Peo in Int of MM-S

23CA0780 Peo in Interest of MM-S 05-01-2025

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 23CA0780
City and County of Denver Juvenile Court No. 22JD66
Honorable D. Brett Woods, Judge

The People of the State of Colorado,

Petitioner-Appellee,

In the Interest of M.M-S.,

Juvenile-Appellant.

JUDGMENT REVERSED AND CASE
REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS

Division VI
Opinion by JUDGE WELLING
Kuhn and Schutz, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e)
Announced May 1, 2025

Phillip J. Weiser, Attorney General, Austin R. Johnston, Assistant Attorney
General, Denver, Colorado, for Petitioner-Appellee

Megan A. Ring, Colorado State Public Defender, Claire Pakis, Deputy State
Public Defender, Denver, Colorado, for Juvenile-Appellant
¶1 M.M-S. challenges the magistrate’s determination that he

violated the terms of his probation. We reverse and remand.

I. Background

¶2 M.M-S. was arrested for possession of a handgun by a

juvenile — a misdemeanor — and motor vehicle theft — a class 6

felony. He pleaded guilty to those counts and as part of a

stipulated agreement was put on one year of probation in exchange

for a deferred adjudication of the felony charge.

¶3 About three months after he entered his plea, the probation

department filed a petition to revoke M.M-S.’s probation and

deferred adjudication alleging that he had violated four conditions

of his probation by (1) failing to report to a probation officer at

reasonable times as directed by the court or probation officer

(Condition Three); (2) leaving home for any period of time without

the consent of his parents (Condition Four); (3) failing to attend

school with no unexcused tardies or absences (Condition Six); and

(4) failing to contact probation by 10 a.m. on any day that he didn’t

attend school (Condition Sixteen/Additional Condition Four).

¶4 M.M-S. was advised regarding the probation complaint,

entered a denial, and demanded a hearing.

1
¶5 The probation revocation hearing was held before a

magistrate. At the hearing, M.M-S.’s probation officer, Tyler

Pannell, testified regarding the alleged violations.1 First, the

prosecutor asked Pannell what conditions of his probation M.M-S.

had failed to comply with. Pannell responded as follows:

So, as I recall from what I filed in the special
report, in the revocation and the special report,
[M.M-S.] did not comply with condition
number [four], which outlines the following
household rules, not leaving home without
permission of Probation or his parents. He
struggled to comply with condition number
[six], which has to do with attending school
regularly, with no unexcused absences or
tardies. He struggled with condition number
[nine], which has to do with the use of
substances, though I don’t think I filed on that
count necessarily. Struggled with condition
number [eight], which has to do with attending

1 Because neither the probation department nor the People had

disclosed M.M-S.’s probation file to the defense in advance of the
hearing, at the outset of the hearing M.M-S.’s counsel objected to
any witness relying on the contents of that file at the hearing. The
court agreed that those documents should have been disclosed to
the defense and also found that a continuance of the hearing wasn’t
a viable option because the parties were before the court on the
final day of the time period in which the hearing could be held.
Based on this set of circumstances, the court limited the
documents that Pannell could rely on during his testimony to
documents that had been e-filed in the case to that point and ruled
that he couldn’t reference or rely on documents in the probation
department’s file that hadn’t been previously disclosed to the
defense.

2
treatment. Again, I don’t recall if I filed on
that. And I don’t want to open the laptop. But
he did struggle meeting with the therapist.
And then, there was an additional [Juvenile
Intensive Supervised Probation (JISP)]
condition. It’s referenced as number [sixteen].
There are ISP conditions that were also filed
with the Court. But he struggled in a
condition that outlines if you are not in school
for some reason, you need to notify Probation
by 10:00 a.m.

¶6 Then, the prosecutor asked Pannell if M.M-S. had violated

Condition Three of his probation:

[Pannell:] Referencing and reporting in to
Probation, no he struggled with that.

[Prosecutor:] Okay. Did he violate that
condition?

[Pannell:] Yes.

[Prosecutor:] Has the juvenile ever discussed
these violations with you?

[Pannell:] Yes.

[Prosecutor:] What did he tell you about these
violations?

[Pannell:] Are you referring to one in
particular?

