Bruno K. Mpoy v. John Burst, in His Personal and Official Capacity

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT

Argued May 7, 2026 Decided August 18, 2026

No. 24-7120

BRUNO K. MPOY,
APPELLANT

v.

JOHN BURST, IN HIS PERSONAL AND OFFICIAL CAPACITY, ET
AL.,
APPELLEES

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Columbia
(No. 1:23-cv-03027)

Robin C. Burrell, appointed by the court, argued the cause
as amicus curiae in support of appellant. With her on the brief
were Daniel S. Volchok and Megan O. Gardner, appointed by
the court.

Bruno K. Mpoy, pro se, was on the brief for appellant.

Stephanie Sauer, Assistant Attorney General, Office of the
Attorney General for the District of Columbia, argued the cause
for appellees. On the motion to vacate and remand were Brian

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L. Schwalb, Attorney General, Caroline S. Van Zile, Solicitor
General, Ashwin P. Phatak, Principal Deputy Solicitor
General, Graham E. Phillips, Deputy Solicitor General, and
Marcella Coburn, Assistant Attorney General. Jeremy R.
Girton, Assistant Attorney General, entered an appearance.

Before: KATSAS, RAO and CHILDS, Circuit Judges.

Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge RAO.

RAO, Circuit Judge: The district court dismissed Bruno
Mpoy’s section 1983 claim because he failed to exhaust
administrative remedies available under District of Columbia
law. But under longstanding Supreme Court and circuit
precedent, a plaintiff need not exhaust state or D.C. remedies
before bringing a section 1983 claim in federal court. We
therefore reverse the dismissal of the section 1983 claim and
remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I.
In August 2021, Mpoy was indefinitely suspended from
his position as a teacher in the D.C. Public Schools (“DCPS”),
allegedly without prior notice or an opportunity to be heard.
Mpoy filed a pro se lawsuit in federal district court against
Mayor Muriel Bowser and two DCPS officials, John Burst and
Donielle Powe.
Mpoy’s complaint raised a procedural due process claim
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, as well as claims under D.C. law. The
district court dismissed Mpoy’s section 1983 claim because he
failed to exhaust administrative remedies under the District’s
Comprehensive Merit Personnel Act (“CMPA”). Mpoy v.
Burst, 2024 WL 3443605, at *3 (D.D.C. July 16, 2024). Having
dismissed the section 1983 claim, the district court declined to

3

exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the D.C. law claims. Id.
at *5–6.
Mpoy timely appealed, and this court appointed an amicus
to argue on his behalf. Mpoy and the amicus challenge the
dismissal of his section 1983 claim under Patsy v. Board of
Regents of Florida, which held that “exhaustion of state
administrative remedies” is not “a prerequisite to bringing an
action pursuant to [section] 1983” in federal court. 457 U.S.
496, 516 (1982). In response, appellees conceded error and
moved to vacate the judgment below. We denied the motion
and heard oral argument, mindful of our duty to independently
examine confessed errors before disturbing a final judgment.
See Young v. United States, 315 U.S. 257, 258–59 (1942).
We review the district court’s dismissal of Mpoy’s
complaint de novo. Cannon v. District of Columbia, 717 F.3d
200, 204 (D.C. Cir. 2013).
II.
The “settled rule” is that exhaustion of state remedies is
generally “not a prerequisite to an action under [section] 1983.”
Knick v. Township of Scott, 139 S. Ct. 2162, 2167 (2019)
(cleaned up). Only Congress, not judges, may require the
exhaustion of administrative remedies for a section 1983 claim
brought in federal court. See Patsy, 457 U.S. at 512, 516.
Because no federal statute requires Mpoy to exhaust
administrative remedies under D.C. law, the district court erred
in dismissing Mpoy’s section 1983 claim on exhaustion
grounds.
A.
Mpoy’s claim arises under section 1983, which
“guarantees a federal forum for claims of unconstitutional

4

treatment at the hands of state officials.” Knick, 139 S. Ct. at
2167 (cleaned up). Section 1983 makes no reference to
exhaustion at all.
1
The Supreme Court has repeatedly held,
most notably in Patsy, that the section 1983 remedial scheme
is incompatible with judge-made exhaustion requirements. See
457 U.S. at 500, 507 (collecting cases). It would “defeat the
purpose of [section] 1983” if the “assertion of a federal claim
in a federal court must await an attempt to vindicate the same
claim in a state [proceeding].” Knick, 139 S. Ct. at 2173
(quoting McNeese v. Board of Ed. for Community Unit School
Dist. 187, 373 U.S. 668, 672 (1963)). The longstanding rule is
therefore that plaintiffs need not exhaust state remedies before
bringing claims under section 1983 in federal court. Id. at 2167;
Patsy, 457 U.S. at 516.
This circuit has also squarely held that this settled rule
governs section 1983 claims against D.C. officials, and so a
plaintiff bringing such a claim in federal court “need not
exhaust his local remedies.” Tri Cnty. Indus., Inc. v. District of
Columbia, 104 F.3d 455, 457, 462 (D.C. Cir. 1997). Because
section 1983 treats the District the same as a state, requiring
exhaustion of D.C. law remedies is likewise incompatible with
the text and design of section 1983.
Congress could have imposed an exhaustion requirement
for section 1983 claims against D.C. officials. See Patsy, 457
U.S. at 501, 510 (“Congress is vested with the power to
prescribe the basic procedural scheme under which claims may
be heard in federal courts.”). But Congress has not done so, and

1
Section 1983 provides a federal cause of action against “[e]very
person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation,
custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of
Columbia,” deprives another of “any rights, privileges, or
immunities secured by the Constitution and laws.” 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

