35% margins here because “this was . . . a very costly

admission because it was a level one trauma.” He also indicated

that he used a higher profit margin for UCH because it is a teaching

facility (which allows it to demand a premium for its services) and it

has a relatively high proportion of Medicaid and indigent patients

(which requires it to seek higher reimbursement from insured

patients to offset the losses associated with treating Medicaid and

indigent patients).

18
¶ 44 Then, Lacy added an additional 200% because UCH and SMC

are Level 1 trauma centers, which he described as “a costly

designation” that “adds an additional premium to [a hospital’s]

services particularly when [L]evel 1 trauma is activated.”

¶ 45 Using these calculations, Lacy estimated that the reasonable

value of the medical services UCH provided to Mukendi was about

$250,000, compared to the roughly $510,000 it billed. Lacy also

estimated that the reasonable value for SMC’s medical services for

Mukendi was about $30,000, compared to the roughly $90,000 it

billed.2

¶ 46 The trial court decided to exclude Lacy’s opinion testimony

regarding the reasonable value of Mukendi’s medical services. In

reaching this conclusion, the court analyzed each of the nine

factors enumerated in Ford and Shreck. The court determined:

1. It was unclear whether Lacy’s methodology could be and

had been tested, and Lacy’s result seemed to be

approximately the amount that Mukendi’s insurer paid.

2 Lacy used a different methodology for ascertaining the reasonable

value of physician services. But the trial court didn’t focus on that
methodology in its ruling, and the parties don’t focus on it in their
appellate briefs.

19
2. Lacy’s methodology hadn’t been subjected to peer review

or publication. Although he testified that hospitals and

insurance providers use the same process, that is for a

different purpose — determining what is going to be paid

on a case-by-case basis as opposed to ascertaining the

reasonable value of services provided. And while the

cost-to-charge ratio was based on public reports, the

multipliers Lacy applied were not.

3. There was published criticism about the use of the cost-

to-charge ratio, particularly its lack of precision when

considering the type of payor or the severity of an illness.

Otherwise, there was no known or potential rate of error

for Lacy’s methodology.

4. Lacy’s methodology had not been generally accepted

because, as Lacy testified, so far as he knows, he is the

only person who uses his methodology for the purpose of

determining the reasonable value of medical services for

which a plaintiff seeks damages.

20
5. There was no evidence showing a relationship between

Lacy’s methodology and more established modes of

scientific analysis.

6. Lacy acknowledged that there is no specialized literature

pertaining to the methodology he employs.

7. While this methodology has been used for at least twenty

years, it has been used in the context of negotiations

between healthcare providers and insurers to determine

rates for payment — not in determining the reasonable

value of a plaintiff’s medical services.

8. There was no way to measure the frequency or type of

error generated by this methodology because there was

no way to exactly measure the reasonable value of

medical services provided.

9. There was insufficient information regarding previous

cases to support or dispute the merits of Lacy’s

methodology. Mukendi had directed the court to seven

cases where Lacy wasn’t permitted to testify, but none of

those addressed the reliability of Lacy’s methodology.

And even though Lacy had stated that he’d testified a

21
number of times, it wasn’t clear whether that testimony

had been challenged on reliability grounds.

¶ 47 The court also highlighted several additional concerns it had

with Lacy’s methodology:

• The cost-to-charge ratio is imprecise when considering

different payor types and illness severity. It also wasn’t

clear what factors that ratio takes into account — for

instance, whether it applies to a payor with private

insurance and whether it accounts for the cost of

hospital construction and equipment.

• It wasn’t clear where Lacy’s usual profit margin range of

35% to 75% comes from, particularly when some of his

considerations for applying a higher profit margin in

some circumstances should’ve been accounted for in the

cost-to-charge ratio. Lacy testified that he now uses a

“more conservative” 75% profit though he didn’t do so in

this case. It seemed that Lacy may be doing so in order

to make his opinions more acceptable to judges and

jurors.

22
• The 45% profit margin used for UCH in this case seemed

“somewhat arbitrary and unsupported by logical

reasons.”

• “More arbitrary was [the] use of 200 percent as a

multiplier.” The explanation that this number was used

due to both hospitals being Level 1 trauma centers didn’t

make logical sense because the associated costs should

already be built into the cost-to-charge ratio. And the

court “did not hear anything from [Lacy] to suggest that

[the multiplier] wasn’t just an arbitrary number that he

came up with to try to get to the number he came to.”

