United States v. Edward Joseph Lowen

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
___________
No. 10-2718
___________
Southern Wine and Spirits of *
Nevada, A Division of Southern *
Wine and Spirits of America, Inc., *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Western District of Arkansas.
Mountain Valley Spring Company, *
LLC, *
*
Appellant. *
___________
Submitted: March 29, 2011
Filed: July 19, 2011
___________
Before LOKEN, SMITH, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
___________
GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.
A jury returned a verdict in favor of Southern Wine & Spirits of Nevada
(“Southern”) on its claims arising out of a distributor agreement with Mountain Valley
Spring Company (“Mountain Valley”) and a verdict in favor of Mountain Valley on
one of its counterclaims. Notwithstanding the verdict, the district court granted
judgment as a matter of law to Southern on Mountain Valley’s counterclaim but
denied Mountain Valley’s motion for judgment as a matter of law on Southern’s
claims. Mountain Valley appeals both of these rulings and the district court’s denial

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1 Paragraph 5.10, titled “Company’s Remedies,” explains Mountain Valley’s
remedies if Southern defaults on its obligations pursuant to Paragraph 5.9, which
defines six actions that “shall be considered a default:” (a) the failure to pay for
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of its motion for a new trial. For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part and reverse
in part.
I. BACKGROUND
On March 12, 1993, Southern and Mountain Valley entered into a distributor
agreement (“Agreement”) granting Southern “the exclusive right to sell and
distribute” bottled water products supplied by Mountain Valley within a seventeen-
county region around Las Vegas, Nevada. Mountain Valley drafted the Agreement,
which provided as follows with regard to its duration:
II. TERM. The duration of this Distributor relationship shall be
conditioned upon the following:
2.1 Term.
This Agreement shall become effective upon the date set
forth in Paragraph 10.18 hereof and shall remain in effect
until terminated under Paragraph 2.2 or 2.3 hereof.
2.2 Termination by Mutual Consent.
This Agreement may be terminated at any time by mutual
consent of the parties embodied in a single writing signed
by each party and effective as provided therein.
2.3 Termination by Default.
This Agreement may be terminated for cause pursuant to
Paragraph 5.101 hereof.

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bottled water products pursuant to Mountain Valley’s terms, (b) any other failure to
perform an obligation under the Agreement, (c) an assignment by Southern for the
benefit of creditors, (d) the discontinuation of normal services to customers or of
distributorship operations, (e) a determination that Southern has practiced “bait and
switch” sales techniques that utilized Mountain Valley sales materials to sell
customers other non-Mountain Valley products, and (f) materially misrepresenting or
misleading Mountain Valley.
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In 2004, Clear Mountain Spring Water Company bought Mountain Valley and
assumed its name and the Agreement. Soon after, Mountain Valley sought to
reposition its brand from focusing “on selling cheap water” to competing “in the
premium segment of the bottled water business.” Mountain Valley redesigned its
product offerings and advertising and introduced a newly designed glass bottle in
order to compete with well-established premium water products such as Voss, Evian,
and Fiji. Mountain Valley asserts that Southern did not approve of this brand
repositioning and did not carry and promote the full line of its high-end glass bottled
water products. Mountain Valley also alleges that Southern refused to attend two of
its national conferences, at which Mountain Valley sought to educate its distributors
about its new marketing strategies. In 2006, Mountain Valley began negotiating with
Anheuser-Busch for a nationwide distribution contract, although no agreement was
consummated.
In May 2007, the course of business between the parties changed. Mountain
Valley claims that it merely altered the prices and terms on which it sold products to
Southern as allowed by the Agreement, while Southern claims that Mountain Valley
placed its account “on credit hold” and then “refused to process, load, or ship . . . six
purchase orders.” On June 7, Mountain Valley representatives traveled to Las Vegas
to meet with Southern representatives. Mountain Valley claims that its representatives
sought to discuss the possibility of mutually and amicably terminating the Agreement
if Mountain Valley’s negotiations toward a national distributorship agreement proved
successful. Southern claims that Mountain Valley’s representatives unilaterally
terminated the Agreement. Furthermore, Southern argues that, on June 18, Mountain

