United States of America v. ) on Appeal From the United ) States District Court for Ernest Reagan, ) the Eastern…

The Honorable Sandra S. Beckwith, Senior United States District Judge for the Southern*
District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 10a0665n.06
No. 09-5832
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
ERNEST REAGAN, ) THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
) TENNESSEE
Defendant-Appellant. )
Before: KETHLEDGE and WHITE, Circuit Judges; BECKWITH, Senior District Judge.*
BECKWITH, Senior District Judge. Ernest Reagan, a federal prisoner proceeding through
counsel, appeals a district court order denying his motion to suppress evidence based on an alleged
violation of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. After the motion was denied, Reagan pleaded guilty
to several drug and firearm offenses, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Reagan argues that
there was no probable cause to arrest him and, thus, all evidence obtained should have been
suppressed.
Reagan’s arrest occurred at approximately 4 a.m. at a gas station. That morning in 2007,
Deputy Sheriff Chad Faulkner, who had just completed his shift, was sitting in his unmarked vehicle
at the gas station reading a newspaper when he noticed a black car parked approximately thirty feet

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No. 09-5832 2
United States v. Reagan
behind him. Faulkner heard two people arguing in the car. The passenger, a female, exited the car
and entered the gas station. The driver, a male, remained in the car and turned up the volume on his
stereo. At that point, Faulkner, who was not in uniform, put on his badge, secured his weapon, and
approached the black car from the front and asked the driver (later identified as Reagan), “What’s
the disturbance?” Reagan replied that there was no disturbance. Faulkner, however, noticed two
containers or clear glasses of alcohol in the car’s middle console and smelled alcohol coming from
the car. He asked Reagan to step out of the car and noticed that, as Reagan attempted to get out of
the car, “he stuck his left hand in his left front pocket and pulled a semiautomatic pistol out and put
it in the door pocket of the driver’s side door.” Once Reagan was out of the car, Faulkner cuffed and
patted Reagan down. And with Reagan secured, Faulkner read him his Miranda (v. Arizona, 384
U.S. 436 (1966)) rights. He then asked Reagan if there were any other weapons in the car, to which
Reagan responded that there was another gun in the car’s center console. Faulkner opened the
console and retrieved a loaded .38-caliber revolver. He also retrieved the semiautomatic pistol,
unloaded both weapons, and placed them on the hood of the car.
Faulkner placed both Reagan and the female passenger under arrest. He then called to have
Reagan’s car towed and conducted an inventory search of the car and its contents. Faulkner opened
a shoe box sitting on the passenger-compartment floor and found electronic scales, two ounces of
crack cocaine, and eight ounces of powder cocaine. Faulkner also discovered a bottle of liquor on
the car floor.
At the hearing on Reagan’s motion to suppress, Faulkner testified that the first time he cuffed
Reagan, it was to detain him for officer safety, and that he arrested Reagan on a felony weapons

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No. 09-5832 3
United States v. Reagan
charge and for public intoxication after he patted him down for a second time in front of the patrol
officer’s cruiser. At some point during these events, Faulkner learned that Reagan had previously
been convicted of a felony. The magistrate judge was unable to determine, however, whether
Faulkner placed Reagan under arrest before or after learning that Reagan had a previous felony
conviction. The magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation to deny the motion,
concluding that Faulkner had probable cause to arrest Reagan for carrying a firearm either with the
intent to go armed, a misdemeanor offense, or as a felon, but not for intoxication, disorderly conduct,
violation of a state open-container law, or for excessive noise from his vehicle. The magistrate judge
further concluded that the subsequent search of Reagan’s car was not unconstitutional. Overruling
Reagan’s objections, the district court issued an order accepting the magistrate judge’s
recommendation and denying Reagan’s motion.
When reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress evidence, we will “uphold
the district court’s factual determinations unless clearly erroneous, but we [will] review the district
court’s legal conclusions, such as the existence or absence of probable cause, de novo.” United
States v. Couch, 367 F.3d 557, 560 (6th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). The evidence, however, must
be considered “in the light most favorable to the government.” Id. (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted).
Reagan’s principal argument on appeal is that Faulkner lacked probable cause to arrest him
and, thus, the subsequent inventory search of his vehicle was unconstitutional.
Whether [an] arrest was constitutionally valid depends in turn upon whether, at the
moment the arrest was made, the officers had probable cause to make it - whether at
that moment the facts and circumstances within their knowledge and of which they

