Jason Dreyer v. Exel Industries, S.a.

File Name: 09a0318n.06
Filed: May 4, 2009
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
No. 08-1854
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
JASON DREYER,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
EXEL INDUSTRIES, S.A.; KREMLIN-
REXSON, S.A.; EXEL NORTH AMERICA,
INC.; EXEL INDUSTRIES, INC.; KREMLIN,
INC.,
Defendants-Appellees.
ON APPEAL FROM THE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE EASTERN
DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
/
Before: MARTIN, SUHRHEINRICH, GIBBONS; Circuit Judges.
BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. Under Michigan law, is the manufacturer or
distributor of a paint sprayer liable for a user’s burn injuries where the solvent used to clean the
sprayer ignited? We hold that neither is liable and thus affirm the district court’s grant of summary
judgment in their favor, although under slightly different reasoning.
I.
The plaintiff, Jason Dreyer, a maintenance employee for Oakland County Schools, was
assigned to paint over a hundred file cabinets with a paint sprayer. The paint sprayer was owned by

-- 1 of 11 --

No. 08-1854
Dreyer v. Exel Industries, S.A.
Page 2
According to Kremlin-Rexson SA, its co-defendant, Exel Industries SA, is merely a1
holding company.
Oakland Schools and had been manufactured by one of the defendants, Kremlin-Rexson SA in1
Stains, France. The sprayer came with a pair of instruction manuals entitled, “Manual Electrostatic
Gun” and “Electrostatic Power Supply,” written by Kremlin-Rexson. The sprayer consists of a spray
gun and a power supply box. The sprayer takes paint from a can, draws it through a hose to a spray
gun, and then discharges the paint into very fine particles which are given a positive electric charge
as they pass from the nozzle of the gun.
The French manufacturer sold the paint sprayer to a distributor in the United States, Exel
North America, Inc., a co-defendant, through its predecessor company, Kremlin, Inc., also a co-
defendant. Exel North America, Inc. sold the sprayer to a retailer SprayMax, and Oakland Schools
bought it from there in 1999. SprayMax trained one of Oakland Schools’ maintenance employees
to use the sprayer and that employee trained Dreyer.
For some time, Dreyer had been having problems with the paint sprayer clogging or
“gumming up.” Following one of the sprayer’s manual’s instructions to “consult immediately your
local authorized KREMLIN distributor” with repair questions, Dreyer telephoned a Kremlin
technician in Chicago. According to Dreyer, the technician told him to use methyl ethyl ketone
(“MEK”), a solvent, to clean the sprayer and thin paint. Dreyer also says he sent the paint sprayer
to the distributor for repair.
After this conversation (and presumably once Kremlin returned the paint sprayer), Dreyer
began painting the file cabinets. He painted in a basement room of the Oakland Schools building

-- 2 of 11 --

No. 08-1854
Dreyer v. Exel Industries, S.A.
Page 3
known as the “bunker”—a concrete room approximately fifty feet long and twenty feet wide. An
opening in an exterior wall opens to the outside and is fitted with adjustable louvers that can be
opened or closed to provide the bunker with ventilation. Dreyer powered the paint sprayer by
plugging it, along with the electric cord from an air compressor (used to clean the paint sprayer) into
the outlets of a power strip that was plugged into a wall receptacle. The power strip had an electric
switch that could be flipped “on” or “off” to provide power to all of the outlets in the strip.
On April 14, 2003, upon reaching the end of his shift, Dreyer completed his painting for the
day, turned off the two power switches on the sprayer’s supply box, and flushed out the hoses with
MEK manufactured by Sherwin-Williams. After he finished cleaning the sprayer, Dreyer closed the
louvers in the wall opening and unplugged an electric box fan located in front of the louvers. He also
plugged in a radio and put it in the wall opening for better reception to hear a broadcast of a hockey
play-off game. The doors from the bunker to the hallway remained open. Dreyer then removed his
flame retardant coveralls and his respirator and flipped the electric switch on the power strip to the
“off” position with his foot. Dreyer said that a spark was created at his foot when the switch flipped,
resulting in a fire explosion. Dreyer’s shoes and pants caught fire and he was severely burned.
The instruction manuals accompanying the paint sprayer provided a list of warnings, which
Dreyer had read. Among them was the following:
Spraying, cleaning, and servicing must be made in a ventilated areas so that
solvent vapors are properly drained
Cleaning and flushing of the electrostatic coating system must be carried out in
a ventilated area
. . .