• It wasn’t clear whether or how Lacy’s methodology takes

into consideration the hospitals’ actual patient

demographics and payment sources.

• Lacy’s calculation approximately equaled what Mukendi’s

insurer had paid, which could indirectly implicate the

collateral source rule. See § 10-1-135(10)(a), C.R.S. 2024

(“The fact or amount of any collateral source payment or

benefits shall not be admitted as evidence in any action

against an alleged third-party tortfeasor . . . .”).

23
¶ 48 Ultimately, the court concluded that the threshold of reliability

had not been met because “[t]oo much of Mr. Lacy’s opinion and

methodology is arbitrary and without the needed support” and

because his opinion represented only “one man’s opinion of how to

establish value and not a scientific methodology to reliably calculate

the reasonable value of the services provided.”

C. Reliability Analysis

¶ 49 Schrock contends that the trial court erred by concluding that

Lacy’s methodology wasn’t sufficiently reliable. He describes Lacy’s

opinions as “supported by detailed analysis of provider-specific

cost-to-charges data, reported profit margins, and pertinent profit

and costs multipliers in context of healthcare market factors, based

on his decades of experience in managed care contracting.” Thus,

he urges, the opinions should’ve been admitted.

¶ 50 We acknowledge that portions of Lacy’s calculations relied on

published and peer-reviewed values — like the cost-to-charge ratios

published by the Colorado Department of Health Care Policy and

Financing. Lacy also offered explanations for selecting higher profit

margins for UCH and SMC than they reported in the relevant period

and for applying a 200% multiplier.

24
¶ 51 Regardless, we entrust the decision on the admission of expert

testimony to the trial court’s sound discretion, even if rational

decisionmakers might reach different results. See E-470 Pub.

Highway Auth. v. Revenig, 140 P.3d 227, 230-31 (Colo. App. 2006)

(in assessing whether a court abused its discretion, “we ask not

whether we would have reached a different result but, rather,

whether the trial court’s decision fell within a range of reasonable

options”). On this record, the court’s decision that Lacy’s

methodology was unreliable fell within the wide range of reasonable

options and was, therefore, not an abuse of discretion. Moreover,

the court applied the correct standards and fully explained its

rationale, including making findings as to all of the relevant factors

and voicing various other concerns with the proposed testimony.

¶ 52 We disagree with Schrock’s assertion that the trial court’s

ruling “defies” the holding in Mukendi I that “Lacy’s testimony does

not implicate the . . . collateral source rule and is thus not

excludable on this basis.” Mukendi I, slip op. at ¶ 42. The division

in Mukendi I determined that Lacy’s testimony didn’t directly

implicate the collateral source rule because he wasn’t proposing to

testify about the amounts UCH and SMC had accepted as payment

25
from Mukendi’s insurer. See id. The trial court’s ruling in this case

doesn’t defy that ruling; it merely notes, as one of several concerns

with Lacy’s methodology, that Lacy’s calculations might indirectly

implicate the collateral source rule, given that they seemed to be

arbitrary and they happened to result in figures that approximated

the amounts Mukendi’s insurer had paid.

¶ 53 Lacy testified that he doesn’t know of any other person or

institution that uses his methodology for the same purpose of

calculating the reasonable value of a plaintiff’s medical services.

While hospitals may rely on the cost-to-charge ratio in negotiating

reimbursement rates with insurers, Lacy couldn’t identify anyone

who used that ratio in conjunction with his other values to

calculate the reasonable value of medical services. Nor has his

overall methodology for these calculations been subject to peer

review or publication. And there’s no indication that other courts

have accepted it under a Schreck analysis. Thus, the trial court

acted within its discretion in determining Lacy’s methodology wasn’t

sufficiently reliable. See Ford, 250 P.3d at 267-68.

26
¶ 54 Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court didn’t abuse its

discretion by excluding Lacy’s expert opinion testimony regarding

the reasonable value of the medical treatment Mukendi received.

IV. Disposition

¶ 55 The judgment is affirmed.

JUDGE FREYRE and JUDGE MEIRINK concur.

27