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No. 09-5832 4
United States v. Reagan
had reasonably trustworthy information were sufficient to warrant a prudent man in
believing that the petitioner had committed or was committing an offense.
Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91 (1964); United States v. Campbell, 486 F.3d 949, 955 (6th Cir. 2007).
“‘Probable cause is a standard more stringent than reasonable suspicion, but does not require any
showing that the officer’s suspicions prove to be correct or that they are more likely true than false.’”
Campbell, 486 F.3d at 955 (citation omitted).
We find that Faulkner had probable cause to arrest Reagan under Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-
1307(a)(1), a misdemeanor weapons offense, after he observed Reagan move a gun from his pants
pocket to the driver’s side door and then found another loaded pistol inside the car. Although
Faulkner testified that he did not arrest Reagan on this basis, we have previously held that
“knowledge of the precise crime committed is not necessary to a finding of probable cause provided
that probable cause exists showing that a crime was committed by the defendant[].” United States
v. Anderson, 923 F.2d 450, 457 (6th Cir. 1991). “Just as a subjective belief by the arresting officer
would not establish probable cause where none existed, a subjective belief by the arresting officer
cannot destroy probable cause where it exists.” Id. The United States argues in addition that the
arrest did not occur until Reagan was placed in the police cruiser, which was after Faulkner learned
about Reagan’s prior felony conviction, and thus Faulkner had probable cause to arrest him for the
Tennessee felony weapons offense, Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-1307(b)(1), (2), and also for violating
18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). However, the magistrate judge was unable to determine whether the arrest
actually occurred before or after Faulkner learned of Reagan’s previous felony conviction. We need
not decide whether Faulkner did in fact have probable cause to arrest on the felony weapons charge
because, in any event, probable cause existed to arrest for the misdemeanor weapons offense.

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No. 09-5832 5
United States v. Reagan
Reagan argues on appeal, without any supporting authority, that at the time of the arrest,
Faulkner lacked probable cause to arrest for a weapons charge because Reagan was arrested before
Faulkner first conducted a records check to determine whether Reagan had a weapons permit. This
argument lacks merit. In Tennessee, carrying a weapons permit is an affirmative defense, see Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-17-1308; the lack of a permit is not an element of the offense. There is no
indication that Faulkner was aware of any circumstances that would indicate that Reagan had a valid
permit. See Fridley v. Horrighs, 291 F.3d 867, 873 (6th Cir. 2002); see also United States v. Reed,
220 F.3d 476, 479 (6th Cir. 2000). Indeed, Reagan has not alleged at any time that he had a valid
weapons permit. Further, had Reagan made such a claim to Faulkner, it would have been entirely
reasonable for Faulkner to detain him while investigating whether he, in fact, had a permit. At this
point, Faulkner would have discovered that Reagan had a felony conviction.
Having found that Faulkner had probable cause to arrest Reagan, we now address whether
the subsequent search of his vehicle was constitutional. Reagan has not challenged whether there
was a proper search incident to arrest, see New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454, 460 (1981), but, as
argued by the government, has conceded that the search was an inventory search. We therefore deem
this issue effectively waived on appeal. See United States v. Sandridge, 385 F.3d 1032, 1035 (6th
Cir. 2004).
Although Reagan makes some references to the investigative detention, known as a “Terry
stop,” see Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), we find that he has not developed any substantive
argument as to why Faulkner lacked any reasonable suspicion and, thus, has also abandoned this
issue on appeal. See Brown v. Konteh, 567 F.3d 191, 212 (6th Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct.

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No. 09-5832 6
United States v. Reagan
Subsequent to filing his appellate brief, Reagan submitted as supplemental authority Judge1
Moore’s concurring opinion in United States v. Carr, 355 F. App’x 943 (6th Cir. 2009)
(unpublished opinion). That opinion concerns whether the police interaction in question constituted
a Terry stop or a consensual encounter and, if a Terry stop, whether the stop was supported by
reasonable suspicion. Reagan’s submission did not explain how Judge Moore’s opinion was
relevant to his appeal, so the submission does not alter our conclusion that any Terry issues have
been abandoned. Further, the facts at issue in Carr are clearly distinguishable from those in the
instant case, and so Judge Moore’s opinion is of no aid to Reagan.
1081 (2010) (“[I]ssues not adequately developed or argued in the appellate briefs are deemed
abandoned and thus not addressed by this court.”). At most, Reagan stated that he “does not
concede” that Faulkner had a right to make a Terry stop. Such a summary averment does not
sufficeas adequate briefing of this court, and thus this issue is not preserved on appeal. See United1
States v. Hough, 276 F.3d 884, 891 (6th Cir. 2002).
For the above reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Reagan’s motion to suppress.

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