[Prosecutor:] No, any of ‘em.

[Pannell:] With regard to reporting in[,] I recall
without referencing my notes that we had
discussed this several times. On one occasion

3
when he did not report to Probation, he texted
me ahead of time, letting me know he was on
his way but then never showed up. When I did
finally meet with him in the office, we
discussed why he lied, why he did not come in.
I explained to him the importance of showing
up to Probation.

¶7 Pannell didn’t provide any other testimony to show that M.M-

S. violated his probation. M.M-S.’s attorney asked the court to deny

the petition for revocation because Pannell’s testimony didn’t

address the elements of any potential violation. Counsel argued as

follows:

Here there was no testimony about — well,
there was just blanket testimony that
conditions were violated. Regarding condition
[three] there was not testimony as to dates that
the condition was violated, how it was known
the conditions were violat[ed]. . . .

. . . I would — so I would say that the People
have not met their burden by — if we were just
to go by saying a condition was violated, then,
there would be zero point for a hearing. A
court could just blanket grant a petition for
revocation without any testimony. . . . And so,
I don’t believe the Court can find that any
conditions of probation were violated. So we’re
asking the Court not to.

¶8 The magistrate found that M.M-S. had violated all four of the

conditions that M.M-S. had been accused of violating:

4
I’ve reviewed the terms of condition, the
additional conditions for a [JISP]. I’ve reviewed
the petition for revocation and the counts,
there were three, four counts that [M.M-S.] has
violated his probation. The Court has heard
the sworn testimony of Probation Officer
Pannell. The burden here is just a
preponderance of the evidence, but I find that
that was clearly met. The Court does find that
Probation has proven — the district attorney
has proven by a preponderance of the evidence
that [M.M-S.] did violate his probation. He
violated count 1, count 2, count 3, and count
4 by not attending school. He didn’t report to
Probation when he was scheduled, has not
complied with those terms and conditions, has
also not complied with treatment. So, the
Court will revoke his probation . . . .

¶9 A month later, based on the finding of a probation violation,

another magistrate revoked M.M-S.’s deferred adjudication,

adjudicated M.M-S. on the felony charge, and sentenced him to

fifteen months of probation and fifteen days of detention. M.M-S.

timely petitioned the district court for review of the magistrate’s

ruling.

¶ 10 In its disposition of M.M-S.’s petition for review, the district

court expressed concern over the paucity of the evidence presented

at the hearing, but it nonetheless adopted the magistrate’s ultimate

5
ruling that M.M-S. had violated the terms of his probation,

concluding as follows:

The Court is concerned about the lack of
evidence or testimony regarding violations of
Conditions [Four] and [Six] and believes this
was a close case in terms of reviewing the case
for judicial review, however revocation of
probation motions have a preponderance of the
evidence standard, a standard lower than the
standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
Only one condition of probation needs to be
proven for the Court to revoke the juvenile’s
probation. The Court does find that the
violation of Condition [Three] was proven by a
preponderance of the evidence. The testimony
was clear, the Probation Officer testified that
the juvenile violated the Condition and that the
juvenile had failed to report to probation.

Having reviewed all of the evidence before the
Court, the Court cannot find the Magistrate’s
ruling to be clearly erroneous.

¶ 11 M.M-S. appeals the district court’s adoption of the magistrate’s

ruling that he violated the terms and conditions of his probation

and deferred adjudication.

II. The Prosecution Didn’t Prove All of the Elements

¶ 12 On appeal, M.M-S. argues that the prosecution didn’t prove

the elements of Condition Three because Pannell didn’t testify to

any facts that would have proved all of the elements of that

6
condition.2 We agree and reverse the district court’s adoption of the

magistrate’s ruling that M.M-S. violated his probation, and we

remand the case with directions.

A. Standard of Review

¶ 13 We review evidentiary sufficiency claims de novo. McCoy v.

People, 2019 CO 44, ¶ 34. We will defer to a court’s factual findings

if they are supported by competent evidence in the record. Sharrow

v. People, 2019 CO 25, ¶ 28.

