United States of America v. Armel Richardson

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 15-1403
U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
A RMEL R ICHARDSON ,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 13 CR 109-1— Gary S. Feinerman, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED J ANUARY 26, 2016— DECIDED F EBRUARY 9, 2016
____________________
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and BAUER and P OSNER , Circuit
Judges.
POSNER , Circuit Judge. The defendant pleaded guilty to
conspiracy to distribute an illegal drug, in violation of
21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a), and was sentenced to 114 months in
prison. His appeal challenges only the length of his sentence,
which he contends was based on unreliable evidence con-
sisting of police reports of previous crimes that he’d commit-
ted.

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2 No. 15-1403
Because he was a career offender his guidelines range
was 151 to 188 months. Thus he received a below-guidelines
sentence. (Had he not been a career offender, his guidelines
range would have been only 77 to 96 months.) But it is ap-
parent from remarks made by the district judge at the sen-
tencing hearing that the judge would have imposed an even
lower sentence had it not been for the description in the
presentence report of two convictions of the defendant, un-
related to the convictions that resulted in the career offender
determination that increased his guidelines range, for pos-
session of illegal drugs. It was those two convictions that
persuaded the judge that (in his words) the defendant “is a
career offender, not just technically but actually.”
The two offenses that made the defendant technically a
career offender had been committed in 1997, some 18 years
before the sentencing hearing, when he was only 19 years
old, and the offenses had involved only small amounts of
(crack) cocaine (7.2 grams and .2 grams, respectively). The
two convictions that caught the judge’s eye were for posses-
sion of at least 3, and of at least 25, grams of cocaine, in 2001
and 2005 respectively, when the defendant had been 23 and
26 years old. The judge said that those two offenses could
“very easily” have been charged as distribution offenses,
which are punished more heavily than charges of simple
possession and would have made the defendant a career of-
fender even if he hadn’t attained that status by virtue of the
1997 convictions.
It is apparent that had the judge not considered the 2001
and 2005 offenses, he would have given the defendant an
even shorter sentence than 114 months. The defendant com-
plains, however, that the only descriptions of those offenses

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No. 15-1403 3
in the presentence report were based on police reports, and
that such reports often are unreliable and therefore should
not have been the basis of a heavier sentence than the judge
would otherwise have imposed. Indeed he argues that in-
formation in uncorroborated police reports should never be
allowed to influence a sentencing judge, because such re-
ports are hearsay.
What is true is that “a sentencing court may not consider
police reports to determine whether a prior conviction meets
the definition of a crime of violence or a controlled substance
offense for purposes of classifying a defendant as a career
offender.” United States v. Durham, 645 F.3d 883, 896 (7th Cir.
2011), summarizing Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13
(2005). But that was not what the district judge did. The clas-
sification of the defendant as a career offender is not contest-
ed. The only issue is whether a sentencing judge can allow
his exercise of sentencing discretion to be influenced by a
summary of police reports in the presentence report pre-
pared by the Probation Service. He can. Judges routinely rely
on information found in such reports, even though much of
that information is hearsay. The rules of evidence do not ap-
ply to sentencing, and so the sentencing judge is free to con-
sider hearsay found in presentence reports provided that “it
is well supported and appears reliable.” United States v.
Heckel, 570 F.3d 791, 795 (7th Cir. 2009). The only hearsay in
the presentence report relating to the defendant’s 2001 and
2005 offenses was the amount of drugs plus a statement that
he’d been found with a digital scale containing crack cocaine
residue, along with $7,515 in cash, when he was arrested in
2005—his convictions and sentences were matters of public
record, and the sentences of 27 months for the 3-gram of-
fense and 98 months for the 25-gram offense were consistent

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4 No. 15-1403
with the drug amounts; and as the defendant presented no
evidence that the police reports were inaccurate in any re-
spect relevant to this case, the judge was not required to dis-
regard those amounts.
A FFIRMED

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