-- 3 of 11 --

No. 08-1854
Dreyer v. Exel Industries, S.A.
Page 4
Storage of paint and solvent drums near or inside the spraying area is prohibited.
Keep all fluid containers properly closed in a non-hazardous area
Use cleaning solvents with the lowest flash point — If possible, higher than
ambient temperature.
STD 9 power supply unit must be installed in a non-hazardous area. Moreover,
it must be located 4 meters (13 ft) at least away from any flammable vapor
emissions
The ON/OFF on the power supply gun must be OFF before starting cleaning
operation
The MEK that Dreyer used to clean the sprayer on the night of the explosion,
manufactured by Sherwin-Williams, came with the following warning on its label:
DANGER! EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE—VAPORS CAN CAUSE FLASH
FIRES! HARMFUL IF INHALED—MAY AFFECT THE BRAIN OR
NERVOUS SYSTEM, CAUSING DIZZINESS, HEADACHE OR NAUSEA.
IRRITATES EYES, SKIN AND RESPIRATORY TRACT.
. . .
Contents are EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Keep away from heat, sparks,
and open flame. Vapors will accumulate readily and may ignite explosively.
During use and until all vapors are gone: Keep area ventilated - Do not smoke -
Extinguish all flames, pilot lights and heater—Turn off stoves, electric tools
and appliances, and any other source of ignition.
The local fire marshal, Frederick Arnold, responded to the fire. He reported that there were
at least six five-gallon cans of MEK and some smaller cans in the bunker when he arrived. In
Arnold’s opinion, the fire occurred when Dreyer turned off the power strip and a spark ignited the
MEK vapors. The Oakland Schools’ insurer also created a report regarding the fire. Its investigator,

-- 4 of 11 --

No. 08-1854
Dreyer v. Exel Industries, S.A.
Page 5
Al Wehrli, concluded that the fire originated at the power strip from a spark when it was turned off
or when its plug was removed from the wall and ignited the fumes in the painting area.
Dreyer sued the paint sprayer’s manufacturer (Kremlin-Rexson SA, partially owned by the
co-defendant Exel Industries, SA) and its distributor (Exel North America, Inc, the successor
company to the co-defendants Exel Industries, Inc. and Kremlin, Inc.) claiming negligence and
breach of warranty. The manufacturer and distributor, represented by different counsel, separately
moved for summary judgment. The district court heard argument on the motions and considered the
record before it, including reports from the fire marshal and insurance investigator, as well as
Dreyer’s proposed expert report by Dr. Nathan Dorris. Dorris, an “expert in warnings and human
factors,” concluded that the warnings on the sprayer were unreasonable and inadequate to alert the
paint sprayer’s user to the potential for fire and explosion associated with misuse of the sprayer. The
district court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants. Dreyer appeals.
II.
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Sigler v. Am. Honda
Motor Co., 532 F.3d 469, 482 (6th Cir. 2008).
III.
A. Michigan law does not impose on a manufacturer a duty to warn
of dangers associated with another manufacturer’s products
Dreyer did not sue the MEK manufacturer, Sherwin-Williams, or the unknown manufacturer
of the power strip. Rather, he sued the manufacturer and distributor (but not the retailer) of the paint
sprayer. We first consider his claim that the manufacturer is liable because it failed to provide

-- 5 of 11 --

No. 08-1854
Dreyer v. Exel Industries, S.A.
Page 6
adequate warnings of the dangers associated with MEK.
A failure to warn claim requires a plaintiff to prove: “(1) the defendant owed a duty to the
plaintiff; (2) the defendant breached that duty; (3) the defendant’s breach was a proximate cause of
the plaintiff’s injuries; and (4) the plaintiff suffered damages.” Croskey v. BMW of N. Am., 532 F.3d
511, 516 n.2 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing Gregory v. Cincinnati Inc., 538 N.W.2d 325, 329 (Mich. 1995)).
“Under Michigan law, the manufacturer of a product has a duty to warn of danger associated with
the intended uses or reasonably foreseeable misuses of its product.” Allen v. Owens-Corning
Fiberglas Corp., 571 N.W.2d 530, 535 (Mich. Ct. App. 1997). Whether a manufacturer owes a duty
to a particular person is a legal question for the court, Pettis v. Nalco Chem. Co., 388 N.W.2d 343,
348 (Mich. Ct. App. 1986), and depends on whether the plaintiff’s use of the product and the injury
that resulted were foreseeable, Thomas v. Int’l Harvester Co., 225 N.W.2d 175, 177 (Mich. Ct. App.
1974).
Dreyer contends that Michigan imposes liability on a manufacturer who fails to warn of
dangers associated from the foreseeable use of its product, where the danger results from the
combination of its product and a product manufactured by another. In other words, he argues that
a duty to warn exists whenever it is “foreseeable” that a product’s intended use (or foreseeable
misuses) will expose users to risks created by the product of another—in this case Sherwin-
Williams’s MEK. Not surprisingly, the manufacturer disagrees and argues that in Michigan, a
manufacturer’s duty to warn is limited to the manufacturer’s own products.
Arguably, the MEK ignition could be considered a “danger associated with” the paint sprayer
because it was foreseeable to the manufacturer that a user would employ MEK to clean the sprayer.