¶ 14 Probation is a privilege, not a right. A probationer only needs

to violate one condition of probation in order for probation to be

revoked. People v. Howell, 64 P.3d 894, 896 (Colo. App. 2002). At a

probation revocation hearing, the prosecution must prove a

probationer violated probation by a preponderance of the evidence.

§ 16-11-206(3), C.R.S. 2024.

2 The district court adopted the magistrate’s ruling solely on the

basis that the record supported the magistrate’s finding that M.M-
S. violated Condition Three, and the People don’t challenge that
determination by the district court. Based on this, we don’t address
the sufficiency of the evidence for the magistrate’s findings with
respect to the other three conditions that the magistrate found
M.M-S. violated beyond accepting the district court’s unchallenged
determination that violation of those three conditions wasn’t
proved.

7
B. Analysis

¶ 15 Condition Three of M.M-S.’s probation provides that the

probationer must “[r]eport to a probation officer at reasonable times

as directed by the court or the probation officer.” The People argue

that Pannell’s initial testimony that M.M-S. had “violated” Condition

Three was unequivocal and sufficient to support the magistrate’s

findings. That testimony was as follows:

[Pannell:] Referencing and reporting in to
Probation, no he struggled with that.

[Prosecutor:] Okay. Did he violate that
condition?

[Pannell:] Yes.

¶ 16 And the People are correct — Pannell’s initial testimony was

unequivocal. But Pannell’s initial testimony was also simply a legal

conclusion — one that only the magistrate could make. See § 16-

11-206(5) (the court determines if a violation of a condition of

probation has been committed). And the magistrate couldn’t

logically base a finding that M.M-S. had violated Condition Three on

Pannell’s conclusory testimony that he had done so. Some factual

basis was required.

8
¶ 17 The second portion of Pannell’s testimony includes more, but

not enough details to conclude that it was more probable than not

that M.M-S. had violated Condition Three. His testimony is

insufficient to carry this burden because not only is it vague and

conclusory, it doesn’t address the necessary elements to prove a

violation of Condition Three, including whether the circumstances

around M.M-S.’s missed probation meetings were reasonable. The

most detailed testimony Pannell offered with respect to M.M-S.

missing a probation appointment was as follows:

With regard to reporting in[,] I recall without
referencing my notes that we had discussed
this several times. On one occasion when he
did not report to Probation, he texted me
ahead of time, letting me know he was on his
way but then never showed up. When I did
finally meet with him in the office, we
discussed why he lied, why he did not come in.
I explained to him the importance of showing
up to Probation.

¶ 18 Pannell’s testimony that M.M-S. “texted [him] ahead of time”

but “did not report to Probation,” is the closest Pannell’s testimony

comes to proving M.M-S. failed to “[r]eport to a probation officer at

reasonable times as directed by the court or the probation officer.”

For instance, Pannell’s testimony that M.M-S. texted him on the day

9
of their meeting supports a conclusion that M.M-S. had been

“directed” to meet with a probation officer. But this limited

testimony doesn’t provide any detail that would tend to prove that

M.M-S. was scheduled to meet with Pannell at a reasonable time.

¶ 19 The People respond that M.M-S. could have elicited more

details had he chosen to cross-examine Pannell. But the burden to

prove a probation violation rests solely on the prosecution. See

§ 16-11-206(3) (“At the hearing, the prosecution has the burden of

establishing by a preponderance of the evidence the violation of a

condition of probation . . . .”). Therefore, if Pannell’s testimony was

insufficient to prove the violation, it wasn’t M.M-S.’s responsibility

to elicit testimony that would have proved the prosecution’s case.

¶ 20 Simply put, we conclude that the evidence presented at the

hearing was insufficient to prove that M.M-S. violated Condition

Three. Accordingly, the district court erred by adopting the

magistrate’s order sustaining the probation revocation complaint

and revoking the deferred adjudication. Based on this, we reverse

the district court’s order with instructions that on remand the

district court deny the petition for revocation of probation and

conduct further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Such

10
further proceedings may include vacating M.M-S.’s adjudication on

the felony charge and reinstating the original terms of M.M-S.’s

probation and deferred adjudication and sentence (if any time

remains on that sentence).

III. Disposition

¶ 21 The judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded with

directions.

JUDGE KUHN and JUDGE SCHUTZ concur.

11