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Valley arranged for the Nevada Beverage Company to take over the distribution of
Mountain Valley’s bottled water products within Southern’s exclusive distribution
territory. Mountain Valley, however, claims that it did not terminate the Agreement
until October 2007, after “Southern’s refusal to purchase product at the prices and
terms Mountain Valley set and Southern’s various other defaults and non-
performance.”
Southern filed suit, bringing claims for breach of contract, unjust enrichment,
breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, fraud, failure to pay on
account stated, tortious interference, and defamation. Mountain Valley asserted
counterclaims for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, fraud,
defamation, and tortious interference. Mountain Valley moved for partial summary
judgment on Southern’s breach of contract claim, arguing that the Agreement was for
an indefinite term and, thus, terminable at will by either party. The district court
denied this motion, construing the Agreement as establishing a perpetual term,
rendering it terminable only according to its provisions.
Both parties moved for judgment as a matter of law at the close of the evidence.
The district court dismissed Southern’s claim for unjust enrichment and dismissed
both parties’ claims for fraud, defamation, and tortious interference. The jury returned
a verdict for Southern on its claims for breach of contract and breach of the implied
covenant of good faith and fair dealing, awarding damages in the amount of
$818,942.00, and a verdict for Southern on its claim for failure to pay on account
stated, awarding additional damages in the amount of $42,333.35. The jury also
returned a verdict for Mountain Valley on its counterclaim for breach of the implied
covenant of good faith and fair dealing and awarded Mountain Valley damages in the
amount of $183,341.65. Southern subsequently filed a renewed motion for judgment
as a matter of law on Mountain Valley’s counterclaim, which the district court
granted. Mountain Valley also filed a renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law
and, alternatively, requested a new trial, which the district court denied. The district

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court then entered a judgment in favor of Southern in the amount of $861,275.35 plus
applicable pre-judgment and post-judgment interest. This appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Term of the Agreement
Mountain Valley contends that the district court erred in construing the
Agreement as having a perpetual term, rather than an indefinite term that would allow
either party to terminate it at will. Mountain Valley moved for a new trial on
Southern’s breach of contract claim, at which the sole issue would be whether
Mountain Valley permissibly terminated the Agreement after a reasonable time and
with reasonable notice. See Sierra Wine & Liquor Co. v. Heublein, Inc., 626 F.2d
129, 131 (9th Cir. 1980) (applying Nevada law) (holding that a “contract which
includes no express term is terminable at will after a reasonable period, upon
reasonable notice”). Southern asserts, and the district court agreed, that the
Agreement was perpetual and, therefore, only terminable pursuant to its explicit terms.
We review the district court’s denial of Mountain Valley’s motion for a new
trial for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Barrera, 628 F.3d 1004, 1007 (8th
Cir. 2011). A district court abuses its discretion when it bases its decision on a legal
error. Roach v. Stouffer, 560 F.3d 860, 863 (8th Cir. 2009). As such, “[w]e review
de novo a district court’s interpretation and construction of a contract, as well as a
district court’s interpretation of state law.” Am. Prairie Constr. Co. v. Hoich, 594
F.3d 1015, 1023 (8th Cir. 2010). Our subject matter jurisdiction in this case is based
upon diversity of citizenship, and the parties agree that we are to apply Nevada law.
See Kaufmann v. Siemens Med. Solutions USA, Inc., 638 F.3d 840, 843 (8th Cir.
2011). Thus, we “must attempt to predict what [the state supreme] court would decide
if it were to address the issue.” Raines v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 637 F.3d 872, 875
(8th Cir. 2011).

