VICTOR LUCAJ and MEGANN LUCAJ v. City of Taylor

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 13a0807n.06
No. 12-1959
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
VICTOR LUCAJ and MEGANN LUCAJ,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
CITY OF TAYLOR,
Defendant,
GINA STARZEC; KRISTINA CORNE,
Defendants-Appellants.
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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
MICHIGAN
Before: SILER and COLE, Circuit Judges; DOWD, District Judge.*
SILER, Circuit Judge. Victor and Megann Lucaj sued the City of Taylor and several police
officers after their home was searched for marijuana plants that the Lucajs had reported to authorities
and requested to be removed from their property. The Lucajs claimed that the search violated their
rights under the Fourth Amendment and raised several other claims, including excessive force, false
arrest, false imprisonment, gross negligence, assault and battery, and intentional infliction of
emotional distress. The district court denied Gina Starzec’s and Kristina Corne’s motion for
summary judgment on the basis of qualified immunity and they appeal. For the reasons that follow,
we REVERSE the district court’s denial of summary judgment.
The Honorable David D. Dowd, Jr., United States District Judge for the Northern District*
of Ohio, sitting by designation.

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Lucaj v. City of Taylor
I.
In April 2009, Victor Lucaj discovered three potted marijuana plants in his backyard near his
property line. He reported the plants to the Taylor police, advised them that the plants did not belong
to the Lucajs, and requested that the police remove the plants from the property.
That evening, Taylor Police Officer Jeffrey Shewchuk issued a Call For Service (CFS)
regarding the marijuana plants, which he categorized as a health and safety violation. The CFS
named the complainant as “Victor,” and read: “Caller located suspected marijuana (potted) plants
in his backyard. Please park a few houses away. He fears retaliation.” Officer Starzec received the
CFS on her computer and improperly categorized it as a narcotics investigation. She referred the
matter to Officer Meggan Kantz of the Taylor Police Department. Starzec left a voice message on
Kantz’s phone, mistakenly identifying the Lucajs’ neighbor as the complaining party rather than the
Lucajs themselves. The voice mail stated:
At 9012 Continental, 9012 Continental, that is in Labana Woods, Labana Woods at
(inaudible) in the backyard of that residence there is potted weed plants growing in
pots and the neighbor wants something done about it. There was a run put in for it.
I’m passing it on to you. I am clearing out this run.
No police officers came to the Lucaj residence that evening.
The next morning, April 20, 2009, Mrs. Lucaj spoke to her brother, Aaron Burke, about the
marijuana plants. Burke called his friend at the Taylor Police Department, who relayed the
information to Sgt. Tony Neal of the Taylor Special Operations Unit.
Around 4:00 p.m. on April 20, Kantz and another officer went to the Lucajs’ neighborhood
to conduct surveillance. They observed pots containing marijuana plants in the Lucajs’ backyard.
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Kantz then prepared an affidavit for a search warrant of the Lucajs’ residence. In preparing the
search warrant affidavit, Kantz failed to follow established department procedures, which likely
would have revealed that it was the Lucajs themselves that reported the marijuana plants. The
affidavit stated: “Further, on 08/19/09 Officer Starzec from Taylor PD informed affiant they received
a tip at the above address that they were growing marijuana in pots in their backyard. The tip was
phone[d] in from an anonymous neighbor.” The warrant was signed by a judge and issued at about
7:30 p.m. on April 20, 2009.
While Kantz was procuring the search warrant, Neal and Sgt. Jim Martin paid a visit to the
Lucaj residence. Dressed in plain clothes, Neal and Martin arrived at about 7:30 p.m. After
removing the marijuana plants from the backyard, the officers took the plants into the Lucajs’ house
for a brief period. Shortly thereafter, Neal and Martin left with the plants.
At 8:30 p.m., Kantz faxed a deconfliction form to the High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas
coordinator. The deconfliction form is used to prevent conflicts with other police agencies. The
form advised that they would be executing a search warrant at the Lucaj residence at 8:30 p.m.
Kantz did not directly notify the Taylor Special Operations Department that the Downriver Area
Narcotics Organization (“DRANO”) was planning to execute the search warrant.
When the DRANO team arrived at the Lucaj residence, they noticed that the plants were no
longer in the backyard. A neighbor informed the officers that men dressed in plain clothes had taken
the plants into the Lucaj home shortly before DRANO’s arrival. At that point, the team executed
the search warrant. Though the DRANO team knocked and announced their presence, Mrs. Lucaj
was in the bathroom and could not immediately answer the door. Fearing destruction of evidence,
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Lucaj v. City of Taylor
the team forced entry into the home. As Mrs. Lucaj exited the second-floor bathroom and walked
toward the stairwell, officers shouted for her to put her hands up. One of the officers pushed her to
the ground, put a knee on her back, and frisked her. During this time, Mrs. Lucaj asked the officers
who they were and told them that Taylor police officers had already been to her home and had
removed the marijuana plants. Mrs. Lucaj explained that one of the officers had given his business
card to her husband. She retrieved the business card and gave it to the officers. Kantz called Neal,
who confirmed that he had been at the Lucajs’ residence thirty minutes prior and had removed the
marijuana plants from the property.