-- 6 of 11 --

No. 08-1854
Dreyer v. Exel Industries, S.A.
Page 7
As Dreyer points out, a representative from the manufacturer testified that MEK was an appropriate
cleaning solvent. And, according to Dreyer, a Kremlin distributor suggested he use MEK. But our
review of Michigan caselaw, as well as cases arising in other jurisdictions, indicates that courts have
not extended manufacturer liability to products manufactured by another, even when used in
combination, unless the manufacturer’s own product creates the risk of harm.
The closest Michigan case is Brown v. Drake-Willock Int’l, Ltd. There, the Michigan Court
of Appeals rejected a dialysis technician’s failure to warn claim against the manufacturer of a
dialysis machine following her injuries resulting from exposure to formaldehyde that she used to
clean it. 530 N.W.2d 510, 515 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995). The defendant manufacturer argued that it
had no duty to warn of the dangers associated with formaldehyde because it neither manufactured
nor supplied the chemical. The plaintiff pointed out that the manufacturer had recommended
formaldehyde to clean its machines and anticipated that it would be used in connection with its
product. The Brown court rejected the argument, holding that “the law does not impose upon
manufacturers a duty to warn of the hazards of using products manufactured by someone else.” Id.
at 515. The court noted that “formaldehyde [was] not related directly to the safe operation of
defendants’ dialysis machines,” and that “plaintiff did not allege that the dialysis machines
themselves were dangerous or defective.” Id. at 514.
Earlier Michigan cases also declined to extend manufacturer liability for injuries sustained
by products manufactured by someone else, even when the defendant’s product was tangentially
involved in the injury. For example, in Spaulding v. Lesco International Corp., 451 N.W.2d 603,
604, 606 (Mich. Ct. App. 1990), the court held that Sears, Roebuck and Company, which had written

-- 7 of 11 --

No. 08-1854
Dreyer v. Exel Industries, S.A.
Page 8
2
See also Taylor v. Elliott Turbomachinery Co., Inc., 90 Cal. Rptr. 3d 414, 425 (Ct. App.
2009) (manufacturers of pieces of equipment used in navy aircraft carriers, some of which included
asbestos-containing parts manufactured by third party, had no duty to warn of dangers inherent in
asbestos-containing materials); Simonetta v. Viad Corp., 197 P.3d 127, 134 (Wash. 2008) (en banc)
(manufacturer did not have a duty to warn of danger posed by asbestos insulation that it did not
manufacture, sell or supply, even though the evaporator it manufactured was built with the
knowledge that insulation was required for proper operation); Clearly v. Reliance Fuel Oil Assocs.,
17 A.D.3d 503 (App. Div. 2005) (manufacturer of water heater had no duty to warn of dangers of
misplacing a temperature control device it did not manufacture in its product). But see Ilosky v.
Michelin Tire Corp., 307 S.E.2d 603, 610 (W.Va. 1983) (manufacturer of radial tires had duty to
warn of hazard crated by mixing radial tires and conventional tires).
a manual on how to install above-ground pools, did not owe a duty to warn of the dangers associated
with doing a “deep dive into a four-foot-deep above-ground pool from the platform on top of the
pool’s ladder.” Id. (observing that “Sears had no duty to warn of the alleged dangers of another’s
product”).
Dreyer identifies the “primary error” by the district court as its failure “to recognize that the
paint sprayer requires the use of solvents, ventilation, and power to operate, and that the manual
which includes warnings and instructions that reference solvents, ventilation, and power are part of
the product.” But even when it is foreseeable that a product will be used in combination with
another, courts in Michigan and in other jurisdictions have declined to impose liability on a
manufacturer for the product it did not manufacture. See, e.g., Brown, 530 N.W.2d at 515;
Lindstrom v. A-C Prod. Liab. Trust, 424 F.3d 488, 496 (6th Cir. 2005) (holding that a pump
manufacturer “cannot be held responsible for the asbestos contained in another product” used in
connection with the pump).2
In this case, the paint sprayer’s manufacturer did not manufacture or supply the power strip