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According to Nevada law, “the court shall effectuate the intent of the parties”
when interpreting a contract. Davis v. Nev. Nat’l Bank, 737 P.2d 503, 505 (Nev.
1987). “A basic rule of contract interpretation is that ‘every word must be given effect
if at all possible.’” Musser v. Bank of Am., 964 P.2d 51, 54 (Nev. 1998) (quoting
Royal Indem. Co. v. Special Serv. Supply Co., 413 P.2d 500, 502 (Nev. 1966)). “A
court should not interpret a contract so as to make meaningless its provisions.”
Phillips v. Mercer, 579 P.2d 174, 176 (Nev. 1978).
The Supreme Court of Nevada addressed the enforceability of perpetual
contracts for the first time in Bell v. Leven, 90 P.3d 1286 (Nev. 2004). In Bell, the
contract included language regarding its duration: “the term of this agreement is
perpetual or until terminated by mutual consent [of] all parties.” Id. at 1287
(alteration in original). The state district court “concluded that the perpetual duration
clause in the agreement did not provide a legally sufficient duration, and thus,
determined that the duration of the agreement was for a reasonable period of time.”
Id. The Supreme Court of Nevada reversed and held that, although “courts should
avoid construing contracts to impose a perpetual obligation[,] . . . when the language
of a contract clearly provides that the contract is to have a perpetual duration, the
courts must enforce the contract according to its terms.” Id. at 1288.
In reaching this conclusion, the Supreme Court of Nevada cited, with approval,
the Oregon Court of Appeals’ decision in Paul Gabrilis, Inc. v. Dahl, 961 P.2d 865
(Or. Ct. App. 1998). Bell, 90 P.3d at 1288. In Dahl, the court stated that, “if there is
nothing in the nature or language of a contract to indicate that the contract is
perpetual, courts will interpret the contract to be terminable at will on reasonable
notice. Nevertheless, where provided for, perpetual agreements will be enforced
according to their terms.” Dahl, 961 P.2d at 868. The court went on to determine that

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the country club membership agreement had a perpetual duration despite the lack of
an express provision to that effect. Id. The court also stated that, “[a]lthough the
inclusion of grounds for termination in an agreement is not always a sign that the
agreement can be terminated only for cause, the inclusion of such a provision strongly
suggests that it is.” Id.
Mountain Valley argues that the Agreement does not expressly and
unequivocally state that it is to be perpetual because “the term ‘perpetual’ does not
appear in the Agreement, nor do[] any other word[s] expressing a similar intent.” The
court in Bell, however, did not condition the finding of a contract’s term as perpetual
on the use of certain magic words; it required that the “language of a contract [must]
clearly provide[]” for a perpetual term. Bell, 90 P.3d at 1288. Here, Section 2.1 of the
Agreement states that the Agreement “shall remain in effect until terminated under
Paragraphs 2.2 or 2.3.” The Agreement clearly provides for a perpetual duration
unless one of two specific events occurs—mutual consent to end the Agreement under
Paragraph 2.2 or default as defined by Paragraphs 2.3, 5.9, and 5.10. If we were to
interpret the Agreement to be terminable at will by either party, as Mountain Valley
urges us to do, we effectively would nullify the contractual provisions regarding the

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2 Mountain Valley also argues that Southern’s position is contradicted by the
statement in Williston on Contracts that it “[i]t is uncommon, although not unheard
of, for a promise, properly interpreted, to call for a perpetual performance.” See 1
Williston on Contracts § 4:22 (4th ed. 2011). However, before arriving at this
conclusion, Professor Williston made a threshold distinction that Mountain Valley
overlooks. Professor Williston stated that policies regarding indefinite contracts are
implicated only when the parties have not agreed on the manner in which the
agreement will come to an end:
In such a case, it is first necessary to interpret the promise in light of all
surrounding circumstances, and with reference to its subject matter, in
order to ascertain the intention of the parties. It may be that once
properly interpreted, the promise means perpetual performance; it may
also mean performance is to begin in a reasonable time or be continued
for a reasonable time; finally, it may mean that the time was simply left
indefinite with the expectation that the parties might continue
performance as long as they pleased or that they would subsequently
settle that term of the promise. It is only in this last class of case that the
question of indefiniteness will arise.
Id. (emphasis added). Because Mountain Valley and Southern agreed specifically on
the term of their relationship, our interpretation is consistent with Professor
Williston’s analysis.
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conditions for termination—a result rejected by Nevada law.2 See Phillips, 579 P.2d
at 176.
In short, Mountain Valley and Southern contemplated the duration of their
relationship and agreed to a term that ends only by mutual consent or specific acts of
default. See Bell, 90 P.3d at 1288; cf. Lichnovsky v. Ziebart Int’l Corp., 324 N.W.2d
732, 739 (Mich. 1982) (“An agreement which the parties have agreed is terminable
only for cause, and which is thus by their agreement to endure until so terminated, is
legally enforceable until terminated on that ground.”). As such, the district court did
not err when it determined that the Agreement between Mountain Valley and Southern
was for a perpetual term and not for an indefinite term. Accordingly, the district court