At some point during the execution of the search warrant, Officers Corne and Starzec
conducted a K-9 (dog) sweep of the premises. The Lucajs contend that the K-9 sweep occurred after
the misunderstanding had been resolved and the search had been formally called off. The district
court found that there was some evidence that Starzec and Corne had acted unreasonably by
conducting the K-9 sweep after Kantz’s conversation with Neal and, thus, they were not entitled to
qualified immunity.
II.
Contrary to the Lucajs’ contention, we have jurisdiction to entertain this interlocutory appeal.
It is true that we lack jurisdiction to consider a district court’s summary judgment order “insofar as
that order determines whether or not the pretrial record sets forth a ‘genuine’ issue of fact for trial.”
Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 319-20 (1995). However, such orders are immediately appealable
if the defendant asserted the defense of qualified immunity and the issue appealed concerns whether
a given set of facts shows a violation of clearly established federal law. Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472
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No. 12-1959
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U.S. 511, 528 (1985). In other words, jurisdiction is conferred where the defendant’s appeal
“involves the abstract or pure legal issue of whether the facts alleged by the plaintiff constitute a
violation of clearly established federal law.” Gregory v. City of Louisville, 444 F.3d 725, 742 (6th
Cir. 2006). Here, Defendants do not dispute the Lucajs’ version of the facts as supported by the
record. Rather, they contend that those facts entitle them to qualified immunity as a matter of law.
Because this is a legal dispute not a factual one we have jurisdiction to resolve it at this time.
III.
We review a district court’s denial of summary judgment on the basis of qualified immunity
de novo. Walker v. Davis, 649 F.3d 502, 503 (6th Cir. 2011). The sole issue upon appeal is whether
the district court erred in denying Starzec’s and Corne’s motion for summary judgment on the basis
of qualified immunity. Because the Lucajs have failed to come forward with any evidence that
Starzec or Corne knew or had reason to know of the circumstances regarding the search before or
during the K-9 sweep, Starzec and Corne are entitled to summary judgment.
The Lucajs have failed to identify any evidence in the record supporting the contention that
Starzec and Corne conducted a K-9 sweep when they knew or should have known that the search
was in error or had been called off. Even if the K-9 sweep occurred after Kantz’s conversation with
Neal, as Lucaj claims, the record does not show that Starzec and Corne had knowledge of Kantz’s
conversation with Neal before or during the K-9 sweep. Mrs. Lucaj testified that Corne was “down
the hall” while she was in the kitchen with other officers attempting to explain that a mistake had
been made. The Lucajs contend that Kantz relayed the information from Neal “to the other officers
in her presence” and that “the search was called off at that point.” Mrs. Lucaj does not contend
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Lucaj v. City of Taylor
specifically, however, that Starzec and Corne were in Kantz’s presence when the information was
relayed.
Without citing to the record, the Lucajs contend that “[a]fter the conclusion of the phone call
with Sgt. Neal, Cpl. Kantz relayed the information to Lt. Pizana, who then told all of the officers to
end the search and leave.” At that point, the Lucajs argue, Corne asked Mrs. Lucaj about her cat
because Corne and Starzec were preparing for the K-9 sweep. The Lucajs fail to identify any
evidence in the record, however, that Pizana told the officers to end the search and leave, much less
prior to the time of the K-9 sweep conducted by Corne and Starzec. Mrs. Lucaj testified that officers
on the scene talked to Neal on the phone and “the next thing [she] remember[ed]” was Corne’s
asking her if she had a cat. Mrs. Lucaj failed to recall Pizana, or anyone, calling off the search or
telling the officers to leave. The Lucajs cannot create a genuine issue and thus defeat a motion for
summary judgment by alleging a fact that is without support in the record. See Gallagher v. C.H.
Robinson Worldwide, Inc., 567 F.3d 263, 270 (6th Cir. 2009) (“A dispute is ‘genuine’ only if based
on evidence upon which a reasonable jury could return a verdict in favor of the non-moving party.”).
Further, it is well settled that qualified immunity must be assessed in the context of each individual’s
specific conduct. Binay v. Bettendorf, 601 F.3d 640, 650 (6th Cir. 2010). The district court erred
by attributing Kantz’s knowledge following her conversation with Neal to Corne and Starzec to
conclude that they should have known that the search was erroneous.
Because no reasonable jury could find that Starzec or Corne knew or should have known that
the search was erroneous prior to conducting the K-9 sweep, the district court’s denial of summary
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judgment is REVERSED and this case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
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