-- 8 of 11 --

No. 08-1854
Dreyer v. Exel Industries, S.A.
Page 9
or the MEK that were involved in the explosion. Like the formaldehyde in Brown, MEK was not
“related directly” to the safe operation of the paint sprayer. Instead of distinguishing Brown, Dreyer
argues that the paint sprayer itself was defective because it tended to clog and the clogging caused
him to use MEK instead of a weaker paint thinner—resulting in his injuries. This argument does not
support Dreyer’s negligence claim against the sprayer’s manufacturer because although the sprayer
may have had a clogging defect, that defect was not the “danger” that caused Dreyer’s
injuries—rather it was the ignition of MEK vapors in an inadequately ventilated room.
We conclude that Michigan courts would be unwilling to impose a duty on the paint sprayer
manufacturer to warn of the dangers of a fire resulting from the combination of MEK vapors and a
power strip spark. Although the district court granted summary judgment on the ground that Dreyer
failed to establish that the paint sprayer was the proximate cause of his injuries, we do not reach the
causation question because we conclude that, under Michigan law, the manufacturer was under no
duty to warn of the dangers that caused Dreyer’s injuries. Thus, any inadequacies in the warnings
related to the dangers of MEK contained in the paint sprayer’s user manual do not render the paint
sprayer defective. We affirm the grant of summary judgment in the manufacturer’s favor.
B. The distributor did not breach an implied warranty or
neglect a duty to warn of dangers associated with a
product manufactured by another
Dreyer also sued the paint sprayer’s United States distributor, alleging that it breached an
implied warranty and was negligent in failing to warn him of the dangers associated with MEK.

-- 9 of 11 --

No. 08-1854
Dreyer v. Exel Industries, S.A.
Page 10
3
We assume without deciding that a distributor, who is not the ultimate seller, falls within the
scope of Mich. Comp. Law. § 600.2947's definition of “seller.”
4
Dreyer argues that the corporate relationship between the manufacturer and the distributor
was so close that they should be held jointly and severally liable. Because we conclude that the
manufacturer was not under a duty to warn, this argument is irrelevant. It is unnecessary for us to
consider whether the distributor might be liable for the negligence of the manufacturer or vice versa
under the “pierce the corporate veil” theory Dreyer presents.
Under Michigan law, a plaintiff was traditionally not required to prove a non-manufacturing
seller’s negligence to recover for breach of warranty. See Croskey at 520. But in 1996, the3
Michigan legislature enacted a statutory revision to its tort law that limits a non-manufacturing
seller’s liability to instances where “[t]he seller failed to exercise reasonable care, including breach
of any implied warranty, with respect to the product and that failure was a proximate cause of the
person’s injuries.” Id. (quoting Mich. Comp. Laws. § 600.2947(6)(a)). This Court has interpreted
that revision to indicate “that the legislature did not intend failure to exercise reasonable care and
breach of implied warranty to be separate products liability claims.” Id. Thus, the statute “added
an element of fault to the traditional breach of implied warranty,” id., and so “the plaintiff must show
that the product was sold in a defective condition, the defect caused his injury, and the seller failed
to exercise reasonable care.” Id.
As explained above, we conclude that the paint sprayer was not defective due to inadequate
warnings regarding the dangers of MEK because the manufacturer did not owe a duty to issue those
warnings. Consequently, Dreyer cannot show that “the product was sold in a defective condition,”
see id., and the paint sprayer’s distributor therefore is not liable for a breach of an implied warranty.4
See Prentis v. Yale Mfg. Co., 365 N.W.2d 176, 181-82 (Mich. 1984) (observing that “whether a suit

-- 10 of 11 --

No. 08-1854
Dreyer v. Exel Industries, S.A.
Page 11
is based upon negligence or implied warranty, we require the plaintiff to prove that the product itself
is actionable—that something is wrong with it that makes it dangerous”).
Finally, Dreyer argues that, because the paint sprayer’s distributor recommended that he use
MEK to clean the sprayer, it was negligent in failing to provide adequate warnings on the safe use
of MEK. There are a few problems with such a claim. First, Dreyer offers no support for the
proposition that a non-manufacturing seller is under a duty to warn of dangers associated with a
product manufactured by another. Second, in Croskey, this Court rejected a reading of Mich. Comp.
Law § 600.2947(6)(a) that would recognize a seller negligence claim that stands alone from an
breach of implied warranty claim. 532 F.3d at 520 (“[T]he legislature did not intend failure to
exercise reasonable care and breach of implied warranty to be separate products liability claims.”).
Finally, and perhaps most importantly, as we know from Brown, where the manufacturer
recommended the use of formaldehyde to clean its dialysis machine, under Michigan law, a
“recommendation” to use a product manufactured by another does not create a duty to warn of the
dangers associated with that product. 530 N.W.2d at 514-15. We have no reason to believe that
Michigan courts would countenance such a result.
IV.
We AFFIRM.

-- 11 of 11 --