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3 Mountain Valley also argues that a new trial is warranted because the district
court abused its discretion by excluding certain letters between counsel and
management for Mountain Valley and Southern. The district court excluded the
correspondence as inadmissible pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 408 as
statements made in compromise negotiations and Federal Rule of Evidence 403 as
cumulative evidence that could mislead the jury. The court also held that, even if the
letters were excluded improperly, Mountain Valley failed to show that the exclusion
was so prejudicial to it as to warrant a new trial. “In deference to a district court’s
familiarity with the details of the case and its greater experience in evidentiary
matters, courts of appeals afford broad discretion to a district court’s evidentiary
rulings.” Sprint/United Mgmt. Co. v. Mendelsohn, 552 U.S. 379, 384 (2008). Our
deference to district court determinations “is particularly true with respect to Rule
403.” Id. After reviewing the record, we cannot say that the district court abused its
broad discretion when it excluded these letters and, as such, the district court did not
abuse its discretion when it refused to grant Mountain Valley’s motion for a new trial
on this basis.
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did not abuse its discretion when it denied Mountain Valley’s motion for a new trial
on this basis. 3
B. Mountain Valley’s Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith
and Fair Dealing
After the jury returned its verdict, Mountain Valley renewed its motion for
judgment as a matter of law, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(b), on Southern’s claims for breach
of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The
district court denied Mountain Valley’s motion. On appeal, Mountain Valley
challenges only the district court’s denial of its Rule 50(b) motion for judgment as a
matter of law on Southern’s implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing claim.
We review de novo a district court’s denial of a post-verdict motion for judgment as
a matter of law, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. Canny
v. Dr Pepper/Seven-Up Bottling Grp., Inc., 439 F.3d 894, 899 (8th Cir. 2006).
Judgment as a matter of law is only appropriate when no reasonable jury could have
found for the nonmoving party. Mattis v. Carlon Elec. Prods., 295 F.3d 856, 860 (8th

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Cir. 2002). In deciding whether to grant judgment as a matter of law, we may not
weigh the credibility of evidence, and conflicts in the evidence must be resolved in
favor of the verdict. Schooley v. Orkin Extermination Co., 502 F.3d 759, 764 (8th Cir.
2007).
Mountain Valley argues that, “[w]hen actions allegedly constituting a breach
of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing are also allegedly a breach of the
contract itself, that claim is properly asserted as a breach of contract claim,” and that
Southern failed to identify the damages that resulted from Mountain Valley’s alleged
breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. However, Mountain
Valley did not object to the verdict form, which included separate interrogatories for
Southern’s breach of contract claim and its breach of the implied covenant of good
faith and fair dealing claim but only a single interrogatory for “the amount that you
find from the preponderance of the evidence should be awarded to Southern Wine to
reasonably and fairly compensate it for the damages which you find were proximately
caused by the fault of Mountain Valley.” Our court “has made it very clear that[,]
where the [district] court submits a single damage question for multiple claims and
where the evidence supports the actual damage award on any of the claims, the award
will not be set aside.” Walsh v. Nat’l Computer Sys., Inc., 332 F.3d 1150, 1159 (8th
Cir. 2003). Therefore, because Mountain Valley did not appeal the district court’s
denial of its renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law on Southern’s breach of
contract claim, we nonetheless affirm the jury’s award of damages to Southern on its
unchallenged breach of contract claim. See LeSueur Creamery, Inc. v. Haskon, Inc.,
660 F.2d 342, 346 n.7 (8th Cir. 1981) (“We need only find that LeSueur is entitled to
recover on one of its claims to sustain the verdict.”); see also Conseco Fin. Servicing
Corp. v. N. Am. Mortg. Co., 381 F.3d 811, 822-23 (8th Cir. 2004). As such, the
district court did not err when it denied Mountain Valley’s renewed motion for
judgment as a matter of law on Southern’s implied covenant of good faith and fair
dealing claim.