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a “judicially imposed exhaustion requirement would be
inconsistent” with the section 1983 remedial scheme. Id. at
507–08, 516.
Although the CMPA provides an alternative
administrative scheme for Mpoy to contest his suspension, he
is not required to exhaust these D.C. law remedies before
bringing his section 1983 claim in federal court.
B.
In reaching a contrary result, the court below, like other
district courts in this circuit, relied on inapposite circuit and
D.C. Court of Appeals decisions and conflated exhaustion with
the merits.
The district court relied on two of this court’s precedents,
but neither applies here. In the first case, National Treasury
Employees Union v. King (“NTEU”), this court stated that
“exhaustion is required” for constitutional claims that are
“premised on the same facts” as statutory claims and where the
“administrative process is fully capable of granting full relief.”
961 F.2d 240, 243 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (cleaned up). But the claims
at issue in NTEU were federal claims for which Congress had
provided an administrative review scheme that implicitly
required exhaustion. See id. at 242–44. NTEU is inapposite in
the context of the CMPA and section 1983, because it is long
settled that exhaustion of D.C. administrative remedies is not a
condition for bringing section 1983 claims in federal court. See
Tri Cnty. Indus., 104 F.3d at 462.
The second case is Johnson v. District of Columbia, which
affirmed the dismissal of several claims, including section
1983 claims, for failure to exhaust administrative remedies
under the CMPA. 552 F.3d 806, 807–09 (D.C. Cir. 2008).
Johnson made clear, however, that the plaintiff had waived any

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challenge to the district court’s conclusion that her section
1983 claims had to be exhausted under the CMPA. Id. at 814
n.8. In Johnson, this court merely assumed without deciding
that exhaustion was required and did not otherwise reach the
issue. See id.
The district court also stated that Mpoy’s section 1983
claim is “statutorily preempted by the CMPA” and cited other
district court decisions that have held the CMPA’s remedial
scheme implicitly precludes federal court jurisdiction over
employment related claims brought under section 1983. Mpoy,
2024 WL 3443605, at *4 (citing McManus v. District of
Columbia, 530 F. Supp. 2d 46, 79 (D.D.C. 2007)). Whether
framed in terms of preemption or preclusion, this reasoning is
wholly at odds with section 1983 and settled precedent.
It is true that the highest court in the District, the D.C.
Court of Appeals, has held that the CMPA implicitly precludes
the jurisdiction of local D.C. courts over covered claims until
after administrative proceedings are completed. See Stockard
v. Moss, 706 A.2d 561, 564, 567 (D.C. 1997). But the CMPA
cannot preclude federal court jurisdiction over section 1983
claims. “Only Congress may determine a lower federal court’s
subject-matter jurisdiction.” Kontrick v. Ryan, 540 U.S. 443,
452 (2004). Congress has withheld authority from the D.C.
Council to alter the procedural framework by which section
1983 claims are resolved in federal court.
2
It would be

2
Congress has delegated legislative power to the D.C. Council under
the Home Rule Act, but this authority cannot be used to limit section
1983 claims brought in federal court. The Act “provides that the D.C.
Council ‘shall have no authority ... to amend or repeal any Act of
Congress ... which is not restricted in its application exclusively in
or to the District.’” D.C. Ass’n of Chartered Pub. Schs. v. District of
Columbia, 930 F.3d 487, 492 (D.C. Cir. 2019) (quoting D.C. Code
§ 1-206.02(a)(3)). Because section 1983 plainly applies beyond the

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extraordinary for a federal court to conclude that a state law
administrative review scheme precludes federal court
jurisdiction over section 1983 claims. So too for the CMPA.
Finally, the district court asserted that going through the
CMPA administrative process would cure Mpoy’s alleged due
process violation. See Mpoy, 2024 WL 3443605, at *3–4
(citing Hoey v. District of Columbia, 540 F. Supp. 2d 218, 227–
29 (D.D.C. 2008)). This reasoning improperly conflates
exhaustion with the merits.
3
Whether the CMPA’s procedures
might satisfy due process goes to the merits of Mpoy’s section
1983 claim, not to the question of whether failure to exhaust
closes the courthouse doors. See Williams v. Reed, 145 S. Ct.
465, 471 n.4 (2025). The merits of Mpoy’s due process claim
do not affect the longstanding rule that section 1983 claims
brought in federal court are not subject to an exhaustion
requirement.

District, it cannot be modified by the D.C. Council. The CMPA
rightly says nothing about precluding federal court jurisdiction over
section 1983 claims or exhausting administrative remedies before
bringing such claims in federal court. The district court erred by
relying on the CMPA to dismiss Mpoy’s section 1983 claim.
3
Other district courts have relied on similar reasoning to find “an
exception” to Patsy that permits judge-made exhaustion
requirements for section 1983 claims asserting procedural due
process rights. Hoey, 540 F. Supp. 2d at 227. Binding precedent
forecloses this due process exception. See Tri Cnty. Indus., 104 F.3d
at 462 (“[O]ne pursuing a procedural due process claim need not
exhaust his local remedies.”); see also Knick, 139 S. Ct. at 2172–73
(explaining that the rule against exhaustion requirements for section
1983 claims is “as true for takings claims as for any other claim
grounded in the Bill of Rights”).

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In sum, Mpoy was not required to exhaust administrative
remedies available under D.C. law before filing his section
1983 claim in federal court.
* * *
For the foregoing reasons, the district court erred in
dismissing Mpoy’s section 1983 claim for failure to exhaust
remedies available under D.C. law. We reverse the district
court’s dismissal of that claim. We also vacate the dismissal of
Mpoy’s D.C. law claims because our reversal as to the section
1983 claim eliminates the district court’s grounds for declining
supplemental jurisdiction over the D.C. law claims. See
Cannon, 717 F.3d at 208–09. We therefore reverse in part,
vacate in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.
So ordered.