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C. Southern’s Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair
Dealing
Mountain Valley argued that Southern breached the Agreement’s implied
covenant of good faith and fair dealing by failing to carry and market its high-end
glass bottled water products and focusing instead on selling Mountain Valley’s less-
profitable small plastic bottled water products. The jury returned a verdict in favor
of Mountain Valley on its counterclaim for breach of the implied covenant of good
faith and fair dealing, awarding damages of $183,341.65. In its renewed motion for
judgment as a matter of law, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(b), Southern argued that Mountain
Valley failed to present a sufficient evidentiary basis to link Mountain Valley’s
alleged damages to its claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair
dealing, as opposed to its claims for tortious interference with business relationships,
defamation, and fraud, which ultimately were not submitted to the jury. Southern
argued that Mountain Valley failed to establish a sufficient factual basis on which the
jury could award damages on its claim for breach of the implied covenant of good
faith and fair dealing because Mountain Valley’s damages expert, Barclay Griffiths,
failed to differentiate between Mountain Valley’s four claims and instead calculated
one total damage amount. The district court agreed and set aside the jury’s verdict.
As we have noted, we review the grant of a renewed motion for judgment as a
matter of law “under the same standard followed by the district court.” Brosnahan v.
W. Air Lines, Inc., 892 F.2d 730, 732 (8th Cir. 1989). Judgment as a matter of law is
only appropriate when no reasonable jury could have found for the nonmoving party.
Mattis, 295 F.3d at 860. In our analysis, we may not weigh the credibility of
evidence, and conflicts in the evidence must be resolved in favor of the verdict.
Schooley, 502 F.3d at 764.
According to Nevada law, “[w]here the terms of a contract are literally
complied with but one party to the contract deliberately countervenes [sic] the
intention and spirit of the contract, that party can incur liability for breach of the

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implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.” Hilton Hotels Corp. v. Butch Lewis
Prods, Inc., 808 P.2d 919, 922-23 (Nev. 1991); see also Frantz v. Johnson, 999 P.2d
351, 358 n.4 (Nev. 2000) (“An implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing exists
in every Nevada contract and essentially forbids arbitrary, unfair acts by one party that
disadvantage the other.”); Overhead Door Co. of Reno v. Overhead Door Corp., 734
P.2d 1233, 1235 (Nev. 1987) (“[A]n implied covenant of good faith forbids arbitrary
action by one party that disadvantages the other.” (alteration in original) (quoting
Resource Mgmt. Co. v. Weston Ranch & Livestock Co., 706 P.2d 1028, 1037 (Utah
1985))). Also, under Nevada law, “[t]he plaintiff has the burden to prove the amount
of damages it is seeking.” Clark Cnty. Sch. Dist. v. Richardson Constr., Inc., 168 P.3d
87, 97 (Nev. 2007). “Although the amount of damages need not be proven with
mathematical certainty, testimony on the amount may not be speculative.” Id.; see
also Clark Mort Wallin of Lake Tahoe, Inc. v. Commercial Cabinet Co., 784 P.2d 954,
955 (Nev. 1989) (holding that the plaintiff has the burden to provide the court with
“an evidentiary basis upon which it may properly determine the amount of plaintiff’s
damages”).
According to the district court, “[a] review of Griffiths’ testimony fails to
disclose any evidence of facts which would establish a link between any conduct on
the part of Southern . . . with damages suffered by Mountain Valley specifically
because of Southern[’s] alleged breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair
dealing.” Southern contends that the district court reached the correct conclusion:
“Griffiths could not segregate harm allegedly caused by Southern from other factors,
much less point out the harm caused by Southern’s alleged breach of the implied
covenant of good faith and fair dealing.” In opposition, Mountain Valley argues that
“[t]he law does not require an expert to pair his opinion on damages to a particular
cause of action.” Likewise, Mountain Valley asserts that “Griffiths did not identify
a legal cause of action; he identified the actions of Southern that resulted in the
damages to Mountain Valley that he calculated, i.e. Southern performed better as a

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distributor for other high-end waters (Voss, Fiji and Evian) than did the overall U.S.
market, and worse for Mountain Valley than did the overall U.S. market.”
We agree with Mountain Valley that Griffiths’s testimony, when taken in the
context of Mountain Valley’s claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith
and fair dealing, provided a sufficient evidentiary basis on which the jury could award
damages to Mountain Valley for this claim. Griffiths testified that, “if
Southern . . . could over-perform for [Voss, Fiji, and Evian], then if you took that
average over-performance, which is about 13 percent, then Mountain Valley sales in
Nevada would have been much higher. So it’s really calculating what it should have
been if Mountain Valley did as well as the average of these three brands.” Griffiths’s
testimony is consistent with Mountain Valley’s evidence supporting its claim for
breach of the implied covenant, which suggested that Southern contravened “the
intention and spirit of the contract” by failing to carry out Mountain Valley’s brand
repositioning and by failing to promote and distribute Mountain Valley’s high-end
glass bottled water products in the same manner as it promoted and distributed other
similar products. See Hilton Hotels, 808 P.2d at 922-23.
Griffiths calculated Mountain Valley’s damages by first determining the
percentage by which Mountain Valley products underperformed in the Nevada market
as compared to the national market. Griffiths next determined the percentage by
which other high-end bottled water products distributed by Southern over-performed
in the Nevada market as compared to their sales in the national market. He then
determined the number of extra cases of Mountain Valley products that would have
been sold had Mountain Valley products over-performed in the Nevada market to the
same degree as the three other high-end brands. At this point, Griffiths multiplied the
number of cases that Southern allegedly would have sold by Mountain Valley’s profit
per case for the years 2004, 2005, and 2006, and added this number to an estimate of

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4 “[The] ‘Gordon growth’ model . . . assumes constant growth of an asset and
then discounts this value to arrive at the present value of the terminal value.” Matrix
Grp Ltd. v. Rawlings Sporting Goods Co., 477 F.3d 583, 594 (8th Cir. 2007). “The
[Gordon] growth model . . . has been specifically recognized as an accepted way to
determine terminal value.” Id.
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future lost profits derived from the Gordon growth model. 4 As a result, Griffiths
determined Mountain Valley’s total damages to be $399,713.00. We believe that this
was a reasonable method of estimating the damage that would be caused by the failure
to carry, market, and promote Mountain Valley’s high-end glass bottled water
products.
Moreover, Griffiths fully explained to the jury how he reached his damage
amount, and Southern subjected Griffiths to lengthy cross-examination regarding his
assumptions and calculations. Southern’s criticism of Griffiths’s methodology and
assumptions “goes to the weight of the evidence,” Weitz Co. v. M.H. Washington, 631
F.3d 510, 527 (8th Cir. 2011), and does not lead to the conclusion that the jury had
insufficient evidence on which to base its damage award. In fact, the jury awarded
less than half of the amount Griffiths had calculated, lending further support to the
notion that, when the jury determined that Southern had breached the implied
covenant of good faith and fair dealing, the “evidence was sufficient to enable the jury
to make an intelligent estimate of . . . damages without resorting to mere speculation.”
See United Fire & Cas. Co. v. Historic Pres. Trust, 265 F.3d 722, 730 (8th Cir. 2001).
As such, the district court erred when it set aside the jury’s verdict on Mountain
Valley’s claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

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III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Mountain
Valley’s motion for a new trial and renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law,
but we reverse the district court’s grant of judgment as a matter of law to Southern on
Mountain Valley’s claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair
dealing and remand to reinstate the jury’s verdict and award on that claim.
______________________________

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